WTS database

Title	Pub Year Sort ascending	Author	SearchLink
Blood platelet count and bubble formation after a dive to 30 msw for 30 min	2008	Departement des facteurs humains, Centre de Recherches du Service de Sante des Armees, La Tronche, France. jm.pontier@free.fr	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine Periodical, Abbrev. Aviat.Space Environ.Med. Pub Date Free Form Dec Volume 79 Issue 12 Start Page 1096 Other Pages 1099 Notes JID: 7501714; ppublish Place of Publication United States ISSN/ISBN 0095-6562; 0095-6562 Accession Number PMID: 19070304 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; IM; S DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 19070304 Abstract INTRODUCTION: Previous human studies reported that platelet count (PC) is decreased following decompression. Platelet aggregation and adherence to the bubble surface has been demonstrated in severe decompression sickness (DCS). The present study was designed to clarify the relationship between post-dive changes in blood PC and the level of bubble formation in divers. METHODS: There were 40 healthy experienced divers who were assigned to 1 experimental group (N = 30) with an open-sea air dive to 30 msw for 30 min in field conditions and 1 control group (N = 10) without hyperbaric exposure. Bubble grades were monitored with a pulsed Doppler according to the Spencer scale and Kissman integrated severity score (KISS). Blood samples for red blood cell counts (RBC), hematocrit (Hct), and PC were taken 1 h before and after exposure in two groups. RESULTS: None of the divers developed any signs of DCS. In two groups, the results showed significant increase in RBC count and Hct related with hemoconcentration and no change in PC. Divers with a high KISS score (39 +/- 5.8; mean +/- SD) presented a significantly more pronounced percent fall in PC than divers with a lower KISS score. We found a significant correlation between the percent fall in PC after a dive and the bubble KISS score. DISCUSSION: The present study highlighted a relationship between the post-dive decrease in PC and the magnitude of bubble level after decompression. Our primary result is that the post-dive decrease in PC could be a predictor of decompression severity after diving. Descriptors Adult, Decompression/adverse effects, Decompression Sickness/blood/etiology, Diving/adverse effects, Embolism, Air/blood/etiology, Health Status Indicators, Humans, Male, Platelet Aggregation, Platelet Count, Pressure, Prospective Studies, Time Factors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Pontier,J. M., Jimenez,C., Blatteau,J. E. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Alternative forms of tobacco use	2008	University of Louvain, Louvain, Belgium. jacques.prignot@uclouvain.be	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full The international journal of tuberculosis and lung disease : the official journal of the International Union against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease Periodical, Abbrev. Int.J.Tuberc.Lung Dis. Pub Date Free Form Jul Volume 12 Issue 7 Start Page 718 Other Pages 727 Notes JID: 9706389; ppublish Place of Publication France ISSN/ISBN 1027-3719; 1027-3719 Accession Number PMID: 18544194 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; IM DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 18544194 Abstract BACKGROUND: A review of the available scientific literature concerning forms of tobacco use other than regular cigarettes, cigars and pipes, the nature of such products, prevalence data and trends, health effects, regulatory issues and preventive measures. RESULTS: Narghile (water pipe), bidis, kreteks and other forms of oral tobacco are traditionally used in many low-income countries, and some of these are currently spreading to the Western countries. They are all linked to negative effects similar to, and often greater than, those associated with common cigarette smoking. Various potentially reduced exposure products (PREPs), including snus, targeted at smokers aware of the health risks of regular cigarettes, have recently been developed by the tobacco industry. Their pathogenic potential varies widely and is not fully known; it is in any case greater than that of pure nicotine forms (such as medicinal nicotine). Their use as cigarette substitutes should not be considered even by inveterate smokers who are unable or unwilling to quit nicotine before further independent evaluation and control. CONCLUSIONS: There is no such thing as a safe tobacco product. Like cigarettes, alternative forms of tobacco use need regulatory measures that are adapted to local situations and supplemented by preventive measures within the World Health Organization's Framework Convention for Tobacco Control. Descriptors Adolescent, Adult, Female, Humans, Male, Smoking/adverse effects/epidemiology, Tobacco Use Disorder/epidemiology, Tobacco, Smokeless/adverse effects Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Prignot,J. J., Sasco,A. J., Poulet,E., Gupta,P. C., Aditama,T. Y. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Prevalence of and associations with waterpipe tobacco smoking among U.S. university students	2008	Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. bprimack@pitt.edu	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Annals of Behavioral Medicine : A Publication of the Society of Behavioral Medicine Periodical, Abbrev. Ann.Behav.Med. Pub Date Free Form Aug Volume 36 Issue 1 Start Page 81 Other Pages 86 Notes LR: 20150129; GR: K07 CA114315/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States; GR: K07 CA114315-02/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States; GR: K07-CA114315/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States; GR: R01-CA103827/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States; GR: R01-DA11082/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States; GR: Place of Publication United States ISSN/ISBN 1532-4796; 0883-6612 Accession Number PMID: 18719977 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI 10.1007/s12160-008-9047-6 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 18719977 Abstract BACKGROUND: Although waterpipe tobacco smoking seems to be increasing on U.S. university campuses, these data have come from convenience samples. PURPOSE: We aimed to determine the prevalence of and associations with waterpipe tobacco smoking among a random sample of students. METHODS: We surveyed a random sample of graduate and undergraduate students at a large, urban university. We used multivariate modeling to determine independent associations between belief-related predictors and waterpipe tobacco smoking. RESULTS: Of the 647 respondents, waterpipe smoking was reported in 40.5%, over the past year in 30.6%, and over the past 30 days in 9.5%. Over half of the sample (52.1%) perceived that tobacco smoking from a waterpipe was less addictive than cigarette smoking. In fully adjusted multivariate models, 1-year waterpipe smoking was associated with low perceived harm (OR = 2.54, 95% CI = 1.68, 3.83), low perceived addictiveness (OR = 4.64, 95% CI = 3.03, 7.10), perception of high social acceptability (OR = 20.00, 95% CI = 6.03, 66.30), and high perception of popularity (OR = 4.72, 95% CI = 2.85, 7.82). CONCLUSIONS: In this sample, lifetime waterpipe use was as common as lifetime cigarette use. Perception of harm, perception of addictiveness, social acceptability, and popularity were all strongly related to waterpipe smoking. Descriptors Administration, Inhalation, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Filtration/instrumentation, Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice, Humans, Male, Models, Statistical, Reference Values, Regression Analysis, Smoking/psychology, Social Perception, Students, Tobacco, Tobacco Use Disorder/psychology, Universities, Water, Young Adult Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Primack,B. A., Sidani,J., Agarwal,A. A., Shadel,W. G., Donny,E. C., Eissenberg,T. E. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20080822 PMCID PMC3004534 Editors
Exploring use of nontraditional tobacco products through focus groups with young adult smokers, 2002	2008	Office on Smoking and Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Mailstop K-50, 4770 Buford Hwy, Atlanta, GA 30341-3717, USA. prichter@cdc.gov	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Preventing chronic disease Periodical, Abbrev. Prev.Chronic Dis. Pub Date Free Form Jul Volume 5 Issue 3 Start Page A87 Other Pages Notes LR: 20160317; JID: 101205018; OID: NLM: PMC2483554; 2008/06/15 [epublish]; ppublish Place of Publication United States ISSN/ISBN 1545-1151; 1545-1151 Accession Number PMID: 18558037 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; IM DOI A87 [pii] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 18558037 Abstract INTRODUCTION: In 2002, 16 focus groups with young adult smokers who used or had tried nontraditional tobacco products (e.g., bidis, shisha, herbal cigarettes, kreteks, cigars, herbal smokeless products) were conducted in Dallas, Texas, and Chattanooga, Tennessee, to gain an understanding of the appeal of these products. METHODS: In each city, groups were segmented by race or ethnicity and by educational status. RESULTS: Many consistent themes emerged across the groups. Nontraditional tobacco use is not common among young adult smokers. Although some products such as Black & Mild and Swisher Sweets cigars are used frequently by some groups, other products such as shisha, kreteks, and herbal cigarettes are less well known and infrequently used. Among focus group participants, use of nontraditional tobacco products tends to occur in clubs, during social gatherings, or at times when cigarettes are unavailable. More college students than those who were not in college cited cost and inconvenience of purchasing nontraditional tobacco products as reasons for not using them. All focus group participants agreed that African Americans use cigars more than any other racial or ethnic group. CONCLUSION: Overall, findings suggest that the reasons for trying nontraditional tobacco products did not differ by race or ethnicity. Family members and peers were mentioned as the source of nontraditional tobacco products when first used. Cost, convenience, taste, smell, and strength were given as reasons both for using these products and for discontinuing their use. Descriptors Adolescent, Adult, Female, Focus Groups, Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice, Humans, Male, Marijuana Smoking/epidemiology/ethnology, Smoking/epidemiology/ethnology, Smoking Cessation, Students, Tennessee/epidemiology, Texas/epidemiology Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Richter,P., Caraballo,R., Pederson,L. L., Gupta,N. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20080615 PMCID PMC2483554 Editors
Cigarette smoking and alveolar bone in young adults: a study using digitized radiographs	2008	Department of Research, Graduate School Foundation, Resistencia, Chaco, Argentina. gmrosa@gigared.com	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Journal of periodontology Periodical, Abbrev. J.Periodontol. Pub Date Free Form Feb Volume 79 Issue 2 Start Page 232 Other Pages 244 Notes JID: 8000345; ppublish Place of Publication United States ISSN/ISBN 0022-3492; 0022-3492 Accession Number PMID: 18251656 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; D; IM DOI 10.1902/jop.2008.060522 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 18251656 Abstract BACKGROUND: Evidence indicates that cigarette smoking is one of the most significant risk factors for periodontal diseases; however, there have been few radiographic prospective studies of alveolar bone in young populations. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of smoking on alveolar bone in young adults. METHODS: Eighty-one dental students (mean age: 20.5 years), considered not to have periodontitis according to clinical criteria, participated in this study. Forty-two subjects were smokers (mean consumption was 14.1 cigarettes/day for > or =2 years), and 39 subjects had never smoked. A parallel-arm prospective design was used. All subjects took part in a dental hygiene program (DHP) that included oral hygiene instructions, mechanical debridement, and polishing. The following clinical variables were measured before and after the DHP: plaque index (PI), gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) flow rate, gingival index (GI), probing depth, and clinical attachment level (CAL). Standardized posterior vertical bitewing radiographs were taken and digitized preexperimentally and on days 180, 365, and 545. The following analyses were performed: bone height measurement (BHM), computer-assisted densitometric image analysis (CADIA), and qualitative analysis of digital subtraction radiography (DSR). Repeated-measures multiple-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed between the groups, and one-way ANOVA was performed within the groups. RESULTS: The mean PI and GI were significantly greater in the smokers (P <0.01). The mean GCF flow rate was significantly lower in the smokers (P <0.01). CAL and the number of sites with recession were significantly greater in the smokers (P <0.001). The BHM indicated a significantly lower mean alveolar bone height in the smokers (P <0.01). The smokers showed significantly lower CADIA values, which indicated a lower bone density on days 0 (P <0.05), 180, 365, and 545 (P <0.01). CADIA values decreased during the study in the smokers, with significant differences on day 545 (P <0.05). The smokers had a significantly higher mean percentage of sites that had decreased density, as assessed by DSR (P <0.001). In the smokers, the mean percentage of sites with decreased density, as assessed by DSR, had increased significantly by days 365 (P <0.05) and 545 (P <0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Smoking produces an adverse effect on clinical periodontal variables and alveolar bone height and density, acting as a potential risk factor for alveolar bone loss, even at an early age with low tobacco consumption. It is very important to inform young smokers about the risk of this habit in relation to periodontal health. Descriptors Absorptiometry, Photon, Adolescent, Adult, Alveolar Bone Loss/etiology/radiography, Analysis of Variance, Bone Density, Case-Control Studies, Dental Plaque Index, Female, Humans, Male, Oral Hygiene/education, Periodontal Index, Prospective Studies, Radiographic Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted, Radiography, Bitewing, Radiography, Dental, Digital, Risk Factors, Smoking/adverse effects, Subtraction Technique Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Rosa,G. M., Lucas,G. Q., Lucas,O. N. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Trajectories of smokeless tobacco use and of cigarette smoking in a cohort of Swedish adolescents: differences and implications	2008	Stockholm Center for Public Health - Tobacco Prevention, Stockholm County Council, Stockholm, Sweden. ingvar.rosendahl.sll.se	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco Periodical, Abbrev. Nicotine Tob.Res. Pub Date Free Form Jun Volume 10 Issue 6 Start Page 1021 Other Pages 1027 Notes LR: 20090217; JID: 9815751; ppublish Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1462-2203; 1462-2203 Accession Number PMID: 18584465 Language eng SubFile Comparative Study; Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI 10.1080/14622200802097522 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 18584465 Abstract Developmental trajectories of cigarette smoking have often been described, but there are no such analyses dealing with smokeless tobacco use. A semi-parametric group-based mixture modeling procedure was used to determine the development of smokeless tobacco (snus) use, as well as of cigarette smoking, over time in a cohort of 2,175 Swedish adolescents who were never-users of tobacco at the time of recruitment. An indicator of snus and of cigarette consumption in the previous year was used to model the development of the behavior between 11 and 18 years of age. For snus use three trajectories best described the cohort's experience, while four trajectories provided the best description of cigarette smoking in the cohort. For both tobacco types there were two escalation patterns and one sustained trial trajectory, while an extinction pattern was apparent for cigarette smoking only. Marked sex differences were found, since rapid escalation for snus use was found only among males while high consumption of cigarettes was observed only among females. Dual users (54.9% of all users) showed a trajectory of steeper and more prolonged increase of tobacco consumption than exclusive users of either snus or cigarettes. Several risk factors for tobacco use measured at baseline influenced individual probabilities of belonging to a particular trajectory. The developmental patterns of snus use and cigarette smoking showed high similarity, but they evolved differently in the two sexes. Dual users emerged as a high-risk group for tobacco dependence and tobacco-related harms. Descriptors Adolescent, Adolescent Behavior, Confidence Intervals, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice, Humans, Life Style, Male, Odds Ratio, Peer Group, Prevalence, Risk Factors, Risk-Taking, Smoking/epidemiology/psychology, Smoking Cessation/methods, Social Environment, Students/psychology/statistics & numerical data, Sweden/epidemiology, Tobacco Use Disorder/epidemiology/prevention & control, Tobacco, Smokeless Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Rosendahl,K. I., Galanti,M. R., Gilljam,H. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Results from the Albanian Adult Tobacco Survey	2008	International Tobacco Control Research, American Cancer Society, 250 Williams St. NW, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA. hana.ross@cancer.org	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Central European journal of public health Periodical, Abbrev. Cent.Eur.J.Public Health Pub Date Free Form Dec Volume 16 Issue 4 Start Page 182 Other Pages 188 Notes JID: 9417324; 0 (Tobacco Smoke Pollution); ppublish Place of Publication Czech Republic ISSN/ISBN 1210-7778; 1210-7778 Accession Number PMID: 19256287 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; IM DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 19256287 Abstract Tobacco use prevalence in Europe is characterized by large disparities, with Western nations reporting smoking rates generally below 25%, while Eastern nations have smoking rates usually above 30%. Albania provides a distressing case study for Eastern Europe in which the exposure to the West after the fall of the communist regime dramatically increased the availability of Western-type cigarettes, while adoption of counterbalancing tobacco control measures lagged far behind. Results based on the representative Albanian Adult Tobacco Survey (AATS) conducted in 2007 suggest that smoking is a major problem, with a 64% smoking prevalence among Albanian men. It is becoming an increasingly greater concern among women, whose smoking prevalence more than doubled since 1990, reaching 19% in 2007. Young women living in urban areas are particularly susceptible to tobacco use; about one-third of them reported that they smoke. About 85% of current smokers smoke daily and with very high intensity, which further increases their risk of dying of smoking-attributable diseases. Smoking and secondhand exposure kill about 3,800 Albanians per year, about one-fifth of all deaths in the country. In addition, tobacco use imposes opportunity costs on Albanian households, which spent $358.6 million on cigarettes in 2007, or about 6% of the gross domestic product (GDP). To reduce the health and economic burden caused by tobacco use, the Albanian government should implement and enforce evidence-based tobacco control policies such increasing cigarette taxes; promoting cessation, particularly via the health care system; and enacting stricter clean indoor air laws. Descriptors Adolescent, Adult, Age Distribution, Aged, Albania/epidemiology, Family Characteristics, Female, Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice, Health Surveys, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Prevalence, Risk-Taking, Rural Population, Sex Distribution, Smoking/adverse effects/epidemiology, Smoking Cessation/statistics & numerical data, Social Control Policies, Social Problems, Tobacco Smoke Pollution/adverse effects/statistics & numerical data, Tobacco Use Disorder/complications/epidemiology, Urban Population, Young Adult Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Ross,H., Zaloshnja,E., Levy,D. T., Tole,D. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Linking Global Youth Tobacco Survey (GYTS) data to the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC): the case for Lebanon	2008	Non-Communicable Disease Program World Health Organization, Beirut Office Glass Building 4th Floor, Museum Square Beirut Lebanon. saadeg@leb.emro.who.int	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Preventive medicine Periodical, Abbrev. Prev.Med. Pub Date Free Form Sep Volume 47 Suppl 1 Issue Start Page S15 Other Pages 9 Notes JID: 0322116; 0 (Tobacco Smoke Pollution); 2008/02/14 [received]; 2008/05/28 [revised]; 2008/06/04 [accepted]; 2008/06/12 [aheadofprint]; ppublish Place of Publication United States ISSN/ISBN 1096-0260; 0091-7435 Accession Number PMID: 18590759 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; IM DOI 10.1016/j.ypmed.2008.06.003 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 18590759 Abstract OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this paper is to use data collected in the 2001 and 2005 Lebanon Global Youth Tobacco Survey (GYTS) to monitor articles in the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (WHO FCTC). This information is necessary to enhance the capacity of the Ministry of Health and relevant organizations to design, implement, and evaluate tobacco control and prevention programs in Lebanon, especially among adolescents. METHODS: The GYTS is a school-based survey which uses a two-stage sample design to produce representative, independent, cross-sectional estimates. The GYTS was conducted in 2001 and 2005 in Lebanon to produce representative national estimates. Data in this report are limited to students aged 13-15 years. In total, 5035 students from 50 schools participated in 2001; and 3341 students from 50 schools participated in 2005. RESULTS: The data in this report show that, in 2005, 8.6% of the students currently smoked cigarettes, but 33.9% currently smoked narguileh. Half of current smokers wanted to stop smoking and 6 in 10 have tried to stop during the past year but have failed. In 2005, exposure to SHS at home (78.4%) and in public places (74.4%) was very high; while 85.2% thought smoking should be banned in public places. Nearly 9 in 10 students who usually buy their cigarettes in stores were not refused purchase because of their age. Overall, only half of the students in Lebanon reported that during the past school year they had been taught about the dangers of smoking. CONCLUSIONS: Data in this report can be used as baseline measures for future evaluation of the tobacco control programs implemented by the Ministry of Health with particular attention to youth. The key for the Lebanese parliament is to develop, endorse, implement and enforce these new tobacco control laws and use the data from GYTS to monitor progress toward achieving the goals of the WHO FCTC. One key component of tobacco control needs to be the monitoring of Narguileh use among youth, a new emergency. Descriptors Adolescent, Adolescent Behavior, Advertising as Topic, Female, Humans, Lebanon/epidemiology, Male, Population Surveillance, Prevalence, Sex Factors, Smoking/epidemiology/prevention & control, Smoking Cessation/psychology/statistics & numerical data, Substance-Related Disorders/epidemiology/prevention & control, Tobacco Smoke Pollution/legislation & jurisprudence/prevention & control/statistics & numerical data Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Saade,G., Warren,C. W., Jones,N. R., Asma,S., Mokdad,A. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20080612 PMCID Editors
Hookah smoking and cancer: carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) levels in exclusive/ever hookah smokers	2008		Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Harm Reduct J Periodical, Abbrev. Pub Date Free Form Volume 5 Issue Start Page 19 Other Pages 19 Notes ID: 18501010 Place of Publication ISSN/ISBN Accession Number Language en SubFile DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID Abstract BACKGROUND: We have recently published some work on CEA levels in hookah (also called narghile, shisha elsewhere) and cigarette smokers. Hookah smokers had higher levels of CEA than non-smokers although mean levels were low compared to cigarette smokers. However some of them were also users of other tobacco products (cigarettes, bidis, etc.). OBJECTIVES: To find serum CEA levels in ever/exclusive hookah smokers, i.e. those who smoked only hookah (no cigarettes, bidis, etc.), prepared between 1 and 4 times a day with a quantity of up to 120 g of a tobacco-molasses mixture each (i.e. the tobacco weight equivalent of up to 60 cigarettes of 1 g each) and consumed in 1 to 8 sessions. METHODS: Enhanced chemiluminescent immunometric technique was applied to measure CEA levels in serum samples from 59 exclusive male smokers with age ranging from 20-80 years (mean = 58.8 +/- 14.7 years) and 8-65 years of smoking (mean = 37.7 +/- 16.8). 36 non-smokers served as controls. Subjects were divided into 3 groups according to the number of preparations; the number of sessions and the total daily smoking time: Light (1; 1; 20 min to 2 hrs to < or = 6 hrs). Because of the nature of distribution of CEA levels among our individuals, Wilcoxon's rank sum two-sample test was applied to compare the variables. RESULTS: The overall CEA levels in exclusive hookah smokers (mean: 3.58 +/- 2.61 ng/ml; n = 59) were not significantly different (p < or = 0.0937) from the levels in non-smokers (2.35 +/- 0.71 ng/ml). Mean levels in light, medium and heavy smokers were: 1.06 +/- 0.492 ng/ml (n = 5); 2.52 +/- 1.15 ng/ml (n = 28) and 5.11 +/- 3.08 ng/ml (n = 26) respectively. The levels in medium smokers and non-smokers were also not significantly different (p < or = 0.9138). In heavy smokers, the CEA levels were significantly higher than in non-smokers (p < or = 0.0001567). CONCLUSION: Overall CEA levels in exclusive hookah smokers were low compared to cigarette smokers. However, heavy hookah smoking substantially raises CEA levels. Low-nitrosamines smokeless tobacco of the SNUS Swedish type could be envisaged as an alternative to smoking for this category of users and also, in a broad harm reduction perspective, to the prevalent low-quality moist snuff called naswar. Descriptors Links http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2438352/?tool=pubmed; http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1477-7517-5-19 Book Title Database MEDLINE; http://www.globalhealthlibrary.net/ Publisher Data Source Authors Sajid,Khan Mohammad, Chaouachi,Kamal, Mahmood,Rubaida Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Waterpipe smoking: construction and validation of the Lebanon Waterpipe Dependence Scale (LWDS-11)	2008		Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Nicotine Tob Res Periodical, Abbrev. Nicotine Tob.Res. Pub Date Free Form Volume 10 Issue 1 Start Page 149 Other Pages 58 Notes ID: 18188755 Place of Publication ISSN/ISBN Accession Number Language en SubFile DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID Abstract Waterpipe smoking is becoming fashionable in Lebanon, but no studies have studied nicotine dependence related to waterpipe smoking. A score was constructed from 21 items and subsequently submitted to two factor analyses, which led to the extraction of four factors. Reliability and test-retest reproducibility were measured. Convergent construct validity and discriminant validity also were assessed for different smokers' samples. The Lebanon Waterpipe Dependence Scale-11 (LWDS-11) was composed of four subscales, the first representing nicotine dependence, the second negative reinforcement, the third psychological craving, and the fourth positive reinforcement. Internal consistency and test-retest reproducibility were adequate, and the subscales correlated adequately with measurements of nicotine metabolites, exhaled carbon monoxide levels, and the frequency of waterpipe smoking. The LWDS-11 discriminated between mild, moderate, and heavy waterpipe smokers, based on a threshold score of 10. Results were biologically and psychologically sound. This is the first scale to characterize waterpipe dependence. With further improvement and confirmation, it could become a useful clinical and epidemiological tool. Descriptors Behavior, Addictive/diagnosis, Smoking, Questionnaires, Tobacco Use Disorder/diagnosis, Behavior, Addictive/psychology, Factor Analysis, Statistical, Female, Humans, Lebanon, Male, Psychometrics, Quality of Life, Reproducibility of Results, Sensitivity and Specificity, Tobacco Use Disorder/classification Links http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14622200701767753 Book Title Database MEDLINE; http://www.globalhealthlibrary.net/ Publisher Data Source Authors Salameh,Pascale, Waked,Mirna, Aoun,Zeina Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors

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