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Gastroesophageal reflux disease symptom severity, proton pump inhibitor use, and esophageal carcinogenesis 2011 Division of Thoracic and Foregut Surgery, Universty of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA.
Source Type
Print(0)
Ref Type
Journal Article
Periodical, Full
Archives of surgery (Chicago, Ill.: 1960)
Periodical, Abbrev.
Arch.Surg.
Pub Date Free Form
Jul
Volume
146
Issue
7
Start Page
851
Other Pages
858
Notes
LR: 20151119; GR: K08 DK074397/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States; GR: K23 DK066165/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States; GR: K23 DK066165-01/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States; GR: R21 DK081161/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States; GR: R21 DK081161/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United S
Place of Publication
United States
ISSN/ISBN
1538-3644; 0004-0010
Accession Number
PMID: 21768433
Language
eng
SubFile
Comparative Study; Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; AIM; IM
DOI
10.1001/archsurg.2011.174 [doi]
Output Language
Unknown(0)
PMID
21768433
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS: Screening for esophageal adenocarcinoma has focused on identifying Barrett esophagus (BE) in patients with severe, long-standing symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Unfortunately, 95% of patients who develop esophageal adenocarcinoma are unaware of the presence of BE before their cancer diagnosis, which means they never had been selected for screening. One possible explanation is that no correlation exists between the severity of GERD symptoms and cancer risk. We hypothesize that severe GERD symptoms are not associated with an increase in the prevalence of BE, dysplasia, or cancer in patients undergoing primary endoscopic screening. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. SETTING: University hospital. PATIENTS: A total of 769 patients with GERD. INTERVENTIONS: Primary screening endoscopy performed from November 1, 2004, through June 7, 2007. MAIN OUTCOMES MEASURES: Symptom severity, proton pump inhibitor therapy, and esophageal adenocarcinogenesis (ie, BE, dysplasia, or cancer). RESULTS: Endoscopy revealed adenocarcinogenesis in 122 patients. An increasing number of severe GERD symptoms correlated positively with endoscopic findings of esophagitis (odds ratio, 1.05; 95% confidence interval, 1.01-1.09). Conversely, an increasing number of severe GERD symptoms were associated with decreased odds of adenocarcinogenesis (odds ratio, 0.94; 95% confidence interval, 0.89-0.98). Patients taking proton pump inhibitors were 61.3% and 81.5% more likely to have adenocarcinogenesis if they reported no severe typical or atypical GERD symptoms, respectively, compared with patients taking proton pump inhibitors, who reported that all symptoms were severe. CONCLUSIONS: Medically treated patients with mild or absent GERD symptoms have significantly higher odds of adenocarcinogenesis compared with medically treated patients with severe GERD symptoms. This finding may explain the failure of the current screening paradigm in which the threshold for primary endoscopic examination is based on symptom severity.
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Data Source
Authors
Nason,K.S., Wichienkuer,P.P., Awais,O., Schuchert,M.J., Luketich,J.D., O'Rourke,R.W., Hunter,J.G., Morris,C.D., Jobe,B.A.
Original/Translated Title
URL
Date of Electronic
PMCID
PMC4086744
Editors
Affecting perceptions of harm and addiction among college waterpipe tobacco smokers 2011 Duke University School of Nursing, 307 Trent Dr., Durham, NC 27710, USA. Isaac.Lipkus@Duke.edu
Source Type
Print(0)
Ref Type
Journal Article
Periodical, Full
Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco
Periodical, Abbrev.
Nicotine Tob.Res.
Pub Date Free Form
Jul
Volume
13
Issue
7
Start Page
599
Other Pages
610
Notes
LR: 20160527; GR: P30 DA023026/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States; GR: P30 DA023026/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States; GR: R01 CA114389/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States; JID: 9815751; OID: NLM: PMC3129239; 2011/04/06 [aheadofprint]; ppublish
Place of Publication
England
ISSN/ISBN
1469-994X; 1462-2203
Accession Number
PMID: 21471304
Language
eng
SubFile
Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; IM
DOI
10.1093/ntr/ntr049 [doi]
Output Language
Unknown(0)
PMID
21471304
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: The spread of waterpipe tobacco use among youth may be due in part to perceptions that waterpipe tobacco use is safer than other tobacco products, such as cigarettes. In two pilot studies, we sought to modify college waterpipe smokers' perceived risks and worry about waterpipe tobacco smoking. METHODS: We conducted two web-based studies that varied whether college waterpipe users received information on (a) spread of and use of flavored tobacco in waterpipe and (b) harms of waterpipe smoking. Study 1 (N = 91) tested the "incremental" effects on perceptions of risk and worry of adding information about harms of waterpipe smoking to information on the spread of waterpipe and use of flavorings in the tobacco. Study 2 (N = 112) tested the effects on perceptions of risk and worry of reviewing information about harms of waterpipe smoking compared to a no information control group. In Study 1 only, we assessed as part of a 6-month follow-up (n = 70) the percentage of participants who reported no longer using waterpipe. RESULTS: Pooling data from both studies, participants who received information about the harms of waterpipe smoking reported greater perceived risk and worry about harm and addiction and expressed a stronger desire to quit. In Study 1, 62% of participants in the experimental group versus 33% in the control group reported having stopped waterpipe use. CONCLUSIONS: These are the first studies to show that perceptions of addiction and harm from waterpipe use can be modified using minimally intensive interventions; such interventions show promise at decreasing waterpipe use.
Descriptors
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Book Title
Database
Publisher
Data Source
Authors
Lipkus,I.M., Eissenberg,T., Schwartz-Bloom,R.D., Prokhorov,A.V., Levy,J.
Original/Translated Title
URL
Date of Electronic
20110406
PMCID
PMC3129239
Editors
Novel PCR-based identification of Weissella confusa using an AFLP-derived marker 2011 National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Sciences of Food Production (CNR-ISPA), Bari, Italy. vincenzina.fusco@ispa.cnr.it
Source Type
Print(0)
Ref Type
Journal Article
Periodical, Full
International journal of food microbiology
Periodical, Abbrev.
Int.J.Food Microbiol.
Pub Date Free Form
28-Feb
Volume
145
Issue
3-Feb
Start Page
437
Other Pages
443
Notes
CI: Copyright (c) 2011; JID: 8412849; 0 (Bacterial Proteins); 0 (DNA Primers); 0 (DNA, Bacterial); 0 (RNA, Ribosomal, 16S); 2010/10/06 [received]; 2010/12/13 [revised]; 2011/01/08 [accepted]; 2011/01/18 [aheadofprint]; ppublish
Place of Publication
Netherlands
ISSN/ISBN
1879-3460; 0168-1605
Accession Number
PMID: 21296447
Language
eng
SubFile
Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM
DOI
10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2011.01.015 [doi]
Output Language
Unknown(0)
PMID
21296447
Abstract
An extensive use of Weissella (W.) confusa is currently being made for the production of a variety of fermented foods and beverages although some strains of this species have emerged as opportunistic pathogens for humans and animals. Nevertheless, no rapid methods are available for the reliable identification of W. confusa. We developed a novel PCR using AFLP (Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism)-derived primers for the rapid and unequivocal identification of W. confusa. Fluorescent AFLP of 30 strains of W. confusa, Leuconostoc citreum, Lactobacillus (Lb.) brevis, Lb. rossiae, Lb. plantarum and Lb. buchneri allowed us to detect, purify and sequence several W. confusa specific AFLP fragments. The homology search in BLAST of a 303 bp nucleotide sequence revealed a = 77% identity of the purified fragment with the lepA gene of several lactic acid bacteria. A PCR assay targeting 225 bp of this fragment was developed and tested against the DNA of 109 strains, including 34 foodborne and clinical W. confusa and 75 strains of 47 phylogenetically closely and distantly related species, resulting in 100% specificity with a detection limit of 16 pg. Being the first species-specific PCR to date developed for the rapid and unambiguous identification of W. confusa, this novel assay could be a reliable and efficient tool for detecting W. confusa not only in food and beverages, but also in clinical specimens, thus contributing to clarify its real significance in human and animal infections.
Descriptors
Links
Book Title
Database
Publisher
Elsevier B.V
Data Source
Authors
Fusco,V., Quero,G.M., Stea,G., Morea,M., Visconti,A.
Original/Translated Title
URL
Date of Electronic
20110118
PMCID
Editors
Second-hand smoke exposure in hospitality venues in Barcelona: measurement of respirable particles 2011 Servicio de Evaluacion y Metodos de Intervencion, Agencia de Salud Publica de Barcelona, Espana.
Source Type
Print(0)
Ref Type
Journal Article
Periodical, Full
Gaceta sanitaria / S.E.S.P.A.S
Periodical, Abbrev.
Gac.Sanit.
Pub Date Free Form
May-Jun
Volume
25
Issue
3
Start Page
220
Other Pages
223
Notes
CI: Copyright (c) 2010; JID: 8901623; 0 (Particulate Matter); 0 (Tobacco Smoke Pollution); 2010/07/30 [received]; 2010/11/03 [revised]; 2010/11/07 [accepted]; 2011/02/20 [aheadofprint]; ppublish
Place of Publication
Spain
ISSN/ISBN
1578-1283; 0213-9111
Accession Number
PMID: 21339029
Language
spa
SubFile
Comparative Study; English Abstract; Journal Article; IM
DOI
10.1016/j.gaceta.2010.11.009 [doi]
Output Language
Unknown(0)
PMID
21339029
Abstract
OBJECTIVES: To quantify the concentration of respirable particles equal to or smaller than 2.5mum (PM(2.5)) as a marker of second-hand smoke (SHS) exposure in a sample of hospitality venues in Barcelona 2 years after the Spanish smoking law came into effect. METHODS: We performed a cross-sectional descriptive study from October to December 2007. The study population consisted of 40 hospitality venues in Barcelona selected by a random route sampling, with representation of the different types of smoking regulation included in the law (smoking allowed, smoking ban and venues with smoking areas). SHS levels were quantified by measuring PM(2.5) concentrations, which were measured using a laser photometer (Side Pack AM 510 Personal Aerosol Monitor). The measurements were carried out for 5 minutes outside the venue and for 30 minutes inside the venue. In addition, observational variables related to the characteristics of the venue and signs of tobacco consumption were recorded. RESULTS: The concentration of PM(2.5) in venues where smoking was still allowed was five times higher than that in venues where smoking was banned (182mug/m(3) and 34mug/m(3), respectively) and exceeded the concentration established by the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) as harmful (35mug/m(3)). However, in venues where smoking was banned, the concentration was lower than the EPA standard and there were no significant differences with the outdoor PM(2.5) concentration. CONCLUSIONS: Two years after the introduction of the Spanish smoking law, SHS exposure in venues where smoking was allowed was q still very high, representing a significant health risk for hospitality workers.
Descriptors
Links
Book Title
Database
Publisher
SESPAS. Published by Elsevier Espana
Data Source
Authors
Villarroel,N., Lopez,M.J., Sanchez-Martinez,F., Fernandez,E., Nebot,M.
Original/Translated Title
Exposicion al humo ambiental de tabaco en locales de hosteleria de Barcelona: medicion de particulas respirables
URL
Date of Electronic
20110220
PMCID
Editors
Venous and arterial bubbles at rest after no-decompression air dives 2011 Department of Physiology, University of Split School of Medicine, Split, Croatia.
Source Type
Print(0)
Ref Type
Journal Article
Periodical, Full
Medicine and science in sports and exercise
Periodical, Abbrev.
Med.Sci.Sports Exerc.
Pub Date Free Form
Jun
Volume
43
Issue
6
Start Page
990
Other Pages
995
Notes
JID: 8005433; ppublish
Place of Publication
United States
ISSN/ISBN
1530-0315; 0195-9131
Accession Number
PMID: 21085032
Language
eng
SubFile
Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM; S
DOI
10.1249/MSS.0b013e31820618d3 [doi]
Output Language
Unknown(0)
PMID
21085032
Abstract
PURPOSE: During SCUBA diving, breathing at increased pressure leads to a greater tissue gas uptake. During ascent, tissues may become supersaturated, and the gas is released in the form of bubbles that typically occur on the venous side of circulation. These venous gas emboli (VGE) are usually eliminated as they pass through the lungs, although their occasional presence in systemic circulation (arterialization) has been reported and it was assumed to be the main cause of the decompression sickness. The aims of the present study were to assess the appearance of VGE after air dives where no stops in coming to the surface are required and to assess their potential occurrence and frequency in the systemic circulation. METHODS: Twelve male divers performed six dives with 3 d of rest between them following standard no-decompression dive procedures: 18/60, 18/70, 24/30, 24/40, 33/15, and 33/20 (the first value indicates depth in meters of sea water and the second value indicates bottom time in minutes). VGE monitoring was performed ultrasonographically every 20 min for 120 min after surfacing. RESULTS: Diving profiles used in this study produced unexpectedly high amounts of gas bubbles, with most dives resulting in grade 4 (55/69 dives) on the bubble scale of 0-5 (no to maximal bubbles). Arterializations of gas bubbles were found in 5 (41.7%) of 12 divers and after 11 (16%) of 69 dives. These VGE crossovers were only observed when a large amount of bubbles was concomitantly present in the right valve of the heart. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings indicate high amounts of gas bubbles produced after no-decompression air dives based on standardized diving protocols. High bubble loads were frequently associated with the crossover of VGE to the systemic circulation. Despite these findings, no acute decompression-related pathology was detected.
Descriptors
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Book Title
Database
Publisher
Data Source
Authors
Ljubkovic,M., Dujic,Z., Mollerlokken,A., Bakovic,D., Obad,A., Breskovic,T., Brubakk,A.O.
Original/Translated Title
URL
Date of Electronic
PMCID
Editors
Analysis and modeling of airborne BTEX concentrations from the Deepwater Horizon oil spill 2011 ChemRisk LLC, 4840 Pearl East Circle, Suite 300 West, Boulder, Colorado 80301, United States. havens@chemrisk.com
Source Type
Print(0)
Ref Type
Journal Article
Periodical, Full
Environmental science & technology
Periodical, Abbrev.
Environ.Sci.Technol.
Pub Date Free Form
1-Sep
Volume
45
Issue
17
Start Page
7372
Other Pages
7379
Notes
LR: 20131121; JID: 0213155; 0 (Air Pollutants); 0 (Benzene Derivatives); 0 (Vehicle Emissions); 0 (Xylenes); 3FPU23BG52 (Toluene); J64922108F (Benzene); L5I45M5G0O (ethylbenzene); 2011/08/11 [aheadofprint]; ppublish
Place of Publication
United States
ISSN/ISBN
1520-5851; 0013-936X
Accession Number
PMID: 21797246
Language
eng
SubFile
Journal Article; IM
DOI
10.1021/es200963x [doi]
Output Language
Unknown(0)
PMID
21797246
Abstract
Concerns have been raised about whether the Deepwater Horizon oil spill cleanup workers experienced adverse health effects from exposure to airborne benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene (BTEX) which volatilized from surfaced oil. Thus, we analyzed the nearly 20 000 BTEX measurements of breathing zone air samples of offshore cleanup workers taken during the six months following the incident (made publicly available by British Petroleum). The measurements indicate that 99% of the measurements taken prior to capping the well were 32-, 510-, 360-, and 77-fold lower than the U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration's Permissible Exposure Limits (PELs) for BTEX, respectively. BTEX measurements did not decrease appreciably during the three months after the well was capped. Moreover, the magnitudes of these data were similar to measurements from ships not involved in oil slick remediation, suggesting that the BTEX measurements were primarily due to engine exhaust rather than the oil slick. To supplement the data analysis, two modeling approaches were employed to estimate airborne BTEX concentrations under a variety of conditions (e.g., oil slick thickness, wind velocity). The modeling results corroborated that BTEX concentrations from the oil were well below PELs and that the oil was not the primary contributor to the measured BTEX.
Descriptors
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Book Title
Database
Publisher
Data Source
Authors
Avens,H.J., Unice,K.M., Sahmel,J., Gross,S.A., Keenan,J.J., Paustenbach,D.J.
Original/Translated Title
URL
Date of Electronic
20110811
PMCID
Editors
Cigar, cigarillo, and little cigar use among Canadian youth: are we underestimating the magnitude of this problem? 2011 Department of Health Studies and Gerontology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada. sleather@uwaterloo.ca
Source Type
Print(0)
Ref Type
Journal Article
Periodical, Full
The journal of primary prevention
Periodical, Abbrev.
J.Prim.Prev.
Pub Date Free Form
Aug
Volume
32
Issue
4-Mar
Start Page
161
Other Pages
170
Notes
JID: 8213457; ppublish
Place of Publication
Netherlands
ISSN/ISBN
1573-6547; 0278-095X
Accession Number
PMID: 21809109
Language
eng
SubFile
Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM
DOI
10.1007/s10935-011-0248-6 [doi]
Output Language
Unknown(0)
PMID
21809109
Abstract
Data from 29,296 students in grades 9-12 as part of the 2008-2009 Youth Smoking Survey were used to examine the prevalence of cigar, cigarillo, and little cigar use and factors associated with their use. Among Canadian youth in grades 9-12, 12.9% reported current use of cigarillos or little cigars, and 8.1% reported current use of cigars. The characteristics of youth most likely to use either cigars or cigarillos and little cigars were being male, being in grade 11 or 12, being a daily or occasional cigarette smoker, having more than $20 of weekly spending money, and having ever tried flavored tobacco. Our findings suggest that cigars, cigarillos, and little cigars are used by a substantial number of Canadian youth, many of whom do not smoke cigarettes. As such, current national prevalence estimates of youth smoking may be underestimated, and existing tobacco control prevention programs and policies may be overlooking a large population of at-risk youth.
Descriptors
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Book Title
Database
Publisher
Data Source
Authors
Leatherdale,S.T., Rios,P., Elton-Marshall,T., Burkhalter,R.
Original/Translated Title
URL
Date of Electronic
PMCID
Editors
Identification of the antioxidant principles of Polyalthia longifolia var. pendula using TEAC assay 2011 Division of Medicinal and Process Chemistry, Central Drug Research Institute (CSIR), Uttar Pradesh, India. sashidhar123@gmail.com
Source Type
Print(0)
Ref Type
Journal Article
Periodical, Full
Natural product research
Periodical, Abbrev.
Nat.Prod.Res.
Pub Date Free Form
May
Volume
25
Issue
9
Start Page
918
Other Pages
926
Notes
LR: 20131121; JID: 101167924; 0 (Antioxidants); 0 (Flavonoids); 0 (Glycosides); 9IKM0I5T1E (Quercetin); ppublish
Place of Publication
England
ISSN/ISBN
1478-6427; 1478-6419
Accession Number
PMID: 21547843
Language
eng
SubFile
Journal Article; IM
DOI
10.1080/14786419.2010.490214 [doi]
Output Language
Unknown(0)
PMID
21547843
Abstract
Activity-guided fractionation of the ethanolic extract of the leaves of the Polyalthia longifolia var. pendula led to the identification of quercetin (1), quercetin-3-O-beta-glucopyranoside (2), kaempferol-3-O-alpha-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 --> 6)-beta-galactopyranoside (3), kaempferol-3-O-alpha-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 --> 6)-beta-glucopyranoside (4), rutin (5) and allantoin (6) as the active constituents from the butanol fraction. Compounds 2-4 are reported for the first time from this natural source. Structures of the compounds were confirmed on the basis of their 1D and 2D NMR coupled with other spectroscopic methods. All the isolated compounds and the fractions were evaluated for their antioxidant potential using the TEAC assays and it was found that the activity of the active fraction was due to quercetin (1) and its glycosides (2 and 5), with TEAC values of 4.10, 1.91 and 2.38 mM, respectively, while the kaempferol glycosides were found to be inactive. This is the first study on the antioxidant activity of this plant species.
Descriptors
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Book Title
Database
Publisher
Data Source
Authors
Sashidhara,K.V., Singh,S.P., Srivastava,A., Puri,A.
Original/Translated Title
URL
Date of Electronic
PMCID
Editors
Water pipe (shisha) smoking and associated factors among Malaysian university students 2011 Community Medicine Department, International Medical School, Management and Science University, Malaysia. radhwan888@yahoo.com
Source Type
Print(0)
Ref Type
Journal Article
Periodical, Full
Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention : APJCP
Periodical, Abbrev.
Asian Pac.J.Cancer.Prev.
Pub Date Free Form
Volume
12
Issue
11
Start Page
3041
Other Pages
3047
Notes
LR: 20151119; JID: 101130625; ppublish
Place of Publication
Thailand
ISSN/ISBN
1513-7368; 1513-7368
Accession Number
PMID: 22393987
Language
eng
SubFile
Journal Article; IM
DOI
Output Language
Unknown(0)
PMID
22393987
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of waterpipe (shisha) smoking and associated factors among Malaysian university students. METHODOLOGY: A total of 200 university students from Management and Science University participated in this study. The survey was conducted by simple random sampling by randomly distributing self-administered questionnaires to the library, cafeterias and classes. The protocol of this study was approved by the ethics committee of Management and Science University. Consent forms were obtained from the students before they answered the questionnaire. Statistical analyses were performed using the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 13. with the Student's t-test for comparison of the mean practice and backward multiple linear regression for multivariate analysis. RESULTS: The majority of the subjects were male, single, Malay and from urban areas (61.5%, 94.5%, 66%, 76.5%; respectively). In this study 30% of the study participants were shisha smokers. Regarding knowledge about shisha smoking, the majority (48.5%) mentioned that shisha is less harmful than cigarettes and 55% reported that shisha is less addictive. Univariate analysis showed that age, race, sex and income significantly influenced the practice of smoking shisha among university students (p=0.019, p=0.002, p=0.001, p=0.018; respectively). For multivariate analysis, income and gender demonstrated significant influence (both p=0.001). CONCLUSION: There was a high prevalence of shisha smoking among Malaysian university students and knowledge about the dangers is low. Income and gender significantly influenced the practice of smoking shisha in our population. Banning of smoking including shisha smoking in public places is strongly recommended.
Descriptors
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Book Title
Database
Publisher
Data Source
Authors
Al-Naggar,R.A., Saghir,F.S.
Original/Translated Title
URL
Date of Electronic
PMCID
Editors
Prevalence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease among smokers attending primary healthcare clinics in Saudi Arabia 2011 Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Section, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. alanezi@hotmail.com
Source Type
Print(0)
Ref Type
Journal Article
Periodical, Full
Annals of Saudi medicine
Periodical, Abbrev.
Ann.Saudi Med.
Pub Date Free Form
Mar-Apr
Volume
31
Issue
2
Start Page
129
Other Pages
133
Notes
LR: 20151119; JID: 8507355; CIN: Ann Saudi Med. 2011 Jul-Aug;31(4):433-4; author reply 434. PMID: 21808122; OID: NLM: PMC3102470; ppublish
Place of Publication
Saudi Arabia
ISSN/ISBN
0975-4466; 0256-4947
Accession Number
PMID: 21403413
Language
eng
SubFile
Journal Article; IM
DOI
10.4103/0256-4947.77485 [doi]
Output Language
Unknown(0)
PMID
21403413
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The prevalence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in Saudi Arabia is unknown. The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of COPD among smokers more than 40 years of age attending primary healthcare clinics in Saudi Arabia. SETTING AND DESIGN: A questionnaire was used in a cross-sectional collection of demographic data and other items related to diagnosis of COPD in patients visiting primary healthcare clinics. METHODS: Eligible subjects were current or ex-smokers and aged 40 years or above. Spirometry was performed according to American Thoracic Society criteria. Airflow obstruction was classified according to the 2003 update of the World Health Organization and Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease criteria. COPD was defined as a ratio less than 0.70 of post-bronchodilator-predicted forced expiratory volume in the first second to forced vital capacity (FEV1/FVC
Descriptors
Links
Book Title
Database
Publisher
Data Source
Authors
Al Ghobain,M., Al-Hajjaj,M.S., Wali,S.O.
Original/Translated Title
URL
Date of Electronic
PMCID
PMC3102470
Editors