WTS database

Title	Pub Year Sort ascending	Author	SearchLink
Differential impacts of smoke-free laws on indoor air quality	2008	Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea. cleanair@snu.ac.kr	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Journal of environmental health Periodical, Abbrev. J.Environ.Health Pub Date Free Form Apr Volume 70 Issue 8 Start Page 24 Other Pages 30, 54 Notes LR: 20151119; JID: 0405525; 0 (Particulate Matter); 0 (Tobacco Smoke Pollution); 0 (Tryptamines); BIK35ACJ0Q (indopan); ppublish Place of Publication United States ISSN/ISBN 0022-0892; 0022-0892 Accession Number PMID: 18468220 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 18468220 Abstract The authors assessed the impacts of two different smoke-free laws on indoor air quality. They compared the indoor air quality of 10 hospitality venues in Lexington and Louisville, Kentucky, before and after the smoke-free laws went into effect. Real-time measurements of particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter of 2.5 microm or smaller (PM2.5) were made. One Lexington establishment was excluded from the analysis of results because of apparent smoking violation after the law went into effect. The average indoor PM2.5 concentrations in the nine Lexington venues decreased 91 percent, from 199 to 18 microg/m3. The average indoor PM2.5 concentrations in the 10 Louisville venues, however, increased slightly, from 304 to 338 microg/m3. PM2.5 levels in the establishments decreased as numbers of burning cigarettes decreased. While the Louisville partial smoke-free law with exemptions did not reduce indoor air pollution in the selected venues, comprehensive and properly enforced smoke-free laws can be an effective means of reducing indoor air pollution. Descriptors Air Pollution, Indoor/analysis/legislation & jurisprudence, Environmental Exposure/analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Humans, Kentucky, Particulate Matter/analysis, Public Policy, Restaurants/legislation & jurisprudence, Smoking Cessation/legislation & jurisprudence, Tobacco Smoke Pollution/analysis/legislation & jurisprudence, Tryptamines Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Lee,K., Hahn,E. J., Pieper,N., Okoli,C. T., Repace,J., Troutman,A. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Multifactorial optimization approach for the determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in river sediments by gas chromatography-quadrupole ion trap selected ion storage mass spectrometry	2008	Instituto de Tecnologia do Parana (TECPAR), 81350-010 Curitiba, PR, Brazil.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Journal of chromatography.A Periodical, Abbrev. J.Chromatogr.A Pub Date Free Form 30-May Volume 1192 Issue 2 Start Page 273 Other Pages 281 Notes LR: 20090115; JID: 9318488; 0 (Indicators and Reagents); 0 (Polycyclic Hydrocarbons, Aromatic); 2007/12/19 [received]; 2008/03/19 [revised]; 2008/03/25 [accepted]; 2008/03/28 [aheadofprint]; ppublish Place of Publication Netherlands ISSN/ISBN 0021-9673; 0021-9673 Accession Number PMID: 18406414 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.03.067 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 18406414 Abstract A procedure for the determination of very low polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) concentrations in sediment samples has been developed by gas chromatography-quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometry (GC-QIT MS) after extraction with dichloromethane and purification by using silica gel cleanup. Identification and quantification of analytes were based on the selected ion storage (SIS) strategy using deuterated PAHs as internal standards. In order to search out the main factors affecting the SIS mass spectrometry efficiency, four MS parameters, including target total ion count (TTIC), waveform amplitude (WA), transfer line (XLT) and ion trap temperatures (ITT) were subjected to a complete multifactorial design. The most relevant parameters obtained (TTIC and WA) were optimized by a rotatable and orthogonal composite design. Optimum values for these parameters were selected for the development of the method involving PAH determination in sediment samples. The optimized method exhibited a range of 111-760% higher signal-to-noise (S/N) ratios for PAHs in comparison with the method operated by the default conditions, demonstrating that the multifactorial optimization contributed to substantially improve the sensitivity of the GC-QIT MS determination. The accuracy of the method was verified by analyzing NWRI EC-3 certified reference material (Lake Ontario sediment). The selectivity, sensitivity (limits of quantification were in the range of 0.02-11.0 ng g(-1)), accuracy (recoveries >or=77%) and precision (RSD<or=30%) obtained were quite adequate for the determination of very low target PAHs in sediment samples. The established method was then applied to determine 16 PAHs in river sediments from the Metropolitan Region of Curitiba, Brazil. Two selected sediment samples were analyzed, one from the Canguiri River (a slightly urbanized area), and the other from the Iguacu River (a heavily urbanized area), illustrating the capabilities of the method to detect PAHs at the threshold concentrations necessary to classify the sediments as well as the status of contamination. Descriptors Brazil, Chromatography, Gas, Factor Analysis, Statistical, Fresh Water, Geologic Sediments/analysis, Indicators and Reagents, Mass Spectrometry, Polycyclic Hydrocarbons, Aromatic/analysis, Quality Control, Reproducibility of Results, Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization, Temperature Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Leite,N. F., Peralta-Zamora,P., Grassi,M. T. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20080328 PMCID Editors
Shear bond strength of a sealant to contaminated-enamel surface: influence of erbium : yttrium-aluminum-garnet laser pretreatment	2008	Department of Restorative Dentistry, Ribeirao Preto School of Dentistry, University of Sao Paolo (USP), Sao Paulo, Brazil.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Journal of esthetic and restorative dentistry : official publication of the American Academy of Esthetic Dentistry ...[et al.] Periodical, Abbrev. J.Esthet.Restor.Dent. Pub Date Free Form Volume 20 Issue 6 Start Page 386 Other Pages 92; discussion 393-4 Notes JID: 101096515; 0 (Pit and Fissure Sealants); ppublish Place of Publication Canada ISSN/ISBN 1496-4155; 1496-4155 Accession Number PMID: 19120785 Language eng SubFile Comparative Study; Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; D DOI 10.1111/j.1708-8240.2008.00214.x [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 19120785 Abstract BACKGROUND: Salivary contamination is one of the factors that can disturb the sealing process and interfere in the longevity of pit and fissure sealants. Erbium : yttrium-aluminum-garnet (Er : YAG) laser could influence the bond strength of enamel and increase the acid resistance. PURPOSE: To evaluate the influence of Er : YAG laser on the shear bond strength of a sealant to a salivary contaminated enamel surface. METHODS: Twenty-four third molars had the roots sectioned 2 mm coronal to the cementoenamel junction. The crowns were mesiodistally sectioned providing 48 halves that were embedded in polyester resin. Enamel was flattened and a 2-mm diameter bonding area was demarcated. Specimens were randomly assigned to two groups according to the superficial pretreatment-37% phosphoric acid (A) and Er : YAG laser (80 mJ/2 Hz) + phosphoric acid (L), which were subdivided into two groups (N = 12), without salivary contamination (C) and with salivary contamination (SC). To contaminate the specimens, 0.25 mL of human fresh saliva was applied for 20 seconds and then dried. Fluroshield sealant was applied in all specimens. After storage, shear bond strength of samples were tested in a universal testing machine. RESULTS: Means in MPa were: AC-14.61 (+/-2.52); ASC-6.66 (+/-2.34); LC-11.91 (+/-1.34); and LSC-2.22 (+/-0.66). Statistical analysis revealed that surfaces without salivary contamination and with acid treatment had the highest mean (p < 0.05). The group with salivary contamination treated by Er : YAG laser followed by phosphoric acid application presented the lowest bond values (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The phosphoric acid etching under dry condition yielded better bonding performance. Er : YAG laser was not able to increase the effectiveness of conventional acid etching of enamel in the bond of sealants in both dry and wet conditions. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Under the conditions of this study, the conventional etching protocol (phosphoric acid without salivary contamination) is still preferable to laser-conditioning enamel surface prior to sealant application. Descriptors Acid Etching, Dental/methods, Dental Bonding/instrumentation/methods, Dental Enamel/drug effects/radiation effects, Dental Etching/instrumentation/methods, Humans, Lasers, Solid-State, Pit and Fissure Sealants, Random Allocation, Saliva/radiation effects, Shear Strength, Surface Properties Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Lepri,T. P., Souza-Gabriel,A. E., Atoui,J. A., Palma-Dibb,R. G., Pecora,J. D., Milori Corona,S. A. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
The hazard in hookah smoke. Water pipes seem safer than cigarettes--but may be worse	2008		Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full US News World Rep Periodical, Abbrev. US News World Rep. Pub Date Free Form Volume 144 Issue 3 Start Page 60 Other Pages 1 Notes ID: 18318362 Place of Publication ISSN/ISBN Accession Number Language en SubFile DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID Abstract Descriptors Smoking/adverse effects, Water, Commerce, Hazardous Substances, Humans, Risk Assessment, United States Links http://pesquisa.bvsalud.org/ghl/resource/en/mdl-18318362 Book Title Database MEDLINE; http://www.globalhealthlibrary.net/ Publisher Data Source Authors Lyon,Lindsay Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Bonding of resin composite to tooth structure of uremic patients receiving hemodialysis: shear bond strength and acid-etch patterns	2008	Conservative Dentistry Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt. dr_salahhasab@yahoo.com	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full The journal of adhesive dentistry Periodical, Abbrev. J.Adhes.Dent. Pub Date Free Form Oct Volume 10 Issue 5 Start Page 335 Other Pages 338 Notes LR: 20121115; JID: 100888552; 0 (Carbon Compounds, Inorganic); 0 (Composite Resins); 0 (Dental Materials); 0 (Dentin-Bonding Agents); 0 (Resin Cements); 0 (Silicon Compounds); 0 (Syntac dentine adhesive); 0 (Tetric ceram); WXQ6E537EW (silicon carbide); pp Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1461-5185; 1461-5185 Accession Number PMID: 19058677 Language eng SubFile Comparative Study; Journal Article; D DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 19058677 Abstract PURPOSE: To investigate the influence of uremia on the shear bond strength (SBS) of composite resin to enamel and dentin substrates with assessment of the micromorphological pattern of etched enamel and dentin surfaces using atomic force microscopy (AFM). MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 44 natural molars was collected from healthy individuals (n=22 molars) and uremic patients (n=22 molars). Each set of teeth was then divided into 2 equal subsets (n=11 molars) relative to the bonding substrate to be tested. In each subset, the surfaces of 7 molars were flattened and polished up to 2000-grit roughness using wet silicon carbide (SIC) abrasive papers. A three-step adhesive was used to bond Tetric Ceram composite buildups to the prepared tooth surfaces. All specimens were thermocycled before they were stressed in shear using a universal testing machine. Fractured specimens were stereomicroscopically examined to detect the mode of bond failure. In the remaining 4 molars, enamel and dentin specimens were prepared for AFM examination to assess the micromorphological patterns of acid-etched surfaces. RESULTS: The mean bond strength values in MPa to enamel (22.40 +/- 4.30) and dentin (17.97 +/- 4.65) of teeth of healthy individuals were significantly different (p < 0.001) from those to enamel (12.40 +/- 2.81) and dentin (7.83 +/- 2.05) of teeth of uremic patients. Most of the tested enamel specimens showed a mixed type of bond failure, but the adhesive type was predominant with dentin specimens. AFM examinations revealed a shallow etching pattern for uremic enamel and dentin specimens compared to those of healthy individuals. The mean roughness average (Ra) values after etching of healthy enamel (238.0 +/- 4.65) and dentin (267.0 +/- 4.79) were significantly different (p < 0.001) from those to etched uremic enamel (111.0 +/- 5.24) and dentin (143.0 +/- 2.16). CONCLUSION: Uremia adversely affects bonding of composite resin to enamel and dentin and confers an altered micromorphological etching pattern. Descriptors Acid Etching, Dental, Carbon Compounds, Inorganic/chemistry, Composite Resins/chemistry, Dental Bonding, Dental Enamel/ultrastructure, Dental Materials/chemistry, Dentin/ultrastructure, Dentin-Bonding Agents/chemistry, Humans, Materials Testing, Microscopy, Atomic Force, Molar/ultrastructure, Renal Dialysis, Resin Cements/chemistry, Shear Strength, Silicon Compounds/chemistry, Stress, Mechanical, Surface Properties, Tooth Preparation/methods, Uremia/pathology/therapy Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Mahmoud,S. H., Abdel kader Sobh,M., Zaher,A. R., Ghazy,M. H., Abdelaziz,K. M. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Polyphasic approach to bacterial dynamics during the ripening of Spanish farmhouse cheese, using culture-dependent and -independent methods	2008	Departamento de Microbiologia, Facultad de Ciencias, Fuentenueva s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain. mmartine@ugr.es	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Applied and Environmental Microbiology Periodical, Abbrev. Appl.Environ.Microbiol. Pub Date Free Form Sep Volume 74 Issue 18 Start Page 5662 Other Pages 5673 Notes LR: 20140903; JID: 7605801; 0 (DNA, Bacterial); 0 (RNA, Ribosomal, 16S); OID: NLM: PMC2547036; 2008/07/25 [aheadofprint]; ppublish Place of Publication United States ISSN/ISBN 1098-5336; 0099-2240 Accession Number PMID: 18658288 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI 10.1128/AEM.00418-08 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 18658288 Abstract We studied the dynamics of the microbial population during ripening of Cueva de la Magaha cheese using a combination of classical and molecular techniques. Samples taken during ripening of this Spanish goat's milk cheese in which Lactococcus lactis and Streptococcus thermophilus were used as starter cultures were analyzed. All bacterial isolates were clustered by using randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and identified by 16S rRNA gene sequencing, species-specific PCR, and multiplex PCR. Our results indicate that the majority of the 225 strains isolated and enumerated on solid media during the ripening period were nonstarter lactic acid bacteria, and Lactobacillus paracasei was the most abundant species. Other Lactobacillus species, such as Lactobacillus plantarum and Lactobacillus parabuchneri, were also detected at the beginning and end of ripening, respectively. Non-lactic-acid bacteria, mainly Kocuria and Staphylococcus strains, were also detected at the end of the ripening period. Microbial community dynamics determined by temporal temperature gradient gel electrophoresis provided a more precise estimate of the distribution of bacteria and enabled us to detect Lactobacillus curvatus and the starter bacteria S. thermophilus and L. lactis, which were not isolated. Surprisingly, the bacterium most frequently found using culture-dependent analysis, L. paracasei, was scarcely detected by this molecular approach. Finally, we studied the composition of the lactobacilli and their evolution by using length heterogeneity PCR. Descriptors Animals, Biodiversity, Cheese/microbiology, Colony Count, Microbial, DNA Fingerprinting, DNA, Bacterial/genetics, Ecosystem, Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field, Food Microbiology, Genotype, Goats, Lactococcus/classification/genetics/growth & development, Milk/microbiology, Polymerase Chain Reaction, RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics, Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA Technique, Species Specificity, Streptococcus thermophilus/growth & development, Time Factors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Martin-Platero,A. M., Valdivia,E., Maqueda,M., Martin-Sanchez,I., Martinez-Bueno,M. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20080725 PMCID PMC2547036 Editors
Differences in prevalence of tobacco use among Indian urban youth: the role of socioeconomic status	2008	Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA. math0304@umn.edu	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco Periodical, Abbrev. Nicotine Tob.Res. Pub Date Free Form Jan Volume 10 Issue 1 Start Page 109 Other Pages 116 Notes LR: 20151119; GR: R01 TW005952/TW/FIC NIH HHS/United States; GR: R01TW05952-01/TW/FIC NIH HHS/United States; JID: 9815751; ppublish Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1462-2203; 1462-2203 Accession Number PMID: 18188751 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; IM DOI 10.1080/14622200701767779 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 18188751 Abstract This study examined whether the distribution of tobacco use and related psychosocial risk factors among youth in urban India vary by socioeconomic status (SES). Data were derived from a cross-sectional survey of students enrolled in the 6th and 8th grades in 32 schools in Delhi and Chennai (N = 11,642). The survey was conducted in 2004, before the implementation of a program designed to prevent and reduce tobacco use (MYTRI). Mixed-effect regression models were used (a) to determine the prevalence of tobacco use among private (higher SES) and government (lower SES) school students, (b) to investigate whether certain psychosocial factors were associated with increased tobacco use, and (c) to determine how these factors varied by school type. Ever-use of multiple forms of tobacco (e.g., gutkha, bidis, and cigarettes) was more prevalent among government school students than private school students. After adjusting for city, gender, grade, and age, we found the prevalence rate for ever-use of any tobacco product to be 18.9% for government school students, compared with 12.2% for private school students (p<.01). Students in government schools scored lower than private school students on most psychosocial risk factors for tobacco use studied here, indicating higher risk. Government school students scored the lowest for refusal skills, self-efficacy, and reasons not to use tobacco. Social susceptibility to chewing tobacco and social susceptibility to smoking were strong correlates of current tobacco use among government school students. Exposure to tobacco advertising was also a strong correlate of current tobacco use for government school students but not private school students. In two large cities of India, students attending government schools are using many forms of tobacco at higher rates than private school students. The psychosocial risk profile of government school students suggests they are more vulnerable to initiation and use and to outside influences that encourage use. Descriptors Adolescent, Adolescent Behavior/ethnology/psychology, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice, Humans, India/epidemiology, Male, Peer Group, Poverty, Prevalence, Self Efficacy, Smoking/epidemiology, Social Class, Social Environment, Students/statistics & numerical data, Surveys and Questionnaires, Tobacco Use Disorder/epidemiology, Urban Population/statistics & numerical data Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Mathur,C., Stigler,M. H., Perry,C. L., Arora,M., Reddy,K. S. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Residual tobacco smoke pollution in used cars for sale: air, dust, and surfaces	2008	Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182-4611, USA. gmatt@sciences.sdsu.edu	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco Periodical, Abbrev. Nicotine Tob.Res. Pub Date Free Form Sep Volume 10 Issue 9 Start Page 1467 Other Pages 1475 Notes JID: 9815751; 0 (Air Pollutants); 0 (Dust); 0 (Tobacco Smoke Pollution); ppublish Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1462-2203; 1462-2203 Accession Number PMID: 19023838 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI 10.1080/14622200802279898 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 19023838 Abstract Regular tobacco use in the enclosed environment of a car raises concerns about longer-term contamination of a car's microenvironment with residual secondhand smoke pollutants. This study (a) developed and compared methods to measure residual contamination of cars with secondhand smoke, (b) examined whether cars of smokers and nonsmokers were contaminated by secondhand smoke, and (c) how smoking behavior and restrictions affected contamination levels. Surface wipe, dust, and air samples were collected in used cars sold by nonsmokers (n = 20) and smokers (n = 87) and analyzed for nicotine. Sellers were interviewed about smoking behavior and restrictions, and car interiors were inspected for signs of tobacco use. Cars of smokers who smoked in their vehicles showed significantly elevated levels of nicotine (p < .001) in dust, on surfaces, and in the air compared with nonsmoker cars with smoking ban. When smokers imposed car smoking bans, air nicotine levels were significantly lower (p < .01), but dust and surface contamination levels remained at similar levels. Smoking more cigarettes in the car and overall higher smoking rate of the seller were significantly associated with higher secondhand smoke contamination of the car (p < .001). Use of a cutpoint for nicotine levels from surface wipe samples correctly identified 82% of smoker cars without smoking bans, 75% of smoker cars with bans, and 100% of nonsmoker cars. Surface nicotine levels provide a relatively inexpensive and accurate method to identify cars and other indoor environments contaminated with residual secondhand smoke. Disclosure requirements and smoke-free certifications could help protect nonsmoking buyers of used cars. Descriptors Air Pollutants/analysis, Air Pollution, Indoor/analysis, Automobiles, California, Dust/analysis, Environmental Monitoring/methods, Humans, Inhalation Exposure/analysis, Tobacco Smoke Pollution/analysis Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Matt,G. E., Quintana,P. J., Hovell,M. F., Chatfield,D., Ma,D. S., Romero,R., Uribe,A. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
The waterpipe: time for action	2008	University of Memphis, Syrian Center for Tobacco Studies, Memphis, TN 38152, USA. wmaziak@memphis.edu	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Addiction (Abingdon, England) Periodical, Abbrev. Addiction Pub Date Free Form Nov Volume 103 Issue 11 Start Page 1763 Other Pages 1767 Notes LR: 20140913; GR: R01 DA024876/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States; GR: R01 DA024876-01/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States; GR: R01 DA024876-01/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States; JID: 9304118; 059QF0KO0R (Water); 7U1EE4V452 (Carbon Monoxide); NIHMS68007; OID: NLM: NIHMS Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1360-0443; 0965-2140 Accession Number PMID: 18778388 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; IM DOI 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2008.02327.x [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 18778388 Abstract The waterpipe, known in many cultures under different shapes and names (e.g. hookah, shisha, narghile), is a centuries-old tobacco use method that is witnessing a world-wide surge in popularity. This popularity is most noticeable among youths, and is surpassing cigarette smoking among this group in some societies. Many factors may have contributed to the recent waterpipe spread, including the introduction of sweetened/flavored waterpipe tobacco (known as Maassel), its reduced-harm perception, the thriving cafe culture, mass media and the internet. The passage of smoke through water on its way to the smoker underlies much of the common misperception that waterpipe use is less harmful than cigarettes. The health/addictive profile of waterpipe compared to cigarettes is largely unresearched and is likely to be influenced by the properties of smoke, duration and frequency of use, type of tobacco used, volume of smoke inhaled and the contribution of charcoal. However, the accumulation of evidence about the harmful and addictive potential of waterpipe use is outpacing the public health response to this health risk. A timely public health and policy action is needed in order to curb the emerging waterpipe smoking epidemic. Descriptors Adolescent, Attitude to Health, Carbon Monoxide, Health Behavior, Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice, Humans, Middle East/epidemiology/ethnology, Public Health, Risk-Taking, Smoking/prevention & control/psychology/trends, Tobacco Use Disorder/epidemiology/prevention & control/psychology, Water Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Maziak,W. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20080904 PMCID PMC2588474 Editors
Exposure to secondhand smoke at home and in public places in Syria: a developing country's perspective	2008	Department of Health and Sport Sciences and Center for Community Health, University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee 38152, USA. wmaziak@memphis.edu	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Inhalation toxicology Periodical, Abbrev. Inhal.Toxicol. Pub Date Free Form Jan Volume 20 Issue 1 Start Page 17 Other Pages 24 Notes LR: 20151119; GR: CA103827/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States; GR: R01 TW05962/TW/FIC NIH HHS/United States; GR: R01DA024876-01/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States; GR: R21TW006545/TW/FIC NIH HHS/United States; JID: 8910739; 0 (Tobacco Smoke Pollution); 6M3C89ZY6R (N Place of Publication United States ISSN/ISBN 1091-7691; 0895-8378 Accession Number PMID: 18236217 Language eng SubFile Comparative Study; Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; IM DOI 10.1080/08958370701758783 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 18236217 Abstract This study employs sensitive methods to address the issue of exposure to secondhand smoke among children and women in an understudied developing country setting (Syria). The study combines data collected by the Syrian Center for Tobacco Studies as part of two international studies conducted in 2006: the Secondhand Smoke Exposure among Women and Children study (Johns Hopkins) and the Global Air Monitoring Study (Roswell Park Cancer Institute). We employed objective measures (hair nicotine, and ambient household nicotine assessed by passive monitors) to assess children's and mothers' exposure to secondhand smoke at home, and used the TSI SidePak personal aerosol monitor to sample respirable suspended particles less than 2.5 microm diameter (PM(2.5)) in the air in public places (40 restaurants/cafes in Aleppo). In homes, the mean ambient nicotine level (+/- standard deviation, SD) was 2.24 +/- 2.77 microg/m(3). Mean level of hair nicotine was 11.8 ng/mg among children (n = 54), and was higher if the mother was a smoker (19.4 +/- 23.6 ng/mg) than nonsmoker (5.2 +/- 6.9 ng/mg) (p < .05). Mean hair nicotine among nonsmoking mothers (n = 23) was 1.17 +/- 1.56 ng/mg. Children's hair nicotine level was strongly correlated with ambient household nicotine and number of cigarettes smoked daily in the house (r = .54 and r = .50, respectively, p < .001), and also was related to having a father who smoked in the children's presence. In public places, average PM(2.5) in the monitored 40 hospitality venues was 464 microg/m(3) and correlated with smoker density measured as cigarettes-waterpipes/100 m(3) (r = .31, p = 0.049). Thus, children in Syria are exposed to high levels of secondhand smoke at home, in which mothers' smoking plays a major role. Also, levels of respirable hazardous particles are high in public hospitality venues, putting customers and workers at serious health risks. Efforts to limit exposure of children and women at home and to adopt clean air policies should become a public health priority in Syria and the Arab region. Descriptors Air Pollution, Indoor/adverse effects/prevention & control, Child, Cross-Sectional Studies, Developing Countries, Environmental Exposure/adverse effects, Female, Hair/chemistry, Health Surveys, Housing/trends, Humans, Male, Nicotine/analysis, Public Facilities, Smoking/adverse effects, Syria/epidemiology, Tobacco Smoke Pollution/adverse effects/prevention & control Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Maziak,W., Ali,R. A., Fouad,M. F., Rastam,S., Wipfli,H., Travers,M. J., Ward,K. D., Eissenberg,T. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors

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