Project for the Establishment of a Research and Reference Collaborative System for the Diagnoses of Fungal Infections including Drug-Resistant Ones both in Brazil and Japan: 1. To elucidate prevalence of drug-resistant fungi and its mechanisms of drug-resistance epidemiologically 2. To establish gene amplification technologies-based drug-resistance genes detection methods with sufficient sensitivity, specificity, and operability for the diagnoses of drug-resistant mycoses 3. To establish a UNICAMP (University of Campinas, Sao Paulo) -centered research collaboration system among research, medical and administrative organizations Estimated Amount (JPY): 350 million