WTS database

Title	Pub Year Sort ascending	Author	SearchLink
Solid-phase microextraction measurement of parent and alkyl polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in milliliter sediment pore water samples and determination of K(DOC) values	2005	Energy and Environmental Research Center, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota 58202, USA. shawthorne@undeerc.org	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Environmental science & technology Periodical, Abbrev. Environ.Sci.Technol. Pub Date Free Form 15-Apr Volume 39 Issue 8 Start Page 2795 Other Pages 2803 Notes LR: 20121115; JID: 0213155; 0 (Benzopyrenes); 0 (Colloids); 0 (Fluorenes); 0 (Organic Chemicals); 0 (Polycyclic Hydrocarbons, Aromatic); 0 (Water Pollutants, Chemical); 360UOL779Z (fluoranthene); 7440-44-0 (Carbon); ppublish Place of Publication United States ISSN/ISBN 0013-936X; 0013-936X Accession Number PMID: 15884378 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.; IM DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 15884378 Abstract The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) narcosis model for benthic organisms in polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) contaminated sediments requires the measurement of 18 parent PAHs and 16 groups of alkyl PAHs ("34" PAHs) in pore water with desired detection limits as low as nanograms per liter. Solid-phase microextraction (SPME) with gas chromatographic/mass spectrometric (GC/ MS) analysis can achieve such detection limits in small water samples, which greatly reduces the quantity of sediment pore water that has to be collected, shipped, stored, and prepared for analysis. Four sediments that ranged from urban background levels (50 mg/kg total "34" PAHs) to highly contaminated (10 000 mg/kg total PAHs) were used to develop SPME methodology for the "34" PAH determinations with only 1.5 mL of pore water per analysis. Pore water was obtained by centrifuging the wet sediment, and alum flocculation was used to remove colloids. Quantitative calibration was simplified by adding 15 two- to six-ring perdeuterated PAHs as internal standards to the water calibration standards and the pore water samples. Response factors for SPME followed by GC/MS were measured for 22 alkyl PAHs compared to their parent PAHs and used to calibrate for the 18 groups of alkyl PAHs. Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) ranging from 4 to 27 mg/L had no measurable effect on the freely dissolved concentrations of two- and three-ring PAHs. In contrast, 5-80% of the total dissolved four- to six-ring PAHs were associated with the DOC rather than being freely dissolved, corresponding to DOC/water partitioning coefficients (K(DOC)) with log K(DOC) values ranging from 4.1 (for fluoranthene) to 5.6 (for benzo[ghi]perylene). However, DOC-associated versus freely dissolved PAHs had no significant effect on the total "34" PAH concentrations or the sum of the "toxic units" (calculated bythe EPA protocol), since virtually all (86-99%) of the dissolved PAH concentrations and toxic units were contributed by two- and three-ring PAHs. Descriptors Benzopyrenes/analysis, Calibration, Carbon/analysis, Colloids/isolation & purification, Environmental Monitoring/methods, Flocculation, Fluorenes/analysis, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Geologic Sediments/analysis/chemistry, Nanotechnology, Organic Chemicals/analysis, Polycyclic Hydrocarbons, Aromatic/analysis, Porosity, Water Pollutants, Chemical/analysis Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Hawthorne,S. B., Grabanski,C. B., Miller,D. J., Kreitinger,J. P. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Osteogenic protein-1 for long bone nonunion: an evidence-based analysis	2005		Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Ontario health technology assessment series Periodical, Abbrev. Ont.Health.Technol.Assess.Ser. Pub Date Free Form Volume 5 Issue 6 Start Page 1 Other Pages 57 Notes LR: 20151026; JID: 101521610; OID: NLM: PMC3382627; 2005/04/01 [epublish]; ppublish Place of Publication Canada ISSN/ISBN 1915-7398; 1915-7398 Accession Number PMID: 23074475 Language eng SubFile Journal Article DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 23074475 Abstract OBJECTIVE: To assess the efficacy of osteogenic protein-1 (OP-1) for long bone nonunion. CLINICAL NEED: Although most fractures heal within a normal period, about 5% to 10% do not heal and are classified as delayed or nonunion fractures. Nonunion and segmental bone loss after fracture, reconstructive surgery, or lesion excision can present complex orthopedic problems, and the multiple surgical procedures often needed are associated with patient morbidity and reduced quality of life. Many factors contribute to the pathogenesis of a delayed union or nonunion fractures, including deficiencies of calcium, vitamin D, or vitamin C, and side effects of medications such as anticoagulants, steroids, some anti-inflammatory drugs, and radiation. It has been shown that smoking interferes with bone repair in several ways. INCIDENCE OF NONUNION AND DELAYED UNION CASES: An estimated 5% to 10% of fractures do not heal properly and go on to delayed union or nonunion. If this overall estimate of incidence were applied to the Ontario population, the estimated number of delayed union or nonunion in the province would be between 3,863 and 7,725. TREATMENT OF NONUNION CASES: The treatment of nonunion cases is a challenge to orthopedic surgeons. However, the basic principle behind treatment is to provide both mechanical and biological support to the nonunion site. Fracture stabilization and immobilization is frequently used with the other treatment modalities that provide biological support to the fractured bone. Biological support includes materials that could be served as a source of osteogenic cells (osteogenesis), a stimulator of mesenchymal cells (osteoinduction), or a scaffold-like structure (osteoconduction). The capacity to heal a fracture is a latent potential of the stromal stem cells, which synthesize new bone. This process has been defined as osteogenesis. Activation of the stem cells to initiate osteogenic response and to differentiate into bone-forming osteoblasts is called osteoinduction. These 2 properties accelerate the rate of fracture healing or reactivate the ineffective healing process. Osteoconduction occurs when passive structures facilitate the migration of osteoprogenitor cells, the perivascular tissue, and capillaries into these structures. BONE GRAFTS AND BONE GRAFT SUBSTITUTES: Bone graft and bone graft substitutes have one or more of the following components: Undifferentiated stem cellsGrowth factorsStructural latticeUndifferentiated stem cells are unspecialized, multipotential cells that can differentiate into a variety of specialized cells. They can also replicate themselves. The role of stem cells is to maintain and repair the tissue in which they are residing. A single stem cell can generate all cell types of that tissue. Bone marrow is a source of at least 2 kinds of stem cells. Hematopoietic stem cells that form all types of blood cells, and bone marrow stromal stem cells that have osteogenic properties and can generate bone, cartilage, and fibrous tissue. Bone marrow has been used to stimulate bone formation in bone defects and cases of nonunion fractures. Bone marrow can be aspirated from the iliac crest and injected percutaneously with fluoroscopic guidance into the site of the nonunion fracture. The effectiveness of this technique depends on the number and activity of stem cells in the aspirated bone marrow. It may be possible to increase the proliferation and speed differentiation of stem cells by exposing them to growth factor or by combining them with collagen. Many growth factors and cytokines induced in response to injury are believed to have a considerable role in the process of repair. Of the many bone growth factors studied, bone morphogenetics (BMPs) have generated the greatest attention because of their osteoinductive potential. The BMPs that have been most widely studied for their ability to induce bone regeneration in humans include BMP-2 and BMP-7 (osteogenic protein). Human osteogenic protein-1 (O Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Health Quality Ontario Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20050401 PMCID PMC3382627 Editors
Evaluating the program of a smoking cessation support group for adult smokers: a longitudinal pilot study	2005	Department of Nursing, Chang Jung Christian University, Tainan, Taiwan. chhuang@mail.cju.edu.tw	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full The journal of nursing research : JNR Periodical, Abbrev. J.Nurs.Res. Pub Date Free Form Sep Volume 13 Issue 3 Start Page 197 Other Pages 205 Notes LR: 20151119; JID: 101128757; 0 (Nicotinic Agonists); 6M3C89ZY6R (Nicotine); 7U1EE4V452 (Carbon Monoxide); 9061-29-4 (Carboxyhemoglobin); ppublish Place of Publication China (Republic : 1949- ) ISSN/ISBN 1682-3141; 1682-3141 Accession Number PMID: 16237631 Language eng SubFile Evaluation Studies; Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM; N DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 16237631 Abstract Tobacco use is the leading cause of preventable death in Taiwan. In order to increase cessation rates among adult smokers, the Department of Health in Taiwan has begun providing financial support for nicotine replacement therapy (NRT). However, therapies based on multiple interventions can lead to significantly higher cessation rates than NRT alone. This study develops and evaluates the outcomes of a smoking cessation program that provides a combination of physiological and psychological treatment in the context of a short-term support group. In this study, ten adult smokers were recruited by means of advertisements broadcast on local television over a seven-day period and one thousand flyers that advertised free assistance with quitting smoking. The smoking cessation support group was carried in Tainan County, in southern Taiwan. The three-month program consisted of three, monthly group sessions, free nicotine patches, telephone counseling by public health nurses, and telephone interviews by community health volunteers. Those participating in the group were encouraged to keep a record of all smoking behavior and its "triggers" in a diary, list the personal benefits of quitting, draw up a quitting contract, and enlist significant family members to monitor their quitting behavior. Participants were also trained in behavioral strategies to avoid smoking, including imagery rehearsal, relaxation techniques, exercise, and distraction. The outcome of the project was assessed by the following two criteria: (1) carbon monoxide (CO) level in the breath before and after the three-month program, as measured by percentage of carboxyhemoglobin (%COHB), and (2) the self-reported number of cigarettes smoked per month, taken at the outset of the three-month program, at the conclusion of the program, and six months after the termination of the program. The Wilcoxon signed-rank and Friedman tests respectively revealed that there were significant decreases both in the subjects' %COHB level at the 3-month data-point, and in the number of cigarettes smoked at one month from the pretest, at the 3-month test and at the 9-month follow-up test. At the 9-month follow-up, five of the ten participants (50%) were abstinent, and three (30%) had decreased cigarette consumption by at least 49% of their pretest levels. Eighty percent of participants had, therefore, changed their smoking behavior. These results demonstrate the promise of integrated smoking cessation therapy in a group support context and indicate the need to pursue implementation and evaluation of this type of therapy on a larger scale. Descriptors Administration, Cutaneous, Adult, Breath Tests, Carbon Monoxide/analysis, Carboxyhemoglobin/metabolism, Cognitive Therapy/organization & administration, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Middle Aged, Nicotine/therapeutic use, Nicotinic Agonists/therapeutic use, Nursing Evaluation Research, Patient Education as Topic/organization & administration, Pilot Projects, Program Evaluation, Public Health Nursing/organization & administration, Self-Help Groups/organization & administration, Smoking/blood/prevention & control/psychology, Smoking Cessation/methods/psychology, Taiwan, Treatment Outcome Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Huang,C. L. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Multi-route trihalomethane exposure in households using municipal tap water treated with chlorine or ozone-chlorine	2005	Department of Environmental Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Korea. wkjo@knu.ac.kr	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full The Science of the total environment Periodical, Abbrev. Sci.Total Environ. Pub Date Free Form 1-Mar Volume 339 Issue 3-Jan Start Page 143 Other Pages 152 Notes LR: 20131121; JID: 0330500; 0 (Trihalomethanes); 124-48-1 (chlorodibromomethane); 4R7X1O2820 (Chlorine); 66H7ZZK23N (Ozone); 7LN464CH2O (bromodichloromethane); 7V31YC746X (Chloroform); 2004/03/22 [received]; 2004/07/22 [accepted]; ppublish Place of Publication Netherlands ISSN/ISBN 0048-9697; 0048-9697 Accession Number PMID: 15740765 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI S0048-9697(04)00573-X [pii] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 15740765 Abstract In Korea, data for multi-route trihalomethane (THM) exposure in households using municipal tap water treated with ozone-chlorine or chlorine are unavailable or very limited. Accordingly, the present study was designed to obtain those data by measurements of the THM concentrations in the tap water and indoor and outdoor air in the two types of households, along with an estimation of THM exposure from water ingestion, showering, and the inhalation of indoor air. Chloroform was the most abundant THM in all three media, yet no bromoform was detected in any sample. Similar to previous findings, the winter chloroform concentration in tap water treated with chlorine (22.1 microg/l, median) was significantly higher than that in the tap water treated with ozone-chlorine (16.8 microg/l, median). However, the summer water chloroform concentrations and summer and winter water concentrations of the other two THMs (bromodichloromethane and dibromochloromethane) exhibited no significant difference between the chlorine and ozone-chlorine-treated water. It was suggested that the effects of the water parameters including biochemical oxygen demand of raw water entering water treatment plants should be considered when evaluating the advantage of ozone-chlorine disinfection for THM formation over chlorine disinfection. The indoor air THM concentration trend was also consistent with the water concentration trend. The indoor to outdoor air concentration ratios were comparable with previous studies. The THM exposure estimates from water ingestion, showering, and the inhalation of apartment indoor air when not in the shower suggested that, for residents living in the surveyed households, their exposure to THMs in the home was mostly associated with their household water uses. The THM exposure estimates from tap water ingestion were similar to those from showering. Descriptors Chlorine/chemistry, Chloroform/analysis, Cities, Disinfection, Environmental Exposure, Family Characteristics, Humans, Ozone/chemistry, Seasons, Trihalomethanes/analysis/toxicity, Water Purification/methods Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Jo,W. K., Kwon,K. D., Dong,J. I., Chung,Y. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Is maternal smoking more determinant than paternal smoking on the respiratory symptoms of young children?	2005	Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Facultad de Medicina, University of Granada, Avenida de Madrid 11, E-18012 Granada, Spain. djurado@ugr.es	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Respiratory medicine Periodical, Abbrev. Respir.Med. Pub Date Free Form Sep Volume 99 Issue 9 Start Page 1138 Other Pages 1144 Notes LR: 20061115; JID: 8908438; 0 (Tobacco Smoke Pollution); 2004/10/25 [received]; 2005/03/23 [aheadofprint]; ppublish Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 0954-6111; 0954-6111 Accession Number PMID: 16085215 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; IM DOI S0954-6111(05)00041-7 [pii] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 16085215 Abstract BACKGROUND: It is generally accepted that maternal smoking has more detrimental effects than paternal smoking on the respiratory health of children. The objective of this study was to assess the effects of postnatal exposure due to the smoking behaviour by father and mother in the home, and prenatal exposure from maternal smoking during pregnancy, on the respiratory symptoms in children. METHODS: The parents of 484 children, aged 3-6 years, completed a questionnaire about smoking and respiratory symptoms in children. Bivariate and logistic regression analyses were used to examine the associated factors with respiratory symptoms. RESULTS: The final model of logistic regression analysis showed that prenatal exposure by maternal smoking during pregnancy increased the risk of wheezing with colds (adjusted OR=2.00, 95% CI:1.13-3.55) with respect to those children whose mothers reported no smoking during pregnancy. Postnatal exposure by maternal smoking in the home, in the presence of the child, increased the risk of cough with phlegm (adjusted OR=2.79, 95% CI:1.23-6.30) with respect to those children whose mothers did not smoke in their presence. Paternal smoking was associated with wheezing and cough in the bivariate analysis, but did not remain significant in the multivariate analysis. CONCLUSIONS: Our results underline a greater influence of exposure to maternal smoking (prenatal and postnatal) than postnatal paternal smoking on the development of respiratory symptoms in young children. Descriptors Air Pollution, Indoor/adverse effects, Child, Child, Preschool, Common Cold/etiology, Cough/etiology, Cross-Sectional Studies, Fathers, Female, Humans, Logistic Models, Male, Mothers, Pregnancy, Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects, Respiratory Sounds/etiology, Respiratory Tract Diseases/embryology/etiology, Smoking, Tobacco Smoke Pollution/adverse effects Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Jurado,D., Munoz,C., Luna Jde,D., Munoz-Hoyos,A. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20050323 PMCID Editors
Bacterial community structure in kimchi, a Korean fermented vegetable food, as revealed by 16S rRNA gene analysis	2005	School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, 56-1 Shillim-dong, Kwanak-gu, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full International journal of food microbiology Periodical, Abbrev. Int.J.Food Microbiol. Pub Date Free Form 15-Aug Volume 103 Issue 1 Start Page 91 Other Pages 96 Notes LR: 20061115; JID: 8412849; 0 (RNA, Bacterial); 0 (RNA, Ribosomal, 16S); 2004/03/30 [received]; 2004/06/04 [revised]; 2004/11/25 [accepted]; ppublish Place of Publication Netherlands ISSN/ISBN 0168-1605; 0168-1605 Accession Number PMID: 16084269 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI S0168-1605(05)00076-0 [pii] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 16084269 Abstract Kimchi is a traditional Korean food fermented from a variety of vegetables. We elucidated the microbial community structure of five commercially produced kimchis made from Chinese cabbage by examining culture-independent 16S rRNA gene clone libraries. Most of the clones (347 out of 348) belonged to lactic acid bacteria and included several species of the genera Lactobacillus, Leuconostoc and Weissella. Weissella koreensis was found in all the samples and predominated in three of them (42.6-82%). Leuconostoc gelidum, Leuconostoc gasicomitatum and Lactobacillus sakei were common in the remaining kimchi clone libraries (>34%). The composition of bacterial phylotypes in kimchi varied between samples. Our approach revealed different community structures from those reported in previous culture-dependent studies based on phenotypic identification methods. The culture-independent method used here proved to be efficient and accurate and showed that the bacterial communities in kimchi differ from those in other fermented vegetable foods. Descriptors Base Sequence, Brassica/microbiology, Colony Count, Microbial, Fermentation, Korea, Lactobacillus/classification/isolation & purification, Leuconostoc/classification/isolation & purification, Phylogeny, RNA, Bacterial/analysis, RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/analysis, Species Specificity Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Kim,M., Chun,J. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Water-pipe (narghile) smoking: an emerging health risk behavior	2005		Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Pediatrics Periodical, Abbrev. Pediatrics Pub Date Free Form Volume 116 Issue 1 Start Page e113 Other Pages 9 Notes ID: 15995011 Place of Publication ISSN/ISBN Accession Number Language en SubFile DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID Abstract Narghile, or water-pipe smoking (WPS), has been practiced extensively for approximately 400 years. It is common in the Arabian Peninsula, Turkey, India, Pakistan, and other countries. In recent years, there has been a revival of WPS, notably among youth. Most US health professionals are unfamiliar with the practice and health consequences of WPS. Therefore, this trend presents a new challenge for adolescent health care providers. The composition of the tobacco used in WPS is variable and not well standardized. Studies that have examined narghile smokers and the aerosol of narghile smoke have reported high concentrations of carbon monoxide, nicotine, "tar," and heavy metals. These concentrations were as high or higher than those among cigarette smokers. The few scientific data regarding the adverse health consequences of WPS point to dangers that are similar to those associated with cigarette smoking: malignancy, impaired pulmonary function, low birth weight, and others. Additional dangers not encountered with cigarette smoking are infectious diseases resulting from pipe sharing and the frequent addition of alcohol or psychoactive drugs to the tobacco. Public health strategies for controlling the emerging epidemic of WPS include carrying out epidemiologic and toxicologic research; implementation of laws to limit acquisition and use; and health education, targeting adolescents in particular. Descriptors Smoking/adverse effects, Tobacco/chemistry, Adolescent, Adolescent Behavior, Adult, Asia, Western/epidemiology, Female, Humans, Male, Middle East/epidemiology, Smoke/analysis, Smoking/epidemiology Links http://pesquisa.bvsalud.org/ghl/resource/en/mdl-15995011 Book Title Database MEDLINE; http://www.globalhealthlibrary.net/ Publisher Data Source Authors Knishkowy,Barry, Amitai,Yona Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Does stage-based smoking cessation advice in pregnancy result in long-term quitters? 18-month postpartum follow-up of a randomized controlled trial	2005	Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham UK.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Addiction (Abingdon, England) Periodical, Abbrev. Addiction Pub Date Free Form Jan Volume 100 Issue 1 Start Page 107 Other Pages 116 Notes LR: 20071115; JID: 9304118; ppublish Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 0965-2140; 0965-2140 Accession Number PMID: 15598198 Language eng SubFile Clinical Trial; Journal Article; Randomized Controlled Trial; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI ADD936 [pii] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 15598198 Abstract AIMS: To evaluate the effect on quitting smoking at 18 months postpartum of smoking cessation interventions based on the Transtheoretical Model (TTM) delivered in pregnancy compared to current standard care. It has been claimed that TTM-based interventions will continue to create quitters after the end of the intervention period. DESIGN: Cluster randomized trial. SETTING: Antenatal clinics in general practices in the West Midlands, UK. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 918 pregnant smokers originally enrolled in the trial, of which 393 women were followed-up at 18 months postpartum. INTERVENTIONS: One hundred general practices were randomized into the three trial arms. Midwives in these practices delivered three interventions: A (standard care), B (TTM-based self-help manuals) and C (TTM-based self-help manuals plus sessions with an interactive computer program giving individualized smoking cessation advice). MEASUREMENTS: Self-reported continuous and point prevalence abstinence since pregnancy. FINDINGS: When combined together, there was a slight and not significant benefit for both TTM arms compared to the control, with an odds ratio (OR) 95% confidence interval (CI) of 1.20 (0.29-4.88) for continuous abstinence. For point prevalence abstinence, the OR (95%CI) was 1.15 (0.66-2.03). Seven of the 54 (13%) women who had quit at the end of pregnancy were still quit 18 months later, and there was no evidence that the TTM-based interventions were superior in preventing relapse. CONCLUSIONS: The TTM-based interventions may have shown some evidence of a short-term benefit for quitting in pregnancy but no benefit relative to standard care when followed-up in the longer-term. Descriptors Adult, Behavior Therapy/methods, Cluster Analysis, Confidence Intervals, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Health Promotion, Humans, Odds Ratio, Patient Compliance, Patient Education as Topic/methods, Pregnancy, Pregnancy Complications/prevention & control, Smoking/prevention & control, Smoking Cessation/methods/psychology, Treatment Outcome Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Lawrence,T., Aveyard,P., Cheng,K. K., Griffin,C., Johnson,C., Croghan,E. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Pipeline materials modify the effectiveness of disinfectants in drinking water distribution systems	2005	Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology, Department of Environmental Health, National Public Health Institute, P.O. Box 95, FIN-70701, Kuopio, Finland. markku.lehtola@ktl.fi	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Water research Periodical, Abbrev. Water Res. Pub Date Free Form May Volume 39 Issue 10 Start Page 1962 Other Pages 1971 Notes LR: 20131121; JID: 0105072; 0 (Disinfectants); 0 (Plastics); 4R7X1O2820 (Chlorine); 789U1901C5 (Copper); 2004/04/28 [received]; 2004/12/29 [revised]; ppublish Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 0043-1354; 0043-1354 Accession Number PMID: 15869778 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI S0043-1354(05)00100-4 [pii] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 15869778 Abstract We studied how pipe material can modify the effectiveness of UV- and chlorine disinfection in drinking water and biofilms. This study was done with two pipe materials: copper and composite plastic (polyethylene, PE) in a pilot scale water distribution network. UV-disinfection decreased viable bacterial numbers in the pilot waterworks and outlet water of pipes on average by 79%, but in biofilms its disinfecting effect was minor. Chlorine decreased effectively the microbial numbers in water and biofilms of PE pipes. In outlet water from copper pipes, the effect of chlorination was weaker; microbial numbers increased back to the level before chlorination within a few days. In the biofilms present in the copper pipes, chlorine decreased microbial numbers only in front of the pipeline. One reason for weaker efficiency of chlorine in copper pipes was that its concentration declined more rapidly in the copper pipes than in the PE pipes. These results means that copper pipes may require a higher chlorine dosage than plastic pipes to achieve effective disinfection of the pipes. Descriptors Biofilms/drug effects/growth & development/radiation effects, Chlorine/pharmacology, Copper/chemistry, Disinfectants/chemistry/pharmacology, Plastics/chemistry, Ultraviolet Rays, Water Microbiology, Water Purification/methods, Water Supply Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Lehtola,M. J., Miettinen,I. T., Lampola,T., Hirvonen,A., Vartiainen,T., Martikainen,P. J. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Patterns of waterpipe use and dependence: implications for intervention development	2005		Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Pharmacol Biochem Behav Periodical, Abbrev. Pharmacol.Biochem.Behav. Pub Date Free Form Volume 80 Issue 1 Start Page 173 Other Pages 9 Notes ID: 15652393 Place of Publication ISSN/ISBN Accession Number Language en SubFile DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID Abstract Despite the dramatic increase of tobacco smoking via waterpipe in Arab societies, and the apparent potential of waterpipe use to produce tobacco-related disease, little is known about the pharmacological effects of this method of tobacco smoking, particularly its ability to support dependence. This review focuses on recent waterpipe research and current theories of dependence in an attempt to identify patterns of waterpipe use and features likely to reveal dependence. Recent work indicates that, relative to cigarette smoking, this form of tobacco use is characterized by more intermittent use, later age of onset, greater spread among women and lower interest in quitting or appreciation of addictive properties. Waterpipe use is associated with classic features of tobacco/nicotine dependence, as well as features unique to this tobacco use method. However, even shared features of dependence, such as craving and addiction-induced socio-cognitive behavioral changes, can be displayed differently in waterpipe users, indicating the need for waterpipe-specific research approaches. Preliminary evidence suggests that an important step toward dependence involves a transition from social to individual patterns of waterpipe use. Surveillance and research into factors affecting use and cessation of this tobacco use method should pave the way for the development of effective prevention and intervention strategies to curb the burgeoning waterpipe use epidemic. Descriptors Smoking Cessation/methods, Smoking/epidemiology, Tobacco Use Disorder/epidemiology, Confidence Intervals, Humans, Odds Ratio, Smoking/prevention & control, Smoking/trends, Tobacco Use Disorder/prevention & control Links http://pesquisa.bvsalud.org/ghl/resource/en/mdl-15652393 Book Title Database MEDLINE; http://www.globalhealthlibrary.net/ Publisher Data Source Authors Maziak,W., Eissenberg,T., Ward,K. D. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors

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