WTS database | WHO FCTC

Title	Pub Year Sort ascending	Author	SearchLink
Severe recurrent carbon monoxide poisoning caused by smoking	2015	Nodholmsvej 34, 4171 Glumso. daniel.rasmussen@live.dk.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Ugeskrift for laeger Periodical, Abbrev. Ugeskr.Laeger Pub Date Free Form 26-Jan Volume 177 Issue 2A Start Page 78 Other Pages 79 Notes JID: 0141730; ppublish Place of Publication Denmark ISSN/ISBN 1603-6824; 0041-5782 Accession Number PMID: 25612978 Language dan SubFile English Abstract; Journal Article; IM DOI V05130268 [pii] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 25612978 Abstract Carbon monoxide (CO) is an odourless, colourless and toxic gas. Sources of CO include car exhaust, charcoal and tobacco smoke. CO binds to haemoglobin forming carboxyhaemoglobin (COHb). Heavy smokers have COHb levels up to 15%. There are reports of COHb levels of 24,2% caused by tobacco use and 28,7% after narghile smoking. A 54-year-old woman with schizophrenia was admitted at the intensive care unit with COHb levels as high as 35% caused by cigarillo smoking. She also presented with severe thiazide-induced hyponatriaemia and high haemoglobin levels. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Rasmussen,D.B., Jacobsen,V.B. Original/Translated Title Svaer recidiverende kulilteforgiftning forarsaget af tobaksrygning URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Early pulmonary events of nose-only water pipe (shisha) smoking exposure in mice	2015	Department of Physiology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates anemmar@uaeu.ac.ae anemmar@hotmail.com.; Department of Physiology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirat	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Physiological reports Periodical, Abbrev. Physiol.Rep. Pub Date Free Form Mar Volume 3 Issue 3 Start Page 10.14814/phy2.12258 Other Pages Notes LR: 20150421; CI: (c) 2015; JID: 101607800; OID: NLM: PMC4393146; OTO: NOTNLM; ppublish Place of Publication United States ISSN/ISBN 2051-817X; 2051-817X Accession Number PMID: 25780090 Language eng SubFile Journal Article DOI 10.14814/phy2.12258 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 25780090 Abstract Water pipe smoking (WPS) is increasing in popularity and prevalence worldwide. Convincing data suggest that the toxicants in WPS are similar to that of cigarette smoke. However, the underlying pathophysiologic mechanisms related to the early pulmonary events of WPS exposure are not understood. Here, we evaluated the early pulmonary events of nose-only exposure to mainstream WPS generated by commercially available honey flavored "moasel" tobacco. BALB/c mice were exposed to WPS 30 min/day for 5 days. Control mice were exposed using the same protocol to atmospheric air only. We measured airway resistance using forced oscillation technique, and pulmonary inflammation was evaluated histopathologically and by biochemical analysis of bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid and lung tissue. Lung oxidative stress was evaluated biochemically by measuring the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS), lipid peroxidation (LPO), reduced glutathione (GSH), catalase, and superoxide dismutase (SOD). Mice exposed to WPS showed a significant increase in the number of neutrophils (P Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher The Authors. Physiological Reports published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of the American Physiological Society and The Physiological Society Data Source Authors Nemmar,A., Al Hemeiri,A., Al Hammadi,N., Yuvaraju,P., Beegam,S., Yasin,J., Elwasila,M., Ali,B.H., Adeghate,E. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID PMC4393146 Editors
Impact of Waterpipe Tobacco Pack Health Warnings on Waterpipe Smoking Attitudes: A Qualitative Analysis among Regular Users in London	2015	Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Imperial College London, Hammersmith W6 8RP, UK ; Academic Unit of Primary Care and Population Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, Hampshire SO16 6YD, UK.; School of Medicine and Dentistry, Barts	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full BioMed research international Periodical, Abbrev. Biomed.Res.Int. Pub Date Free Form Volume 2015 Issue Start Page 745865 Other Pages Notes LR: 20150816; JID: 101600173; OID: NLM: PMC4529913; 2014/12/08 [received]; 2015/02/18 [revised]; 2015/02/25 [accepted]; 2015/07/26 [epublish]; ppublish Place of Publication United States ISSN/ISBN 2314-6141 Accession Number PMID: 26273642 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; IM DOI 10.1155/2015/745865 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 26273642 Abstract BACKGROUND: Despite the rise in prevalence of waterpipe tobacco smoking, it has received little legislative enforcement from governing bodies, especially in the area of health warning labels. METHODS: Twenty regular waterpipe tobacco smokers from London took part in five focus groups discussing the impact of waterpipe tobacco pack health warnings on their attitudes towards waterpipe smoking. We presented them with existing and mock waterpipe tobacco products, designed to be compliant with current and future UK/EU legislation. Data were analysed using thematic analysis. RESULTS: Participants felt packs were less attractive and health warnings were more impactful as health warnings increased in size and packaging became less branded. However, participants highlighted their lack of exposure to waterpipe tobacco pack health warnings due to the inherent nature of waterpipe smoking, that is, smoking in a cafe with the apparatus already prepacked by staff. Health warnings at the point of consumption had more reported impact than health warnings at the point of sale. CONCLUSIONS: Waterpipe tobacco pack health warnings are likely to be effective if compliant with existing laws and exposed to end-users. Legislations should be reviewed to extend health warning labels to waterpipe accessories, particularly the apparatus, and to waterpipe-serving premises. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Jawad,M., Bakir,A., Ali,M., Grant,A. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20150726 PMCID PMC4529913 Editors
Predictors of cessation in smokers suspected of TB: Secondary analysis of data from a cluster randomized controlled trial	2015	Nuffield Centre for International Health and Development, Leeds Institute of Health Sciences, University of Leeds, G22 Charles Thackrah Building, 101 Clarendon Road, LS2 9LJ Leeds, UK. Electronic address: h.elsey@leeds.ac.uk.; ARRC, Heslington, University	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Drug and alcohol dependence Periodical, Abbrev. Drug Alcohol Depend. Pub Date Free Form 1-Oct Volume 155 Issue Start Page 128 Other Pages 133 Notes CI: Copyright (c) 2015; JID: 7513587; OTO: NOTNLM; 2015/05/08 [received]; 2015/08/04 [revised]; 2015/08/05 [accepted]; 2015/08/10 [aheadofprint]; ppublish Place of Publication Ireland ISSN/ISBN 1879-0046; 0376-8716 Accession Number PMID: 26297296 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Randomized Controlled Trial; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.08.002 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 26297296 Abstract BACKGROUND: Smoking cessation services are rarely found within health services in low income countries. Given the interactions between Tuberculosis (TB) and tobacco, including cessation support within TB programs offers a promising cost-effective solution. We conducted secondary analysis of data from a cluster randomized controlled trial of smoking cessation in health centers in Pakistan to identify predictors of continuous and short-term abstinence in smokers suspected of TB using cigarettes or hookah. METHODS: Predictor variables of those continuously abstinent at 5 and 25 weeks post quit-date (continuous abstinence) and those abstinent only at 5 weeks (short-term abstinence) were compared with those who continued smoking and with each other. Self-reported abstinence at both time points was confirmed biochemically. RESULTS: Data obtained from 1955 trial participants were analyzed. The factors that predicted continued smoking when compared to continuous abstinence were: being older RR 0.97 (0.95 to 0.98), smoking higher quantities of tobacco RR 0.975 (0.97 to 0.98) and sharing a workplace with other smokers RR 0.88 (0.77 to 0.99). Those with a confirmed TB diagnosis were more likely to remain continuously abstinent than those without RR 1.27 (1.10-1.47). CONCLUSIONS: Those diagnosed with TB are more likely to be abstinent than those diagnosed with other respiratory conditions. Beyond this, predictors of continued smoking in Pakistan are similar to those in high income contexts. Taking advantage of the 'teachable moment' that a TB diagnosis provides is an efficient means for resource-poor TB programs in low income settings to increase tobacco cessation and improve health outcomes. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Elsevier Ireland Ltd Data Source Authors Elsey,H., Dogar,O., Ahluwalia,J., Siddiqi,K. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20150810 PMCID Editors
'Enter at your own risk': a multimethod study of air quality and biological measures in Canadian waterpipe cafes	2015	Ontario Tobacco Research Unit, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.; Ontario Tobacco Research Unit, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.; Ontario Tobacco Research Unit, Dalla La	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Tobacco control Periodical, Abbrev. Tob.Control Pub Date Free Form Mar Volume 24 Issue 2 Start Page 175 Other Pages 181 Notes CI: Published by the BMJ Publishing Group Limited. For permission to use (where not already granted under a licence) please go to http://group.bmj.com/group/rights-licensing/permissions.; JID: 9209612; 0 (Air Pollutants); 0 (Particulate Matter); 0 (Tobacc Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1468-3318; 0964-4563 Accession Number PMID: 24161999 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2013-051180 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 24161999 Abstract BACKGROUND: Tobacco and non-tobacco-based waterpipe smoking has increased exponentially in many countries in recent decades, particularly among youth and young adults. Although tobacco smoking is banned in many indoor public places, waterpipe smoking, ostensibly non-tobacco, continues in Ontario and other jurisdictions where only tobacco smoking is prohibited. This study assessed air quality and exposure in waterpipe cafes using multiple methods and markers. METHODS: Indoor (n=12) and outdoor (n=5) air quality was assessed in Toronto, Canada waterpipe cafes from 30 August to 11 October 2012. Real-time measurements of air nicotine, fine particulate matter less than 2.5 microns in diameter (PM2.5) and ambient carbon monoxide (CO) were collected in 2 h sessions. Levels of CO in breath were collected in non-smoking field staff before entering and upon leaving venues. Observations of occupant behaviour, environmental changes and venue characteristics were also recorded. RESULTS: In indoor venues, mean values were 1419 microg/m(3) for PM2.5, 17.7 ppm for ambient CO, and 3.3 microg/m(3) for air nicotine. Levels increased with increasing number of active waterpipes. On outdoor patios, mean values were 80.5 microg/m(3) for PM2.5, 0.5 ppm for ambient CO, and 0.6 microg/m(3) for air nicotine. Air quality levels in indoor waterpipe cafes are hazardous for human health. Outdoor waterpipe cafes showed less harmful particulate levels than indoors, but mean PM2.5 levels (80.5 microg/m(3)) were still 'poor'. CONCLUSIONS: Staff and patrons of waterpipe cafes are exposed to air quality levels considered hazardous to human health. Results support eliminating waterpipe smoking in hospitality venues indoors and out. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Zhang,B., Haji,F., Kaufman,P., Muir,S., Ferrence,R. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20131025 PMCID Editors
Interventions to increase adherence to medications for tobacco dependence	2015	Behaviour and Health Research Unit, University of Cambridge, Forvie Site, Robinson Way, Cambridge, UK, CB2 0SR.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full The Cochrane database of systematic reviews Periodical, Abbrev. Cochrane Database Syst.Rev. Pub Date Free Form 23-Feb Volume (2):CD009164. doi Issue 2 Start Page CD009164 Other Pages Notes LR: 20160602; JID: 100909747; 0 (Benzazepines); 0 (Nicotinic Agonists); 0 (Quinoxalines); 01ZG3TPX31 (Bupropion); BL03SY4LXB (Nortriptyline); W6HS99O8ZO (Varenicline); epublish Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1469-493X; 1361-6137 Accession Number PMID: 25914910 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Meta-Analysis; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Review; IM DOI 10.1002/14651858.CD009164.pub2 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 25914910 Abstract BACKGROUND: Pharmacological treatments for tobacco dependence, such as nicotine replacement therapy (NRT), have been shown to be safe and effective interventions for smoking cessation. Higher levels of adherence to these medications increase the likelihood of sustained smoking cessation, but many smokers use them at a lower dose and for less time than is optimal. It is therefore important to determine the effectiveness of interventions designed specifically to increase medication adherence. Such interventions may include further educating individuals about the value of taking medications and providing additional support to overcome problems with maintaining adherence. OBJECTIVES: The primary objective of this review was to assess the effectiveness of interventions to increase adherence to medications for smoking cessation, such as NRT, bupropion, nortriptyline and varenicline (and combination regimens). This was considered in comparison to a control group, typically representing standard care. Secondary objectives were to i) assess which intervention approaches are most effective; ii) determine the impact of interventions on potential precursors of adherence, such as understanding of the treatment and efficacy perceptions; and iii) evaluate key outcomes influenced by prior adherence, principally smoking cessation. SEARCH METHODS: We searched the following databases using keywords and medical subject headings: Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL, The Cochrane Library), MEDLINE (OVID SP) (1946 to July Week 3 2014), EMBASE (OVID SP) (1980 to Week 29 2014), and PsycINFO (OVID SP) (1806 to July Week 4 2014). The Cochrane Tobacco Addiction Group Specialized Register was searched on 9th July 2014. We conducted forward and backward citation searches. SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomised, cluster-randomised or quasi-randomised studies in which participants using active pharmacological treatment for smoking cessation are allocated to an intervention arm or a control arm. Eligible participants were adult (18+) smokers. Eligible interventions comprised any intervention that differed from standard care, and where the intervention content had a clear principal focus on increasing adherence to medications for tobacco dependence. Acceptable comparison groups were those that provided standard care, which depending on setting may comprise minimal support or varying degrees of behavioural support. Included studies used a measure of adherence behaviour that allowed some assessment of the degree of adherence. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two review authors searched for studies and independently extracted data for included studies. Risk of bias was assessed according to the Cochrane Handbook guidance. For continuous outcome measures, we report effect sizes as standardised mean differences (SMDs). For dichotomous outcome measures, we report effect sizes as relative risks (RRs). We obtained pooled effect sizes with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) using the fixed effects model. MAIN RESULTS: Our search strategy retrieved 3165 unique references and we identified 31 studies as potentially eligible for inclusion. Of these, 23 studies were excluded at full-text screening stage or identified as studies awaiting classification subject to further information. We included eight studies involving 3336 randomised participants. The interventions were all additional to standard behavioural support and typically provided further information on the rationale for, and emphasised the importance of, adherence to medication, and supported the development of strategies to overcome problems with maintaining adherence.Five studies reported on whether or not participants achieved a specified satisfactory level of adherence to medication. There was evidence that adherence interventions led to modest improvements in adherence, with a relative risk (RR) of 1.14 (95% CI, 1.02 to 1.28, P = 0.02, n = 1630). Four studies reported continuous measures of adherence to Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Hollands,G.J., McDermott,M.S., Lindson-Hawley,N., Vogt,F., Farley,A., Aveyard,P. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20150223 PMCID Editors
Pathophysiology of inner ear decompression sickness: potential role of the persistent foramen ovale	2015	Department of Anaesthesia, Auckland City Hospital, Department of Anaesthesiology, University of Auckland Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand , Phone: +64-(0)9-923-2569, E-mail: sj.mitchell@auckland.ac.nz.; United States Navy Experimental Diving Unit,	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Diving and hyperbaric medicine Periodical, Abbrev. Diving.Hyperb.Med. Pub Date Free Form Jun Volume 45 Issue 2 Start Page 105 Other Pages 110 Notes JID: 101282742; 206GF3GB41 (Helium); N762921K75 (Nitrogen); OTO: NOTNLM; 2015/04/15 [received]; 2015/04/30 [accepted]; ppublish Place of Publication Australia ISSN/ISBN 1833-3516; 1833-3516 Accession Number PMID: 26165533 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Review; IM DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 26165533 Abstract Inner-ear decompression sickness (inner ear DCS) may occur in isolation ('pure' inner-ear DCS), or as part of a multisystem DCS presentation. Symptoms may develop during decompression from deep, mixed-gas dives or after surfacing from recreational air dives. Modelling of inner-ear inert gas kinetics suggests that onset during decompression results from supersaturation of the inner-ear tissue and in-situ bubble formation. This supersaturation may be augmented by inert gas counterdiffusion following helium to nitrogen gas switches, but such switches are unlikely, of themselves, to precipitate inner-ear DCS. Presentations after surfacing from air dives are frequently the 'pure' form of inner ear DCS with short symptom latency following dives to moderate depth, and the vestibular end organ appears more vulnerable than is the cochlea. A large right-to-left shunt (usually a persistent foramen ovale) is found in a disproportionate number of cases, suggesting that shunted venous gas emboli (VGE) cause injury to the inner-ear. However, this seems an incomplete explanation for the relationship between inner-ear DCS and right-to-left shunt. The brain must concomitantly be exposed to larger numbers of VGE, yet inner-ear DCS frequently occurs in the absence of cerebral symptoms. This may be explained by slower inert gas washout in the inner ear than in the brain. Thus, there is a window after surfacing within which VGE arriving in the inner-ear (but not the brain) would grow due to inward diffusion of supersaturated inert gas. A similar difference in gas kinetics may explain the different susceptibilities of cochlear and vestibular tissue within the inner-ear itself. The cochlea has greater perfusion and a smaller tissue volume, implying faster inert gas washout. It may be susceptible to injury by incoming arterial bubbles for a shorter time after surfacing than the vestibular organ. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Mitchell,S.J., Doolette,D.J. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Tobacco use among middle and high school students - United States, 2011-2014	2015		Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full MMWR.Morbidity and mortality weekly report Periodical, Abbrev. MMWR Morb.Mortal.Wkly.Rep. Pub Date Free Form 17-Apr Volume 64 Issue 14 Start Page 381 Other Pages 385 Notes LR: 20151006; JID: 7802429; CIN: Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2015 Aug 1;192(3):276-8. PMID: 26230233; ppublish Place of Publication United States ISSN/ISBN 1545-861X; 0149-2195 Accession Number PMID: 25879896 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; IM DOI mm6414a3 [pii] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 25879896 Abstract Tobacco use and addiction most often begin during youth and young adulthood. Youth use of tobacco in any form is unsafe. To determine the prevalence and trends of current (past 30-day) use of nine tobacco products (cigarettes, cigars, smokeless tobacco, e-cigarettes, hookahs, tobacco pipes, snus, dissolvable tobacco, and bidis) among U.S. middle (grades 6-8) and high school (grades 9-12) students, CDC and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) analyzed data from the 2011-2014 National Youth Tobacco Surveys (NYTS). In 2014, e-cigarettes were the most commonly used tobacco product among middle (3.9%) and high (13.4%) school students. Between 2011 and 2014, statistically significant increases were observed among these students for current use of both e-cigarettes and hookahs (p Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Arrazola,R.A., Singh,T., Corey,C.G., Husten,C.G., Neff,L.J., Apelberg,B.J., Bunnell,R.E., Choiniere,C.J., King,B.A., Cox,S., McAfee,T., Caraballo,R.S., Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Family-based programmes for preventing smoking by children and adolescents	2015	Department of Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Health Sciences Centre, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada, T2N 4N1. rthomas@ucalgary.ca.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full The Cochrane database of systematic reviews Periodical, Abbrev. Cochrane Database Syst.Rev. Pub Date Free Form 27-Feb Volume (2):CD004493. doi Issue 2 Start Page CD004493 Other Pages Notes LR: 20160602; JID: 100909747; epublish Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1469-493X; 1361-6137 Accession Number PMID: 25720328 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Meta-Analysis; Review; IM DOI 10.1002/14651858.CD004493.pub3 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 25720328 Abstract BACKGROUND: There is evidence that family and friends influence children's decisions to smoke. OBJECTIVES: To assess the effectiveness of interventions to help families stop children starting smoking. SEARCH METHODS: We searched 14 electronic bibliographic databases, including the Cochrane Tobacco Addiction Group specialized register, MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycINFO, CINAHL unpublished material, and key articles' reference lists. We performed free-text internet searches and targeted searches of appropriate websites, and hand-searched key journals not available electronically. We consulted authors and experts in the field. The most recent search was 3 April 2014. There were no date or language limitations. SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of interventions with children (aged 5-12) or adolescents (aged 13-18) and families to deter tobacco use. The primary outcome was the effect of the intervention on the smoking status of children who reported no use of tobacco at baseline. Included trials had to report outcomes measured at least six months from the start of the intervention. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: We reviewed all potentially relevant citations and retrieved the full text to determine whether the study was an RCT and matched our inclusion criteria. Two authors independently extracted study data for each RCT and assessed them for risk of bias. We pooled risk ratios using a Mantel-Haenszel fixed effect model. MAIN RESULTS: Twenty-seven RCTs were included. The interventions were very heterogeneous in the components of the family intervention, the other risk behaviours targeted alongside tobacco, the age of children at baseline and the length of follow-up. Two interventions were tested by two RCTs, one was tested by three RCTs and the remaining 20 distinct interventions were tested only by one RCT. Twenty-three interventions were tested in the USA, two in Europe, one in Australia and one in India.The control conditions fell into two main groups: no intervention or usual care; or school-based interventions provided to all participants. These two groups of studies were considered separately.Most studies had a judgement of 'unclear' for at least one risk of bias criteria, so the quality of evidence was downgraded to moderate. Although there was heterogeneity between studies there was little evidence of statistical heterogeneity in the results. We were unable to extract data from all studies in a format that allowed inclusion in a meta-analysis.There was moderate quality evidence family-based interventions had a positive impact on preventing smoking when compared to a no intervention control. Nine studies (4810 participants) reporting smoking uptake amongst baseline non-smokers could be pooled, but eight studies with about 5000 participants could not be pooled because of insufficient data. The pooled estimate detected a significant reduction in smoking behaviour in the intervention arms (risk ratio [RR] 0.76, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.68 to 0.84). Most of these studies used intensive interventions. Estimates for the medium and low intensity subgroups were similar but confidence intervals were wide. Two studies in which some of the 4487 participants already had smoking experience at baseline did not detect evidence of effect (RR 1.04, 95% CI 0.93 to 1.17).Eight RCTs compared a combined family plus school intervention to a school intervention only. Of the three studies with data, two RCTS with outcomes for 2301 baseline never smokers detected evidence of an effect (RR 0.85, 95% CI 0.75 to 0.96) and one study with data for 1096 participants not restricted to never users at baseline also detected a benefit (RR 0.60, 95% CI 0.38 to 0.94). The other five studies with about 18,500 participants did not report data in a format allowing meta-analysis. One RCT also compared a family intervention to a school 'good behaviour' intervention and did not detect a difference between the two types of programme (RR 1.05, 95% CI Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Thomas,R.E., Baker,P.R., Thomas,B.C., Lorenzetti,D.L. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20150227 PMCID Editors
Additional behavioural support as an adjunct to pharmacotherapy for smoking cessation	2015	Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Radcliffe Observatory Quarter, Woodstock Road, Oxford, UK, OX2 6GG.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full The Cochrane database of systematic reviews Periodical, Abbrev. Cochrane Database Syst.Rev. Pub Date Free Form 12-Oct Volume (10):CD009670. doi Issue 10 Start Page CD009670 Other Pages Notes LR: 20160602; JID: 100909747; 0 (Antidepressive Agents); 0 (Benzazepines); 0 (Nicotinic Agonists); 0 (Quinoxalines); 01ZG3TPX31 (Bupropion); BL03SY4LXB (Nortriptyline); W6HS99O8ZO (Varenicline); epublish Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1469-493X; 1361-6137 Accession Number PMID: 26457723 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Meta-Analysis; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Review; IM DOI 10.1002/14651858.CD009670.pub3 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 26457723 Abstract BACKGROUND: Effective pharmacotherapies are available to help people who are trying to stop smoking, but quitting can still be difficult and providing higher levels of behavioural support may increase success rates further. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effect of increasing the intensity of behavioural support for people using smoking cessation medications, and to assess whether there are different effects depending on the type of pharmacotherapy, or the amount of support in each condition. SEARCH METHODS: We searched the Cochrane Tobacco Addiction Group Specialised Register in May 2015 for records with any mention of pharmacotherapy, including any type of nicotine replacement therapy (NRT), bupropion, nortriptyline or varenicline that evaluated the addition of personal support or compared two or more intensities of behavioural support. SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomized or quasi-randomized controlled trials in which all participants received pharmacotherapy for smoking cessation and conditions differed by the amount of behavioural support. The intervention condition had to involve person-to-person contact. The control condition could receive less intensive personal contact, or just written information. We did not include studies that used a contact-matched control to evaluate differences between types or components of support. We excluded trials recruiting only pregnant women, trials recruiting only adolescents, and trials with less than six months follow-up. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: One author prescreened search results and two authors agreed inclusion or exclusion of potentially relevant trials. One author extracted data and another checked them.The main outcome measure was abstinence from smoking after at least six months of follow-up. We used the most rigorous definition of abstinence for each trial, and biochemically-validated rates if available. We calculated the risk ratio (RR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for each study. Where appropriate, we performed meta-analysis using a Mantel-Haenszel fixed-effect model. MAIN RESULTS: Forty-seven studies met the inclusion criteria with over 18,000 participants in the relevant arms. There was little evidence of statistical heterogeneity (I(2) = 18%) so we pooled all studies in the main analysis. There was evidence of a small but statistically significant benefit from more intensive support (RR 1.17, 95% CI 1.11 to 1.24) for abstinence at longest follow-up. All but four of the included studies provided four or more sessions of support to the intervention group. Most trials used NRT. We did not detect significant effects for studies where the pharmacotherapy was nortriptyline (two trials) or varenicline (one trial), but this reflects the absence of evidence.In subgroup analyses, studies that provided at least four sessions of personal contact for the intervention and no personal contact for the control had slightly larger estimated effects (RR 1.25, 95% CI 1.08 to 1.45; 6 trials, 3762 participants), although a formal test for subgroup differences was not significant. Studies where all intervention counselling was via telephone (RR 1.28, 95% CI 1.17 to 1.41; 6 trials, 5311 participants) also had slightly larger effects, and the test for subgroup differences was significant, but this subgroup analysis was not prespecified. In this update, the benefit of providing additional behavioural support was similar for the subgroup of trials in which all participants, including controls, had at least 30 minutes of personal contact (RR 1.18, 95% CI 1.06 to 1.32; 21 trials, 5166 participants); previously the evidence of benefit in this subgroup had been weaker. This subgroup was not prespecified and a test for subgroup differences was not significant. We judged the quality of the evidence to be high, using the GRADE approach. We judged a small number of trials to be at high risk of bias on one or more domains, but findings were not sensitive to their exclusion. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: Providing Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Stead,L.F., Koilpillai,P., Lancaster,T. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20151012 PMCID Editors

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