WTS database

Title	Pub Year Sort ascending	Author	SearchLink
Standardizing questionnaire items for the assessment of waterpipe tobacco use in epidemiological studies	2005	Maziak, W., Syrian Center for Tobacco Studies, Aleppo, Syrian Arab Republic	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Public health Periodical, Abbrev. Public Health Pub Date Free Form / Volume 119 Issue 5 Start Page 400 Other Pages 404 Notes Place of Publication ISSN/ISBN 0033-3506 Accession Number Language SubFile DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID Abstract Lessons from surveillance of the smoking epidemic show that the lack of adequate attention to standardizing measures and instruments for epidemiological studies has negatively influenced our ability to assess spatial and secular trends in smoking worldwide. Waterpipe smoking, another hazardous form of tobacco use, is gaining popularity worldwide, with societies in the Eastern Mediterranean region (EMR) being most affected. Several research groups are currently investigating the epidemiology of waterpipe smoking among various populations in the EMR. Initial evidence shows that in contrast to usage patterns observed in adult cigarette smoking, waterpipe smoking is characterized mainly by intermittent and social use. As such, many measures that have been traditionally used for the study of usage patterns and dependence among adult cigarette smokers are uninformative for waterpipe smoking. Thus, the need to develop standardized measures and terminology for assessment of the epidemiology of waterpipe smoking in different populations is of paramount importance. As the monitoring of waterpipe smoking is in its infancy, the development of consensus measures should facilitate the initiation of effective surveillance that can guide public health response to this emerging epidemic. Â© 2004 The Royal Institute of Health. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Descriptors article, smoking, consensus, epidemic, health hazard, health survey, human, medical research, monitoring, nomenclature, population research, public health service, questionnaire, social aspect, society, Southern Europe, standardization Links Book Title Database Embase; MEDLINE Publisher Data Source Embase Authors Maziak,W., Ward,K. D., Afifi Soweid,R. A., Eissenberg,T. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Workplace interventions for smoking cessation	2005		Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full The Cochrane database of systematic reviews Periodical, Abbrev. Cochrane Database Syst.Rev. Pub Date Free Form 18-Apr Volume -2 Issue 2 Start Page CD003440 Other Pages Notes LR: 20130628; JID: 100909747; UIN: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008;(4):CD003440. PMID: 18843645; RF: 175; epublish Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1469-493X; 1361-6137 Accession Number PMID: 15846667 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Review; IM DOI 10.1002/14651858.CD003440.pub2 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 15846667 Abstract BACKGROUND: The workplace has potential as a setting through which large groups of people can be reached to encourage smoking cessation. OBJECTIVES: To categorize workplace interventions for smoking cessation tested in controlled studies and to determine the extent to which they help workers to stop smoking or to reduce tobacco consumption. SEARCH STRATEGY: We searched the Cochrane Tobacco Addiction Group Specialized Register in October 2004, MEDLINE (1966 - October 2004), EMBASE (1985 - October 2004) and PsycINFO (to October 2004). We searched abstracts from international conferences on tobacco and we checked the bibliographies of identified studies and reviews for additional references. SELECTION CRITERIA: We categorized interventions into two groups: a) Interventions aimed at the individual to promote smoking cessation and b) interventions aimed at the workplace as a whole. We applied different inclusion criteria for the different types of study. For interventions aimed at helping individuals to stop smoking, we included only randomized controlled trials allocating individuals, workplaces or companies to intervention or control conditions. For studies of smoking restrictions and bans in the workplace, we also included controlled trials with baseline and post-intervention outcomes and interrupted times series studies. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Information relating to the characteristics and content of all kinds of interventions, participants, outcomes and methods of the study was abstracted by one author and checked by two others. Because of heterogeneity in the design and content of the included studies, we did not attempt formal meta-analysis, and evaluated the studies using qualitative narrative synthesis. MAIN RESULTS: Workplace interventions aimed at helping individuals to stop smoking included ten studies of group therapy, seven studies of individual counselling, nine studies of self-help materials and five studies of nicotine replacement therapy. The results were consistent with those found in other settings. Group programmes, individual counselling and nicotine replacement therapy increased cessation rates in comparison to no treatment or minimal intervention controls. Self-help materials were less effective.Workplace interventions aimed at the workforce as a whole included 14 studies of tobacco bans, two studies of social support, four studies of environmental support, five studies of incentives, and eight studies of comprehensive (multi-component) programmes. Tobacco bans decreased cigarette consumption during the working day but their effect on total consumption was less certain. We failed to detect an increase in quit rates from adding social and environmental support to these programmes. There was a lack of evidence that comprehensive programmes reduced the prevalence of smoking. Competitions and incentives increased attempts to stop smoking, though there was less evidence that they increased the rate of actual quitting. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: We found: 1. Strong evidence that interventions directed towards individual smokers increase the likelihood of quitting smoking. These include advice from a health professional, individual and group counselling and pharmacological treatment to overcome nicotine addiction. Self-help interventions are less effective. All these interventions are effective whether offered in the workplace or elsewhere. Although people taking up these interventions are more likely to stop, the absolute numbers who quit are low. 2. Limited evidence that participation in programmes can be increased by competitions and incentives organized by the employer. 3. Consistent evidence that workplace tobacco policies and bans can decrease cigarette consumption during the working day by smokers and exposure of non-smoking employees to environmental tobacco smoke at work, but conflicting evidence about whether they decrease prevalence of smoking or overall consumption of tobacco by smokers. 4. A lac Descriptors Counseling, Humans, Psychotherapy, Group, Smoking/prevention & control, Smoking Cessation/methods, Workplace Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Moher,M., Hey,K., Lancaster,T. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20050418 PMCID Editors
Safety and efficacy of the nicotine patch and gum for the treatment of adolescent tobacco addiction	2005	Teen Tobacco Addiction Research Clinic, Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, 5500 Nathan Shock Dr, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, USA. emoolcha@intra.nida.nih.gov	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Pediatrics Periodical, Abbrev. Pediatrics Pub Date Free Form Apr Volume 115 Issue 4 Start Page e407 Other Pages 14 Notes LR: 20151119; JID: 0376422; 0 (Chewing Gum); 0 (Nicotinic Agonists); 6M3C89ZY6R (Nicotine); ppublish Place of Publication United States ISSN/ISBN 1098-4275; 0031-4005 Accession Number PMID: 15805342 Language eng SubFile Clinical Trial; Journal Article; Randomized Controlled Trial; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.; AIM; IM DOI 115/4/e407 [pii] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 15805342 Abstract OBJECTIVES: To determine the safety and efficacy of the nicotine patch and gum for adolescents who want to quit smoking. DESIGN: Double-blind, double-dummy, randomized, 3-arm trial with a nicotine patch (21 mg), nicotine gum (2 and 4 mg), or a placebo patch and gum; all participants received cognitive-behavioral group therapy. SETTING: Inner-city, outpatient clinic on the East Coast. Subjects. Thirteen- to 17-year-old adolescents who smoked > or =10 cigarettes per day (CPD), scored > or =5 on the Fagerstrom Test of Nicotine Dependence, and were motivated to quit smoking. Intervention. Twelve weeks of nicotine patch or gum therapy with cognitive-behavioral therapy, with a follow-up visit at 6 months (3 months after the end of treatment). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Safety assessed on the basis of adverse event reports for all 3 groups, prolonged abstinence, assessed through self-report and verified with exhaled carbon monoxide (CO) levels of < or =6 ppm, in intent-to-treat analyses, and smoking reduction (CPD and thiocyanate concentrations) among trial completers. RESULTS: A total of 120 participants were randomized (72% white, 70% female; age: 15.2 +/- 1.33 years; smoking: 18.8 +/- 8.56 CPD; Fagerstrom Test of Nicotine Dependence score: 7.04 +/- 1.29) from 1999 to 2003. Participants started smoking at 11.2 +/- 1.98 years of age and had been smoking daily for 2.66 +/- 1.56 years; 75% had at least 1 current psychiatric diagnosis. Mean compliance across groups was higher for the patch (mean: 78.4-82.8%) than for the gum (mean: 38.5-50.7%). Both the patch and gum were well tolerated, and adverse events were similar to those reported in adult trials. Changes in mean saliva cotinine concentrations throughout treatment were not statistically significant. Intent-to-treat analyses of all randomized participants showed CO-confirmed prolonged abstinence rates of 18% for the active-patch group, 6.5% for the active-gum group, and 2.5% for the placebo group; the difference between the active-patch and placebo arms was statistically significant. There was no significant effect of patch versus gum or gum versus placebo on cessation outcomes. Abstinence rates at the 3-month follow-up assessment were sustained but were not significantly associated with treatment group. Mean smoking rates, but not CO or thiocyanate concentrations, decreased significantly in all 3 arms but not as a function of treatment group. CONCLUSIONS: Nicotine patch therapy combined with cognitive-behavioral intervention was effective, compared with placebo, for treatment of tobacco dependence among adolescent smokers. Decreases in the numbers of cigarettes smoked appeared to be offset by compensatory smoking. Additional study of nicotine gum, with enhanced instructional support, is needed to assess its efficacy among adolescent smokers. Descriptors Administration, Cutaneous, Adolescent, Chewing Gum/adverse effects, Double-Blind Method, Female, Humans, Logistic Models, Male, Nicotine/adverse effects/therapeutic use, Nicotinic Agonists/adverse effects/therapeutic use, Smoking Cessation/methods, Tobacco Use Disorder/drug therapy Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Moolchan,E. T., Robinson,M. L., Ernst,M., Cadet,J. L., Pickworth,W. B., Heishman,S. J., Schroeder,J. R. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Secondhand smoke exposure and risk following the Irish smoking ban: an assessment of salivary cotinine concentrations in hotel workers and air nicotine levels in bars	2005	Health Service Executive, Western Area, The Annex, Galway, Republic of Ireland. mauricemulcahy@eircom.net	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Tobacco control Periodical, Abbrev. Tob.Control Pub Date Free Form Dec Volume 14 Issue 6 Start Page 384 Other Pages 388 Notes LR: 20151119; JID: 9209612; 0 (Biomarkers); 0 (Tobacco Smoke Pollution); 6M3C89ZY6R (Nicotine); K5161X06LL (Cotinine); OID: NLM: PMC1748138; ppublish Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1468-3318; 0964-4563 Accession Number PMID: 16319361 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI 14/6/384 [pii] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 16319361 Abstract OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether the Irish smoking ban has had an impact on secondhand smoke (SHS) exposures for hospitality workers. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Before and after the smoking ban a cohort of workers (n = 35) from a sample of city hotels (n = 15) were tested for saliva cotinine concentrations and completed questionnaires. Additionally, a random sample (n = 20) of city centre bars stratified by size (range 400-5000 square feet), were tested for air nicotine concentrations using passive samplers before and after the ban. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Salivary cotinine concentrations (ng/ml), duration of self reported exposures to secondhand smoke, air nicotine (microg/cubic metre). RESULTS: Cotinine concentrations reduced by 69%, from 1.6 ng/ml to 0.5 ng/ml median (SD 1.29; p < 0.005). Overall 74% of subjects experienced decreases (range 16-99%), with 60% showing a halving of exposure levels at follow up. Self reported exposure to SHS at work showed a significant reduction from a median 30 hours a week to zero (p < 0.001). There was an 83% reduction in air nicotine concentrations from median 35.5 microg/m3 to 5.95 microg/m3 (p < 0.001). At baseline, three bars (16%) were below the 6.8 microg/m3 air nicotine significant risk level for lung cancer alone; at follow up this increased to 10 (53%). CONCLUSIONS: Passive smoking and associated risks were significantly reduced but not totally eliminated. Exposure to SHS is still possible for those working where smoking is still allowed and those working where smoke may migrate from outdoor areas. Further research is required to assess the true extent and magnitude of these exposures. Descriptors Adolescent, Adult, Air Pollution, Indoor/analysis, Biomarkers/analysis, Cotinine/analysis, Environmental Monitoring/methods, Humans, Ireland, Middle Aged, Nicotine/analysis, Occupational Exposure/analysis, Restaurants, Risk Assessment, Saliva/chemistry, Smoking/legislation & jurisprudence/prevention & control, Tobacco Smoke Pollution/analysis Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Mulcahy,M., Evans,D. S., Hammond,S. K., Repace,J. L., Byrne,M. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID PMC1748138 Editors
Tobacco smoking and periodontal health in a Saudi Arabian population	2005	Institute of Odontology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden. suzan_natto@hotmail.com	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Journal of periodontology Periodical, Abbrev. J.Periodontol. Pub Date Free Form Nov Volume 76 Issue 11 Start Page 1919 Other Pages 1926 Notes LR: 20061115; JID: 8000345; ppublish Place of Publication United States ISSN/ISBN 0022-3492; 0022-3492 Accession Number PMID: 16274311 Language eng SubFile Comparative Study; Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; D; IM DOI 10.1902/jop.2005.76.11.1919 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 16274311 Abstract BACKGROUND: The objective of this study was to examine the association between tobacco smoking, in particular water pipe smoking, and periodontal health. METHODS: A total of 262 citizens of Jeddah, Saudi Arabia in the age range from 17 to 60 years volunteered to participate in the study. The clinical examinations were carried out at King Faisal Specialty Hospital and Research Center in Jeddah and included assessments of oral hygiene, gingival inflammation, and probing depth. Smoking behavior was registered through a questionnaire and confirmed by an interview. Participants were stratified into water pipe smokers (31%), cigarette smokers (19%), mixed smokers (20%), and non-smokers (30%). RESULTS: The mean probing depth per person was 3.1 mm for water pipe smokers, 3.0 mm for cigarette smokers, 2.8 mm for mixed smokers, and 2.3 mm for non-smokers. The association between smoking and probing depth was statistically significant controlling for age (P or =5 mm was 19.5% in the total population, 30% in water pipe smokers, 24% in cigarette smokers, and 8% in non-smokers. The prevalence was significantly greater in water pipe and cigarette smokers compared to non-smokers (P <0.001). The relative risk for periodontal disease increased by 5.1- and 3.8-fold in water pipe and cigarette smokers, respectively, compared to non-smokers (P <0.001 and P <0.05, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: An association was observed between water pipe smoking and periodontal disease manifestations in terms of probing depth measurements. The impact of water pipe smoking was of largely the same magnitude as that of cigarette smoking. Descriptors Adolescent, Adult, Age Factors, Dental Plaque Index, Female, Gingivitis/classification/complications, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Oral Hygiene, Periodontal Diseases/classification/complications, Periodontal Index, Periodontal Pocket/classification/complications, Risk Factors, Saudi Arabia, Sex Factors, Smoking, Tooth Loss/classification Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Natto,S., Baljoon,M., Bergstrom,J. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Multiple Ebola virus haemorrhagic fever outbreaks in Gabon, from October 2001 to April 2002	2005	Ministere de la sante publique, Libreville, Gabon.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Bulletin de la Societe de pathologie exotique (1990) Periodical, Abbrev. Bull.Soc.Pathol.Exot. Pub Date Free Form Sep Volume 98 Issue 3 Start Page 224 Other Pages 229 Notes LR: 20061115; JID: 9212564; 0 (Antibodies, Viral); 0 (RNA, Viral); ppublish Place of Publication France ISSN/ISBN 0037-9085; 0037-9085 Accession Number PMID: 16267965 Language fre SubFile English Abstract; Journal Article; IM DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 16267965 Abstract Outbreaks of Ebola virus haemorrhagic fever have been reported from 1994 to 1996 in the province of Ogooue Ivindo, a forest zone situated in the Northeast of Gabon. Each time, the great primates had been identified as the initial source of human infection. End of November 2001 a new alert came from this province, rapidly confirmed as a EVHV outbreak. The response was given by the Ministry of Health with the help of an international team under the aegis of WHO. An active monitoring system was implemented in the three districts hit by the epidemic (Zadie, Ivindo and Mpassa) to organize the detection of cases and their follow-up. A case definition has been set up, the suspected cases were isolated at hospital, at home or in lazarets and serological tests were performed. These tests consisted of the detection of antigen or specific IgG and the RT-PCR. A classification of cases was made according to the results of biological tests, clinical and epidemiological data. The contact subjects were kept watch over for 21 days. 65 cases were recorded among which 53 deaths. The first human case, a hunter died on the 28th of October 2001. The epidemic spreads over through family transmission and nosocomial contamination. Four distinct primary foci have been identified together with an isolated case situated in the South East of Gabon, 580 km away from the epicenter. Deaths happened within a delay of 6 days. The last death has been recorded on the 22nd of March 2002 and the end of the outbreak was declared on the 6th of May 2002. The epidemic spreads over the Gabon just next. Unexplained deaths of animals had been mentionned in the nearby forests as soon as August 2001: great primates and cephalophus. Samples taken from their carcasses confirmed a concomitant animal epidemic. Descriptors Animals, Antelopes/virology, Antibodies, Viral/blood/immunology, Cluster Analysis, Contact Tracing, Cross Infection/epidemiology/transmission, Disease Outbreaks, Disease Reservoirs, Ebolavirus/genetics/immunology/isolation & purification/pathogenicity, Follow-Up Studies, Food Microbiology, Gabon/epidemiology, Gorilla gorilla/virology, Haplorhini/virology, Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola/diagnosis/epidemiology/mortality/prevention & control/transmission/veterinary, Humans, International Cooperation, Meat/virology, Patient Isolation, Porcupines/virology, Primate Diseases/epidemiology/transmission/virology, Primates/virology, Quarantine, RNA, Viral/blood, Retrospective Studies, Serologic Tests, World Health Organization Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Nkoghe,D., Formenty,P., Leroy,E. M., Nnegue,S., Edou,S. Y., Ba,J. I., Allarangar,Y., Cabore,J., Bachy,C., Andraghetti,R., de Benoist,A. C., Galanis,E., Rose,A., Bausch,D., Reynolds,M., Rollin,P., Choueibou,C., Shongo,R., Gergonne,B., Kone,L. M., Yada,A., Roth,C., Mve,M. T. Original/Translated Title Plusieurs epidemies de fievre hemorragique due au virus Ebola au Gabon, d'octobre 2001 a avril 2002 URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in wastewater treatment plant effluents using hollow fibre liquid-phase microextraction	2005	Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Crete, Polytechneioupolis, University Campus, GR-73100, Chania, Crete, Greece.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Chemosphere Periodical, Abbrev. Chemosphere Pub Date Free Form Jul Volume 60 Issue 5 Start Page 690 Other Pages 698 Notes LR: 20091119; JID: 0320657; 0 (Polycyclic Hydrocarbons, Aromatic); 0 (Water Pollutants, Chemical); 2004/02/17 [received]; 2004/12/22 [revised]; 2005/01/12 [accepted]; 2005/03/03 [aheadofprint]; ppublish Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 0045-6535; 0045-6535 Accession Number PMID: 15963807 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; IM DOI S0045-6535(05)00188-8 [pii] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 15963807 Abstract A simple and efficient method for the enrichment of low molecular weight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in effluents originating from wastewater treatment plants is presented here. The proposed protocol couples the recently introduced hollow fibre liquid-phase microextraction (LPME) method with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Method parameters were controlled and the optimised experimental conditions were: 5 ml aqueous samples, containing 2.5% NaCl w/v, stirred at 1000 rpm, extracted with toluene for 15 min. The developed protocol yielded a linear calibration curve in the concentration range from 0.5 to 50 microg l(-1) for all target analytes (namely acenaphthene, phenanthrene, fluoranthene and pyrene) and limits of detection in the low microg l(-1) level (0.005-0.011 microg l(-1)). The repeatability and inter-day precision of the method varied between 2.7% and 11.3% and 7.9% and 14.4% respectively. The relative recoveries from different types of natural water samples revealed that matrix had a small effect on the hollow fibre LPME process. The developed method was then applied for the determination of PAHs contamination in effluent samples taken from two major municipal wastewater treatment plants. The results were compared with those obtained with solid-phase microextraction. The ability of both microextraction methods to concentrate organic analytes was demonstrated as both methods confirmed the presence of PAHs as well as of phthalates in the examined effluent samples. Descriptors Chemistry Techniques, Analytical/methods, Environmental Monitoring/instrumentation/methods, Equipment Design, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Polycyclic Hydrocarbons, Aromatic/analysis, Waste Disposal, Fluid, Water Pollutants, Chemical/analysis Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Charalabaki,M., Psillakis,E., Mantzavinos,D., Kalogerakis,N. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20050303 PMCID Editors
Effects of inorganic nutrients on the regrowth of heterotrophic bacteria in drinking water distribution systems	2005	Lu, C., Dept. of Environmental Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402 Taiwan, Taiwan	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Journal of environmental management Periodical, Abbrev. J.Environ.Manage. Pub Date Free Form / Volume 74 Issue 3 Start Page 255 Other Pages 263 Notes Place of Publication ISSN/ISBN 0301-4797 Accession Number Language SubFile DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID Abstract Three laboratory-scale water pipe systems were set up to study the effects of adding three inorganic nutrients (ammonium, nitrate or phosphate) on biofilm formation in water pipes. The results showed that the effects of adding ammonium or nitrate on the biofilm formation were insignificant when levels below 0.1 mg N/l were added. Analogous results were observed when phosphate was added at levels below 0.005 mg P/l. However, as the addition of ammonium increased to 0.5 mg N/l, significant effects on biofilm formation were observed. Similar results were obtained phosphate was added at levels above 0.01 mg P/l. Batch tests were also conducted using water samples collected from a Taiwanese drinking water distribution system. The results indicated that the addition of ammonium, nitrate or phosphate to treatment plant effluent stimulates bacterial growth. In the distributed water of an urban area, the addition of nitrate or phosphate stimulated bacterial growth. The bacterial growth in the distributed water of a suburban area was not stimulated by adding any of these three inorganic nutrients. Â© 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Descriptors ammonia, drinking water, nitrate, phosphate, article, bacterial growth, bacterium contamination, biofilm, chemical analysis, chemical procedures, controlled study, geographic distribution, inorganic nutrient, nonhuman, particulate matter, statistical analysis, statistical significance, turbidity, water contamination, water quality, water supply, water treatment Links Book Title Database Embase; MEDLINE Publisher Data Source Embase Authors Chu,C., Lu,C., Lee,C. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Anti-metabolic activity of caspofungin against Candida albicans and Candida parapsilosis biofilms	2005	Laboratoire de Parasitologie et Mycologie Medicales, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire La Miletrie, BP 577, 86021 Poitiers Cedex, France.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy Periodical, Abbrev. J.Antimicrob.Chemother. Pub Date Free Form Sep Volume 56 Issue 3 Start Page 507 Other Pages 512 Notes LR: 20131121; JID: 7513617; 0 (Antifungal Agents); 0 (Antimetabolites); 0 (Echinocandins); 0 (Peptides, Cyclic); 8VZV102JFY (Fluconazole); F0XDI6ZL63 (caspofungin); 2005/07/22 [aheadofprint]; ppublish Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 0305-7453; 0305-7453 Accession Number PMID: 16040622 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; IM DOI dki269 [pii] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 16040622 Abstract OBJECTIVES: Candidiasis can be associated with the formation of biofilms on bioprosthetic surfaces and the intrinsic resistance of Candida albicans biofilms to the most commonly used antifungal agents has been demonstrated. In this study, we report on the antifungal activity of caspofungin at two different concentrations, on C. albicans and Candida parapsilosis biofilms with different ages of maturation. METHODS: Fifteen strains of C. albicans (10 strains susceptible to fluconazole in vitro and five strains resistant to this antifungal agent) and six strains of C. parapsilosis (all were susceptible to fluconazole in vitro) were studied. The antifungal activity of caspofungin was assessed by looking for a significant inhibition of the metabolic activity of yeasts within biofilms. Biofilms of Candida were produced in vitro, on silicone catheters. RESULTS: Caspofungin used at MIC did not modify the metabolic activity of C. albicans, whatever the maturation age of the biofilms. The same concentration of caspofungin significantly reduced the metabolism (P<or=0.001) of 25% (biofilms of 48 h) to 50% (biofilms of 2 h) of the C. parapsilosis yeasts. The use of a therapeutic concentration of caspofungin (2 mg/L) significantly decreased (P<or=0.001) the metabolism of all the strains of C. albicans and C. parapsilosis tested, independently of the biofilm maturation age. This potent antifungal activity of caspofungin on C. albicans biofilms was observed independently of the yeast susceptibility to fluconazole. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrated that caspofungin used at MIC was not sufficient to reduce C. albicans biofilms, but it suggested an activity on C. parapsilosis biofilms depending on their maturation age. This study also indicated that caspofungin used at 2 mg/L could be a good candidate in the prevention of candidiasis associated with silicone medical devices. Our results also suggested that fluconazole resistance of yeasts did not affect caspofungin activity. Descriptors Antifungal Agents/pharmacology, Antimetabolites/pharmacology, Biofilms/drug effects/growth & development, Candida/drug effects/physiology, Candida albicans, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Drug Resistance, Multiple, Fungal, Echinocandins, Fluconazole/pharmacology, Microbial Sensitivity Tests, Peptides, Cyclic/pharmacology Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Cocuaud,C., Rodier,M. H., Daniault,G., Imbert,C. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20050722 PMCID Editors
Role of discontinuous chlorination on microbial production by drinking water biofilms	2005	Lab. Health & Environmental Microbiology, Polytechnical University of Catalonia, Terrassa-08222, Barcelona, Spain.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Water research Periodical, Abbrev. Water Res. Pub Date Free Form May Volume 39 Issue 9 Start Page 1896 Other Pages 1906 Notes LR: 20131121; JID: 0105072; 4R7X1O2820 (Chlorine); 2003/11/19 [received]; 2004/09/16 [revised]; 2005/02/21 [accepted]; 2005/04/26 [aheadofprint]; ppublish Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 0043-1354; 0043-1354 Accession Number PMID: 15899288 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; IM DOI S0043-1354(05)00107-7 [pii] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 15899288 Abstract Microbial quality in water distribution systems is strongly affected by the development of microbial biofilms. Production and release of microbial cells by the biofilm affect microbial levels in the water column and in some cases this fact constitutes a public health concern. In this study, we attempt to analyze in which way the existence of different episodes of chlorine depletion affects both biofilm formation and microbial load of an artificial laboratory system. The work was carried out using two parallel packed bed reactors both supplied with running tap water. One of the reactors was used as a control and was permanently exposed to the action of chlorine. In the other reactor, chlorine was neutralized at selected times during the experiment and for periods of variable length. During the experiment the concentration of total and viable cells from the effluent was monitored at the exit of each of the reactors. The data obtained were used to estimate microbial production from the biofilms. As an average, release of microbial cells to the water phase increased tenfold in the absence of chlorine. The results also indicate that disinfectant efficiency against the biofilm was not recovered when chlorine returned to normal levels after each event of chlorine neutralization. Cell viability in the water phase in the presence of chlorine was low at the beginning of the experiment but increased 4 orders of magnitude after five neutralization periods. Therefore, subsequent episodes of chlorine depletion may accelerate the development of microbial communities with reduced susceptibility to disinfection in real drinking water systems. Descriptors Biofilms/growth & development, Bioreactors, Chlorine/analysis/chemistry, Colony Count, Microbial, Water Microbiology, Water Purification/methods, Water Supply Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Codony,F., Morato,J., Mas,J. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20050426 PMCID Editors

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