WTS database

Title	Pub Year Sort ascending	Author	SearchLink
A pleasure among friends: how narghile (waterpipe) smoking differs from cigarette smoking in Syria	2008	Syrian Center for Tobacco Studies, PO Box 16542, Aleppo, Syria. fadi@scts-sy.org	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Tobacco control Periodical, Abbrev. Tob.Control Pub Date Free Form Apr Volume 17 Issue 2 Start Page e3 Other Pages Notes GR: R01-TW05962/TW/FIC NIH HHS/United States; GR: R01DA024876-01/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States; GR: R03-TW07233/TW/FIC NIH HHS/United States; JID: 9209612; ppublish Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1468-3318; 0964-4563 Accession Number PMID: 18375726 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI 10.1136/tc.2007.020529 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 18375726 Abstract BACKGROUND: Throughout the Eastern Mediterranean region (EMR), tobacco is used primarily in two forms: cigarette smoking and waterpipe (called narghile (nar-GIL-eh) in Syria) smoking. OBJECTIVE: To explore whether narghile smokers are different from cigarette smokers in how their smoking habits are embedded in their everyday lives. METHODS: One-to-one interviews with 16 adult narghile smokers and 16 adult cigarette smokers about their feelings, experiences and beliefs regarding their initiation, use patterns, and attempts to quit. FINDINGS: Narghile smokers found that narghile was a pleasurable social experience embedded in cultural rituals. By contrast, cigarette smokers saw their cigarette smoking as a mundane, oppressive, personal addiction. Narghile smokers generally started in their 20s and found that smoking narghile fostered a sense of togetherness and cultural identity, while cigarette smokers started in their early teens, males having started to becoming a "real man". Unlike cigarette smokers who felt stigmatised, narghile smokers generally felt that smoking narghile was socially accepted. Cigarette smokers believed that cigarettes were harmful to their health and harmful to those around them, but narghile smokers believed smoking narghile was relatively harmless to themselves or to others. Unlike cigarette smokers who used cigarettes to manage stress, narghile smokers used narghile for entertainment, leisure, and escape. However, frequent narghile smokers confessed that they felt addicted in much the same way as cigarette smokers. Cigarette smokers and narghile smokers viewed quitting as a matter of will and conviction. Most cigarette smokers had tried to quit. Very few narghile smokers had ever tried to quit, and most were not interested in quitting. Disturbingly, some cigarette smokers had tried to quit cigarettes by switching to smoking narghile, but later relapsed to smoking cigarettes. CONCLUSIONS: This exploratory study suggests that Syrian narghile smokers are different from Syrian cigarette smokers in their perceptions and beliefs about their smoking, and in their smoking patterns and lived experiences with tobacco. Our findings indicate that further in-depth research is need in the EMR to understand both modes of smoking to develop effective mode-specific prevention and cessation approaches. This study also raises concerns about a possible pattern where cigarette smokers are using narghile as a method for quitting cigarettes, and then relapsing. Descriptors Adult, Aged, Culture, Female, Friends, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Motivation, Smoking/psychology, Smoking Cessation, Syria Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Hammal,F., Mock,J., Ward,K. D., Eissenberg,T., Maziak,W. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Underutilization of echocardiography for patent foramen ovale in divers with serious decompression sickness	2008	Center for Hyperbaric Medicine and Environmental Physiology, Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Undersea & hyperbaric medicine : journal of the Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society, Inc Periodical, Abbrev. Undersea Hyperb.Med. Pub Date Free Form May-Jun Volume 35 Issue 3 Start Page 207 Other Pages 211 Notes JID: 9312954; ppublish Place of Publication United States ISSN/ISBN 1066-2936; 1066-2936 Accession Number PMID: 18619116 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; IM; S DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 18619116 Abstract The presence of a patent foramen ovale (PFO) in compressed gas diving has been considered a risk factor for serious decompression illness (DCS) for more than 20 years. We conducted a ten year retrospective chart review aimed at determining if physicians treating DCS in a university medical center setting used echocardiography to assess PFO in patients with severe DCS, and if so whether PFO is over-represented in that population. Over the ten-year period, 113 divers underwent recompression therapy for decompression sickness. Of these patients, 48 had serious DCS defined by at least one objective neurological finding. We reviewed medical records for the presence of agitated saline contrast echocardiogram testing and whether or not PFO was present. Only 12 of 48 patients with serious DCS underwent transthoracic agitated saline contrast echocardiogram testing. Of these 12 patients, 6 (50%) had a resting PFO. Binomial proportion testing yielded 95% confidence limits of 21% and 79%. Given 27% PFO prevalence in the general population, PFO may be over-represented in our group of most seriously injured DCS patients yet 75% of patients with objective neurological signs did not undergo echocardiography. Descriptors Adult, Aged, Decompression Sickness/ultrasonography, Diving, Echocardiography/utilization, Embolism, Air/ultrasonography, Female, Foramen Ovale, Patent/ultrasonography, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Retrospective Studies Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Harrah,J. D., O'Boyle,P. S., Piantadosi,C. A. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Characteristics associated with self-identification as a regular smoker and desire to quit among college students who smoke cigarettes	2008	Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109-1024, USA.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco Periodical, Abbrev. Nicotine Tob.Res. Pub Date Free Form Jan Volume 10 Issue 1 Start Page 69 Other Pages 76 Notes GR: CA093967/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States; JID: 9815751; ppublish Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1462-2203; 1462-2203 Accession Number PMID: 18188747 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; IM DOI 10.1080/14622200701704202 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 18188747 Abstract Tobacco use among college students increased substantially during the 1990s. Better understanding of college smokers is warranted to develop interventions specific to the needs of this population. We examined sociodemographic and tobacco-use characteristics associated with self-identification as a regular smoker and intentions to quit smoking among college students who smoke cigarettes. We conducted logistic regression analysis on baseline survey data from the Campus Health Action on Tobacco study, a 4-year group-randomized trial at 30 four-year colleges in Washington, Oregon, and Idaho. Students who self-identified as a regular smoker smoked more cigarettes before starting college, smoked a greater number of cigarettes the prior 30 days, smoked more cigarettes per day, and were more likely to smoke within 30 min of waking up, compared with students who were current smokers but did not consider themselves regular smokers. Females, older students, and those who had decreased the amount they smoked since coming to college were more likely to want to quit "very much." Females and students in early college years were more likely to be planning to quit before graduation, as were students who had decreased the amount they smoked since coming to college. Interventions should target students who are in their early college years, given that habits prior to college, changes in smoking habits while in college, and year in college are associated with students' self-identification as a regular smoker, desire to quit smoking, or plan to quit smoking while in college. Descriptors Adult, Female, Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice, Humans, Idaho/epidemiology, Life Style, Male, Oregon/epidemiology, Peer Group, Population Surveillance, Risk Factors, Self Concept, Self Efficacy, Sex Distribution, Smoking/epidemiology/psychology, Smoking Cessation/psychology/statistics & numerical data, Students/psychology/statistics & numerical data, Tobacco Use Disorder/epidemiology/psychology, Universities/organization & administration, Washington/epidemiology Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Harris,J. B., Schwartz,S. M., Thompson,B. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
A comparison of ammonium, nitrate and proton net fluxes along seedling roots of Douglas-fir and lodgepole pine grown and measured with different inorganic nitrogen sources	2008	Centre for Forest Biology, University of Victoria, PO Box 3020 STN CSC, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada. bhawkins@uvic.ca	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Plant, Cell & Environment Periodical, Abbrev. Plant.Cell.Environ. Pub Date Free Form Mar Volume 31 Issue 3 Start Page 278 Other Pages 287 Notes LR: 20151119; JID: 9309004; 0 (Nitrates); 0 (Protons); 0 (Quaternary Ammonium Compounds); N762921K75 (Nitrogen); 2007/11/22 [aheadofprint]; ppublish Place of Publication United States ISSN/ISBN 1365-3040; 0140-7791 Accession Number PMID: 18034773 Language eng SubFile Comparative Study; Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI PCE1760 [pii] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 18034773 Abstract Significant spatial variability in NH4+, NO3- and H+ net fluxes was measured in roots of young seedlings of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) and lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) with ion-selective microelectrodes. Seedlings were grown with NH4+, NO3-, NH4NO3 or no nitrogen (N), and were measured in solutions containing one or both N ions, or no N in a full factorial design. Net NO3- and NH4+ uptake and H+ efflux were greater in Douglas-fir than lodgepole pine and in roots not exposed to N in pretreatment. In general, the rates of net NH4+ uptake were the same in the presence or absence of NO3-, and vice versa. The highest NO3- influx occurred 0-30 mm from the root apex in Douglas-fir and 0-10 mm from the apex in lodgepole pine. Net NH4+ flux was zero or negative (efflux) at Douglas-fir root tips, and the highest NH4+ influx occurred 5-20 mm from the root tip. Lodgepole pine had some NH4+ influx at the root tips, and the maximum net uptake 5 mm from the root tip. Net H+ efflux was greatest in the first 10 mm of roots of both species. This study demonstrates that nutrient uptake by conifer roots can vary significantly across different regions of the root, and indicates that ion flux profiles along the roots may be influenced by rates of root growth and maturation. Descriptors Nitrates/metabolism, Nitrogen/metabolism, Pinus/metabolism, Plant Roots/metabolism, Protons, Pseudotsuga/metabolism, Quaternary Ammonium Compounds/metabolism, Seedlings/metabolism, Species Specificity Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Hawkins,B. J., Boukcim,H., Plassard,C. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20071122 PMCID Editors
Particulate matter in classrooms--problem and the impact of cleaning and ventilation with the City of Frankfurt am Main as an example	2008	Abteilung Medizinische Dienste und Hygiene Stadtgesundheitsamt. ursel.heudorf@stadt-frankfurt.de	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Gesundheitswesen (Bundesverband der Arzte des Offentlichen Gesundheitsdienstes (Germany)) Periodical, Abbrev. Gesundheitswesen Pub Date Free Form Apr Volume 70 Issue 4 Start Page 231 Other Pages 238 Notes LR: 20141120; JID: 9204210; 0 (Particulate Matter); ppublish Place of Publication Germany ISSN/ISBN 1439-4421; 0941-3790 Accession Number PMID: 18512197 Language ger SubFile English Abstract; Journal Article; IM DOI 10.1055/s-2008-1077055 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 18512197 Abstract BACKGROUND: Indoor air quality in schools, especially the levels of particulate matter in classrooms, have become a matter of great public concern in Germany, Convenient recommendations to improve the hygienic situation in classrooms via cleaning and ventilation are often not followed. Here, data on particulate matter in the indoor air of classrooms, before and after intensified cleaning, are reported. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In the winter of 2006, analyses for particulate matter were done in two primary schools in Frankfurt/M, one of them located in a rural area the other one in an inner city area of Frankfurt/M. Particulate matter (PM10) was analysed by laser beam technology, the data documented every five minutes from 8 am to 2 pm. In parallel, a documentation of the number of persons present in the room, their activity and ventilation was done according to a standardised protocol. Measurements were collected for a period of three weeks. During the first week, the normal school situation was analysed, i.e., the classrooms were ventilated as usual and were cleaned by wet wiping twice a week. During the second and third weeks, the rooms were cleaned every day, so that the effect of intensified cleaning could be studied. In winter 2007, these measurements were continued for one week in two classrooms of a passive house school, following the identical study protocol. RESULTS: During the first week--wet cleaning twice a week--mean particulate concentrations of 86 microg/m3 (median 60 microg/m3) were obtained, during the 2nd and 3rd weeks--wet cleaning every school day mean concentrations of 60 microg/m3 (median 53 microg/m3)--with great differences on different days. Especially during and after handicraft (casting candles) lessons, maximum levels up to >1000 microg/m3 were analysed. Although an impact of cleaning on levels of indoor particles could be established, indoor PM10 levels were dominated by indoor factors, such as occupancy and activity of the persons in the room. After substraction of the outdoor PM10 levels from the indoor levels, the "indoor part" was ca. 50 microg/m3 before, and ca. 30 microg/m3 during intensified cleaning. Further detailed investigations showed the predominance of particles >1 microm indoors, which could easily be diminished by cleaning and ventilation. Indoor particles <0.5 microm, however, were increased via ventilation. CONCLUSION: In classrooms, generally higher indoor levels of air particulate matter are detected than outdoors. Particulate matter in the indoor air of classrooms is to be considered as an indicator of low hygiene and of increased and avoidable heath risk for pupils and teachers. Our data indicate the relevance of cleaning--and with regard to PM <1 microm also of ventilation--for the reduction of particulate matter in classrooms. Therefore, these measures should be taken to improve indoor air quality in schools. Descriptors Air Pollution, Indoor/analysis/statistics & numerical data, Cities/statistics & numerical data, Environmental Restoration and Remediation/statistics & numerical data, Germany, Particulate Matter/analysis, Schools/statistics & numerical data, Ventilation/statistics & numerical data Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Heudorf,U. Original/Translated Title Feinstaubbelastung in Schulen--Untersuchungsergebnisse und Losungsansatze am Beispiel der Stadt Frankfurt am Main URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Role of some environmental factors on the breeding activity of Anopheles arabiensis in New Halfa town, eastern Sudan	2008	Entomology Unit, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Kassala, New Halfa, Sudan. yosifhimeidan@hotmail.com	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Eastern Mediterranean health journal = La revue de sante de la Mediterranee orientale = al-Majallah al-sihhiyah li-sharq al-mutawassit Periodical, Abbrev. East.Mediterr.Health J. Pub Date Free Form Mar-Apr Volume 14 Issue 2 Start Page 252 Other Pages 259 Notes LR: 20131121; JID: 9608387; 059QF0KO0R (Water); EIN: East Mediterr Health J. 2008 Sep-Oct;14(5):1224. Rayah, E El-A [corrected to El Rayah, A E]; ppublish Place of Publication Egypt ISSN/ISBN 1020-3397; 1020-3397 Accession Number PMID: 18561715 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; IM DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 18561715 Abstract Anopheles arabiensis breeding was studied during March 1999-June 2000 in New Halfa town. Of 3642 anopheline larvae collected, 3633 (99.75%) were A. arabiensis: 82.49%, 11.56%, 3.08% and 2.88% of the larvae were collected from shallow sunlit pools resulting from pipes leakages, rain pools, irrigation canals and man-made pools respectively. The overall mean density was 24.34 larvae/10 dips: 40.73 during the rainy season, 30.45 during irrigation and 13.10 in the dry season. Water for crop cultivation increased the relative humidity (P = 0.013) and both factors enhanced A. arabiensis breeding (P < 0.005). There was no significant difference between the rainy and irrigation seasons. A. arabiensis breeding in this area has become perennial as a result of crop irrigation. Descriptors Agriculture, Analysis of Variance, Animals, Anopheles/parasitology/physiology, Climate, Ecology, Ecosystem, Humans, Humidity, Insect Vectors/parasitology/physiology, Larva/physiology, Malaria, Falciparum/epidemiology/prevention & control/transmission, Mosquito Control, Population Density, Rain, Reproduction/physiology, Seasons, Sudan/epidemiology, Urban Health/statistics & numerical data, Water/parasitology, Water Supply Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Himeidan,Y. E., El Rayah,A. E. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
A new generation of self-etching adhesives: comparison with traditional acid etch technique	2008	Department of Orthodontics, Friedrich Alexander University, Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Journal of orofacial orthopedics = Fortschritte der Kieferorthopadie : Organ/official journal Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Kieferorthopadie Periodical, Abbrev. J.Orofac.Orthop. Pub Date Free Form Mar Volume 69 Issue 2 Start Page 78 Other Pages 93 Notes JID: 9713484; 0 (BOND-1 adhesive); 0 (Composite Resins); 0 (Methacrylates); 0 (Resin Cements); 0 (Transbond Plus Self-Etching Primer); 0 (Transbond XT Light Cure Adhesive Primer); 2007/03/13 [received]; 2007/12/19 [accepted]; ppublish Place of Publication Germany ISSN/ISBN 1434-5293; 1434-5293 Accession Number PMID: 18385954 Language eng; ger SubFile Comparative Study; Journal Article; D; IM DOI 10.1007/s00056-008-0709-6 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 18385954 Abstract OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to determine the shear bond strength (SBS), etching pattern and depth, and debonding performance of several market-leading, self-etching (SE) adhesives primarily used in restorative dentistry (iBond, Clearfil S(3) Bond, Clearfil Protect Bond, AdheSE, XenoIII), two experimental self-etching adhesives (exp. Bond 1, exp. Bond 2) and one experimental self-etching cement (SE Zement) used with and without prior phosphoric acid-etching, and to compare them to an orthodontic self-etching product (Transbond Plus SE Primer) and to traditional acid-etch technique (Transbond XT Primer, phosphoric acid) MATERIALS AND METHODS: All adhesives were applied on pumiced and embedded bovine incisors following the manufacturers' instructions. Then one bracket each (coated with Transbond XT composite) was bonded (n = 20). Transbond XT was polymerized for 20 s from the incisal and gingival sides using a halogen device positioned at a constant 5 mm from and a 45 degrees angle to the specimen. The specimens were stored in distilled water for 24 h at 37 degrees C before measuring SBS. The ARI (adhesive remnant index) for all specimens was determined from the sheared-off brackets of each. After conditioning, the surface texture was morphologically evaluated from scanning electron microscope (SEM) images, while the etching depth was determined using a confocal laser-scanning microscope (CLSM). All groups were tested for normal distribution and analyzed by applying ANOVA, Kruskal-Wallis or the t test. In addition, a Bonferroni correction was used. RESULTS: The median values of the SBS tests were: SE Zement 3.0 MPa, SE Zement preceded by phosphoric acid etching 11.2 MPa, experimental bond 1: 7.4 MPa, experimental bond 2: 5.6 MPa, iBond 8.1 MPa, Clearfil S(3) Bond 14.1 MPa, Clearfil Protect Bond 16.6 MPa, Clearfil SE Bond 15.9 MPa, AdheSE 16.0 MPa, XenoIII 16.1 MPa, Transbond SE Primer 20.7 MPa, acid-etching+Transbond XT Primer 21.0 MPa. With the exception of iBond, we observed no significant differences among the self-etching adhesives used in Restorative Dentistry or in comparison to the Transbond Plus SE Primer. No significant differences were apparent even when compared to the Transbond XT Primer after phosphoric acid-etching. Both experimental bonding agents and SE Zement without acid etching performed significantly worse than the products mentioned above, failing to demonstrate sufficient adhesive strength. SEM examination revealed less distinctive enamel-etching patterns for self-etching products than for phosphoric acid-etching. CLSM analysis revealed etching depths between 0.5 and 20 microm depending on the product. When self-etching products were used, less residual composite remained on the enamel surface than after phosphoric acid-etching. CONCLUSIONS: All the adhesives tested are suitable for bonding orthodontic brackets and to reduce the risk of enamel fracture while minimizing etching depth, which in turns means less conditioning-related enamel loss. More development is needed to improve the etching performance of both experimental bonding agents and SE Zement. Descriptors Acid Etching, Dental/methods, Animals, Cattle, Composite Resins/analysis, Dental Bonding, Dental Debonding, Dental Enamel/drug effects/pathology, Humans, Methacrylates/analysis, Microscopy, Confocal, Microscopy, Electron, Scanning, Orthodontic Brackets, Resin Cements/analysis, Shear Strength, Surface Properties Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Holzmeier,M., Schaubmayr,M., Dasch,W., Hirschfelder,U. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
The Cardiff Dental Survey: oral hygiene, gingival and periodontal health in relation to smoking in young adults	2008	Clinical Research and Public Health, Cardiff University School of Dentistry, Heath Park, Cardiff, UK. hunterml@cf.ac.uk	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full International journal of dental hygiene Periodical, Abbrev. Int.J.Dent.Hyg. Pub Date Free Form Aug Volume 6 Issue 3 Start Page 199 Other Pages 204 Notes LR: 20100429; GR: Medical Research Council/United Kingdom; JID: 101168070; ppublish Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1601-5037; 1601-5029 Accession Number PMID: 18768024 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; D; IM DOI 10.1111/j.1601-5037.2008.00311.x [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 18768024 Abstract OBJECTIVE: To examine the relationship between tobacco smoking, oral hygiene, gingival and periodontal health in young adults. STUDY DESIGN: Cross-sectional (conducted in the course of a cohort study). SETTING: Cardiff, UK, 1989 and 2000. METHODS: Plaque was recorded, as was presence or absence of bleeding on probing and loss of attachment (LA). Information concerning tobacco smoking was obtained from questionnaire data. RESULTS: At age 19-20 years, smokers had statistically significantly (P < 0.01) higher whole mouth mean plaque scores than non-smokers. Whole mouth mean bleeding scores, however, were similar in smokers and non-smokers. The relationship of plaque to smoking was very similar at age 30-31, yet bleeding scores were approximately 25% lower in smokers than in non-smokers (P < 0.01). Whole mouth LA scores showed small, statistically non-significant differences between smokers and non-smokers. At the age of 30-31 years, gender and social class had a negligible confounding effect on oral hygiene, gingival and periodontal health in smokers and non-smokers. CONCLUSIONS: Smokers consistently demonstrated poorer oral hygiene than non-smokers. The effect of smoking in reducing gingival bleeding was already apparent at age 19-20 years despite the fact that, at this time, subjects might be assumed to have been exposed to a relatively small dose of tobacco over a short period of time. In the follow-up study conducted at the age of 30-31 years, the impact of smoking on the periodontal tissues was, as expected, more pronounced. Descriptors Adult, Age Factors, Cohort Studies, Confounding Factors (Epidemiology), Cross-Sectional Studies, Dental Plaque/epidemiology, Dental Plaque Index, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Gingival Diseases/epidemiology, Gingival Hemorrhage/epidemiology, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Oral Hygiene/statistics & numerical data, Periodontal Attachment Loss/epidemiology, Periodontal Diseases/epidemiology, Periodontal Index, Smoking/epidemiology, Social Class, Wales/epidemiology, Young Adult Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Hunter,L., Newcombe,R., Richmond,S., Owens,J., Addy,M. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
A 32-country comparison of tobacco smoke derived particle levels in indoor public places	2008	Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Department of Health Behavior, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA. andrew.hyland@roswellpark.org	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Tobacco control Periodical, Abbrev. Tob.Control Pub Date Free Form Jun Volume 17 Issue 3 Start Page 159 Other Pages 165 Notes LR: 20141120; GR: P50 CA111236/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States; JID: 9209612; 0 (Tobacco Smoke Pollution); 2008/02/26 [aheadofprint]; ppublish Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1468-3318; 0964-4563 Accession Number PMID: 18303089 Language eng SubFile Comparative Study; Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI 10.1136/tc.2007.020479 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 18303089 Abstract OBJECTIVE: To compare tobacco smoke-derived particulate levels in transportation and hospitality venues with and without smoking in 32 countries using a standardised measurement protocol. METHODS: The TSI SidePak AM510 Personal Aerosol Monitor was used to measure the concentration of particulate matter less than 2.5 microns in diameter (PM(2.5)) in 1822 bars, restaurants, retail outlets, airports and other workplaces in 32 geographically dispersed countries between 2003 and 2007. RESULTS: Geometric mean PM(2.5) levels were highest in Syria (372 microg/m(3)), Romania (366 microg/m(3)) and Lebanon (346 microg/m(3)), while they were lowest in the three countries that have nationwide laws prohibiting smoking in indoor public places (Ireland at 22 microg/m(3), Uruguay at 18 microg/m(3) and New Zealand at 8 microg/m(3)). On average, the PM(2.5) levels in places where smoking was observed was 8.9 times greater (95% CI 8.0 to 10) than levels in places where smoking was not observed. CONCLUSIONS: Levels of indoor fine particle air pollution in places where smoking is observed are typically greater than levels that the World Health Organization and US Environmental Protection Agency have concluded are harmful to human health. Descriptors Air Pollution, Indoor/analysis, Global Health, Humans, Public Facilities/statistics & numerical data, Smoking/epidemiology/legislation & jurisprudence/prevention & control, Tobacco Smoke Pollution/adverse effects/analysis, World Health Organization Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Hyland,A., Travers,M. J., Dresler,C., Higbee,C., Cummings,K. M. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20080226 PMCID Editors
Waterpipe smoking in students: prevalence, risk factors, symptoms of addiction, and smoke intake. Evidence from one British university	2008	Department of Primary Care & General Practice, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK. DHJ242@adf.bham.ac.uk	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full BMC public health Periodical, Abbrev. BMC Public Health Pub Date Free Form 22-May Volume 8 Issue Start Page 174 Other Pages 2458-8-174 Notes LR: 20151119; JID: 100968562; 059QF0KO0R (Water); 7U1EE4V452 (Carbon Monoxide); OID: NLM: PMC2413225; 2007/11/22 [received]; 2008/05/22 [accepted]; 2008/05/22 [aheadofprint]; epublish Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1471-2458; 1471-2458 Accession Number PMID: 18498653 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI 10.1186/1471-2458-8-174 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 18498653 Abstract BACKGROUND: Anecdotal reports suggest waterpipe smoking is becoming common in students in western countries. The aim was to examine prevalence, risk factors, symptoms of addiction, and smoke intake. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional survey of students with subsidiary survey of regular waterpipe user and survey of exhaled carbon monoxide (CO) before and after waterpipe smoking in customers of a waterpipe cafe. 937 students of Birmingham University completed the initial survey with a follow up of 21 regular waterpipe smokers. 63 customers of a waterpipe cafe near the University completed the study of CO intake. RESULTS: 355 (37.9%, 95% confidence intervals (CI) 34.8 to 41.1%) students had tried waterpipes, the prevalence of trying rising with duration at University. 75 (8.0%, 95%CI 6.4 to 10.0%) were regular smokers, similar to the prevalence of cigarette smoking (9.4%). Although cigarette smoking was the major risk factor for being a regular waterpipe smoker, odds ratio (95%CI) 2.77 (1.52 to 5.06), 65% of waterpipe smokers did not smoke cigarettes. Seven of 21 (33.3%) regular waterpipe smokers experienced cravings. Nearly all regular waterpipe users thought it less harmful than smoking cigarettes. The mean (standard deviation) rise in CO was 37.4 (25.8)ppm, nearly twice as high as a typical cigarette smoker seeking cessation treatment. CONCLUSION: Waterpipe smoking is a common part of student culture in one British university, as in the Middle East and in the United States. It poses a potential threat to public health, with evidence of dependence and high smoke intake. Descriptors Adolescent, Adult, Carbon Monoxide/analysis, Confidence Intervals, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Great Britain/epidemiology, Health Behavior, Humans, Male, Prevalence, Restaurants, Risk Factors, Smoking/epidemiology/psychology, Students/psychology/statistics & numerical data, Surveys and Questionnaires, Tobacco Use Disorder/epidemiology, Universities, Water Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Jackson,D., Aveyard,P. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20080522 PMCID PMC2413225 Editors

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