WTS database

Title	Pub Year Sort ascending	Author	SearchLink
The combined effect of sleep deprivation and Western diet on spatial learning and memory: role of BDNF and oxidative stress	2013	Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan 22110. khalzoubi@just.edu.jo	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Journal of molecular neuroscience : MN Periodical, Abbrev. J.Mol.Neurosci. Pub Date Free Form May Volume 50 Issue 1 Start Page 124 Other Pages 133 Notes JID: 9002991; 0 (Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor); 2012/06/30 [received]; 2012/08/26 [accepted]; 2012/09/07 [aheadofprint]; ppublish Place of Publication United States ISSN/ISBN 1559-1166; 0895-8696 Accession Number PMID: 22956188 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI 10.1007/s12031-012-9881-7 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 22956188 Abstract Either sleep deprivation or Western diet can impair learning and memory via induction of oxidative stress, which results in neuronal damage and interference with the neurotransmission. In this study, we examined the combined effect of sleep deprivation and Western diet on hippocampus-dependent spatial learning and memory. In addition, possible molecular targets for sleep deprivation and Western diet-induced cognitive impairments were investigated. Sleep deprivation was induced in rats using the modified multiple platform model simultaneous with the administration of Western diet for 6 weeks. Thereafter, spatial learning and memory were tested using radial arm water maze. At the molecular level, BDNF protein and antioxidant markers including superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione (GSH), oxidized glutathione (GSSG), GSH/GSSG, and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) were assessed. The results of this study revealed that sleep deprivation, Western diet, or a combination of both impair short- and long-term memory (P Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Alzoubi,K.H., Khabour,O.F., Salah,H.A., Abu Rashid,B.E. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20120907 PMCID Editors
Organic nitrogen uptake of Scots pine seedlings is independent of current carbohydrate supply	2013	Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-901 83 Umea, Sweden.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Tree physiology Periodical, Abbrev. Tree Physiol. Pub Date Free Form Jun Volume 33 Issue 6 Start Page 590 Other Pages 600 Notes LR: 20151119; JID: 100955338; 0 (Ammonium Compounds); 0 (Nitrates); 0 (Nitrogen Isotopes); 7440-44-0 (Carbon); 9005-25-8 (Starch); 94ZLA3W45F (Arginine); N762921K75 (Nitrogen); OTO: NOTNLM; ppublish Place of Publication Canada ISSN/ISBN 1758-4469; 0829-318X Accession Number PMID: 23824240 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.; IM DOI 10.1093/treephys/tpt041 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 23824240 Abstract In boreal forests, seedling establishment is limited by various factors including soil nitrogen (N) availability. Seedlings may absorb N from soil in a variety of inorganic and organic forms; however, the energy and thus carbohydrate requirements for uptake and assimilation of N vary with N source. We studied the importance of current photoassimilates for the acquisition and allocation of different N sources by Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris (L.)) seedlings. Girdling was used as a tool to impair phloem transport of photoassimilates, and hence gradually deprive roots of carbohydrates. Seedlings were cultivated in a greenhouse on equimolar N concentrations of one of the N sources-arginine, ammonium or nitrate-and then girdled prior to a pulse-chase uptake experiment with isotopically labeled N sources. Girdling proved to be efficient in decreasing levels of soluble sugars and starch in the roots. Uptake rate of arginine N was highest, intermediate for ammonium N and lowest for nitrate N. Moreover, the uptake of arginine N was unaffected by girdling, while the uptake of the two inorganic N sources decreased to 45-56% of the ungirdled controls. In arginine-treated seedlings, 95-96% of the acquired arginine N resided in the roots, whereas a significant shift in the N distribution toward the shoot was evident in girdled seedlings treated with inorganic N. This spatial shift was especially pronounced in nitrate-treated seedlings suggesting that the reduction and following incorporation into roots was limited by the availability of current photoassimilates. These results suggest that there are energetic benefits for seedlings to utilize organic N sources, particularly under circumstances where carbohydrate supply is limited. Hence, these putative benefits might be of importance for the survival and growth of seedlings when carbohydrate reserves are depleted in early growing season, or in light-limited environments, such as those sustained by continuous cover forestry systems. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Gruffman,L., Palmroth,S., Nasholm,T. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Is snus the same as dip? Smokers' perceptions of new smokeless tobacco advertising	2013	University of California San Francisco, 530 Parnassus Ave, Suite 366, Box 1390, San Francisco, CA 94143-1390, USA. pling@medicine.ucsf.edu	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Tobacco control Periodical, Abbrev. Tob.Control Pub Date Free Form Mar Volume 22 Issue 2 Start Page 84 Other Pages 90 Notes LR: 20150129; GR: R01 CA141661/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States; GR: R01-CA141661/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States; JID: 9209612; NIHMS416375; OID: NLM: NIHMS416375; OID: NLM: PMC3599427; 2011/10/04 [aheadofprint]; ppublish Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1468-3318; 0964-4563 Accession Number PMID: 21972063 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2011-050022 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 21972063 Abstract BACKGROUND: Since 2006, leading US cigarette companies have been promoting new snus products as line extensions of popular cigarette brands. These promotional efforts include direct mail marketing to consumers on cigarette company mailing lists. This study examines smokers' reactions to this advertising and perceptions of the new snus products. METHODS: Eight focus groups (n=65 participants) were conducted in San Francisco and Los Angeles in 2010 with smokers who received tobacco direct mail advertising. The focus group discussions assessed smokers' perceptions of the new snus products. Focus group videos were transcribed and coded using Transana software to identify common themes. RESULTS: Most participants were aware of snus advertising and many had tried free samples. Most were aware that snus was supposed to be 'different' from traditional chewing tobacco but consistently did not know why. Participants willing to try snus still identified strongly as smokers, and for some participants, trying snus reinforced their preference for smoking. Snus' major benefits were use in smoke-free environments and avoiding social stigma related to secondhand smoke. Participants were sceptical of the idea that snus was safer than cigarettes and did not see it as an acceptable substitute for cigarettes or as a cessation aid. CONCLUSIONS: Smokers repeated some messages featured in early snus advertising. Snus was not seen as an acceptable substitute for smoking or way to quit cigarettes. Current smoker responses to snus advertising are not consistent with harm reduction. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Bahreinifar,S., Sheon,N.M., Ling,P.M. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20111004 PMCID PMC3599427 Editors
Smoking characteristics and comorbidities in the power to quit randomized clinical trial for homeless smokers	2013	Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55414, USA. kokuyemi@umn.edu	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco Periodical, Abbrev. Nicotine Tob.Res. Pub Date Free Form Jan Volume 15 Issue 1 Start Page 22 Other Pages 28 Notes LR: 20151203; GR: R01 HL081522/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/United States; GR: R01HL081522/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/United States; GR: UL1 TR000114/TR/NCATS NIH HHS/United States; JID: 9815751; OID: NLM: PMC3611988; 2012/05/15 [aheadofprint]; ppublish Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1469-994X; 1462-2203 Accession Number PMID: 22589422 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Randomized Controlled Trial; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; IM DOI 10.1093/ntr/nts030 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 22589422 Abstract INTRODUCTION: Smoking prevalence in homeless populations is strikingly high ( approximately 70%); yet, little is known about effective smoking cessation interventions for this population. We conducted a community-based clinical trial, Power To Quit (PTQ), to assess the effects of motivational interviewing (MI) and nicotine patch (nicotine replacement therapy [NRT]) on smoking cessation among homeless smokers. This paper describes the smoking characteristics and comorbidities of smokers in the study. METHODS: Four hundred and thirty homeless adult smokers were randomized to either the intervention arm (NRT + MI) or the control arm (NRT + Brief Advice). Baseline assessment included demographic information, shelter status, smoking history, motivation to quit smoking, alcohol/other substance abuse, and psychiatric comorbidities. RESULTS: Of the 849 individuals who completed the eligibility survey, 578 (68.1%) were eligible and 430 (74.4% of eligibles) were enrolled. Participants were predominantly Black, male, and had mean age of 44.4 years (S D = 9.9), and the majority were unemployed (90.5%). Most participants reported sleeping in emergency shelters; nearly half had been homeless for more than a year. Nearly all the participants were daily smokers who smoked an average of 20 cigarettes/day. Nearly 40% had patient health questionnaire-9 depression scores in the moderate or worse range, and more than 80% screened positive for lifetime history of drug abuse or dependence. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates the feasibility of enrolling a diverse sample of homeless smokers into a smoking cessation clinical trial. The uniqueness of the study sample enables investigators to examine the influence of nicotine dependence as well as psychiatric and substance abuse comorbidities on smoking cessation outcomes. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Okuyemi,K.S., Goldade,K., Whembolua,G.L., Thomas,J.L., Eischen,S., Guo,H., Connett,J.E., Grant,J., Ahluwalia,J.S., Resnicow,K., Owen,G., Gelberg,L., Jarlais,D.D. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20120515 PMCID PMC3611988 Editors
Effects of secondhand smoke on the birth weight of term infants and the demographic profile of Saudi exposed women	2013	Sheikh Bahamdan Research Chair of Evidence-Based Healthcare and Knowledge Translation, College of Medicine, King Saud University, P.O. Box 102799, Riyadh 11685, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. umlena@yahoo.com	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full BMC public health Periodical, Abbrev. BMC Public Health Pub Date Free Form 15-Apr Volume 13 Issue Start Page 341 Other Pages 2458-13-341 Notes LR: 20150427; JID: 100968562; 0 (Tobacco Smoke Pollution); OID: NLM: PMC3641009; 2013/01/07 [received]; 2013/04/11 [accepted]; 2013/04/15 [aheadofprint]; epublish Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1471-2458; 1471-2458 Accession Number PMID: 23587116 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI 10.1186/1471-2458-13-341 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 23587116 Abstract BACKGROUND: Maternal exposure to tobacco smoke during pregnancy is associated with detrimental effects on the mother and the fetus including; impaired fetal growth, low birth weight and preterm delivery. In utero exposure to tobacco is implicated in the etiology of many adults' diseases including obesity, diabetes and hypertension.The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effects of Secondhand Tobacco Smoke (SHS) exposure on newborns' anthropometric measurements and to compare the demographic profile of the women exposed to SHS to those who were not. METHOD: This is a retrospective cohort study investigating the effects of SHS during pregnancy on newborns' anthropometry. Women who self-reported SHS exposure were compared with those not exposed. The primary outcomes were birth weight, newborn length and head circumference. Univariate analysis and multivariate regression analysis were performed. Adjusted differences with 95% confidence intervals were calculated. RESULTS: Mothers exposed to SHS constituted 31% of the cohort. The mean birth weight of infants of exposed mothers was significantly lower by 35 g, 95% CI: 2-68 g, (P = 0.037) and the mean length was shorter by 0.261 cm, 95% CI 0.058-0.464 cm, (P = 0.012) compared to the infants of unexposed mothers. Women exposed to SHS, were younger, of lower parity and more likely to be illiterate than those who were not exposed in addition, exposed women were less likely to be primiparous. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of exposure of Saudi pregnant women to SHS is high at 31% and it is associated with reduced birth weight, and shorter length of the newborn. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Wahabi,H.A., Alzeidan,R.A., Fayed,A.A., Mandil,A., Al-Shaikh,G., Esmaeil,S.A. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20130415 PMCID PMC3641009 Editors
Comparison of the cigarette dependence scale with four other measures of nicotine involvement: correlations with smoking history and smoking treatment outcome in smokers with substance use disorders	2013	Providence Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Providence, RI, USA. damaris_rohsenow@brown.edu	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Addictive Behaviors Periodical, Abbrev. Addict.Behav. Pub Date Free Form Aug Volume 38 Issue 8 Start Page 2409 Other Pages 2413 Notes LR: 20150427; CI: Published by Elsevier Ltd.; GR: R01 DA023995/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States; GR: R01DA023995/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States; JID: 7603486; NIHMS463937; OID: NLM: NIHMS463937; OID: NLM: PMC3705939; 2012/10/02 [received]; 2013/03/27 [revised Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1873-6327; 0306-4603 Accession Number PMID: 23644751 Language eng SubFile Comparative Study; Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.; IM DOI 10.1016/j.addbeh.2013.03.019 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 23644751 Abstract The cigarette dependence scale (CDS) was developed to assess principal aspects of smoking dependence. In a French longitudinal survey, CDS showed stronger relationships to urge and change in smoking rate than the Fagerstrom test for nicotine dependence (FTND). Neither measure predicted abstinence at follow-up in that survey but there was no treatment or cessation induction. The present study investigated concurrent and predictive validity of the CDS in a treatment population by comparing the CDS to the FTND and other measures of tobacco involvement as (1) a correlate of smoking and cessation history and (2) a predictor of short-term smoking abstinence among smokers with substance use disorders (SUD) receiving smoking treatment. METHODS: Smokers (10+ cigarettes per day) in substance treatment received brief advice and nicotine patch for 8 weeks; half also received contingent vouchers for smoking cessation. Assessments were conducted pretreatment and 7, 14 and 30 days after treatment initiation, with abstinence verified biochemically. RESULTS: At baseline (n=305), the 12-item and 5-item CDS versions showed excellent and marginal reliability, respectively. FTND shared 43 and 61% of variance with CDS-12 and CDS-5, respectively. FTND and CDS scales correlated positively with cigarettes per day, and negatively with time to first cigarette, motivation to quit and age at first daily smoking. Only CDS correlated with the number of past quit attempts. Neither CDS nor FTND predicted abstinence within treatment, unlike the motivation measure and time to first cigarette. CONCLUSION: In moderate-heavy smokers with SUD in smoking treatment in the U.S., the CDS is largely equivalent to the FTND as an indicator of tobacco dependence but the CDS-5 is less reliable. Motivation was the most consistent predictor of outcome, and time to first cigarette was the only tobacco dependence measure that predicted smoking abstinence during treatment. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Rohsenow,D.J., Martin,R.A., Tidey,J.W., Monti,P.M., Colby,S.M. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20130403 PMCID PMC3705939 Editors
Inequalities in intentions to quit smoking in Serbia: data from 2006 National Health Survey	2013	University of Belgrade, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Social Medicine, Belgrade, Serbia. bosiljka.djikanovic@mfub.bg.ac.rs	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Public health Periodical, Abbrev. Public Health Pub Date Free Form Jun Volume 127 Issue 6 Start Page 521 Other Pages 529 Notes CI: Copyright (c) 2012; JID: 0376507; 2012/03/12 [received]; 2012/08/16 [revised]; 2012/12/21 [accepted]; 2013/05/21 [aheadofprint]; ppublish Place of Publication Netherlands ISSN/ISBN 1476-5616; 0033-3506 Accession Number PMID: 23701815 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI 10.1016/j.puhe.2012.12.029 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 23701815 Abstract OBJECTIVES: The prevalence of smoking is very high in Serbia. A wide range of tobacco control measures and activities have been undertaken to encourage smoking cessation, but it is not known whether smokers in Serbia are willing to quit, and if inequalities exist between them. This study analysed intentions to quit smoking, using the Stages of Change Model, among a population of current and/or former adult smokers in Serbia, and compared socio-economic and demographic characteristics. STUDY DESIGN: Cross-sectional study on a nationally representative population sample, using data from the 2006 National Health Survey. The sample consisted of 5905 current or former daily smokers. METHODS: Logistical regression analysis was used to identify associations between socio-economic and demographic characteristics of former/current smokers, and their stage of change in terms of smoking (precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance and termination). RESULTS: More than one-fifth (22%) of current smokers did not intend to quit smoking (precontemplation stage). Women were twice as likely to contemplate quitting compared with men [odds ratio (OR) 2.08, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.68-2.58]. However, women were less successful in quitting smoking (termination stage) than men (OR 0.64, 95% CI 0.52-0.79). In addition to gender, educational inequalities in intentions to quit smoking were identified; less-educated individuals were less willing to quit smoking (preparation and action stages) regardless of their socio-economic status or chronic disease status. CONCLUSION: Tobacco control interventions should be sensitive to gender and educational inequalities in quitting smoking. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher The Royal Society for Public Health. Published by Elsevier Ltd Data Source Authors Djikanovic,B., Vukovic,D., Djikanovic,S. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20130521 PMCID Editors
Primary and dual users of little cigars/cigarillos and large cigars: demographic and tobacco use profiles	2013	Department of Research, Legacy, Washington, DC;	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco Periodical, Abbrev. Nicotine Tob.Res. Pub Date Free Form Oct Volume 15 Issue 10 Start Page 1729 Other Pages 1736 Notes JID: 9815751; 2013/05/03 [aheadofprint]; ppublish Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1469-994X; 1462-2203 Accession Number PMID: 23645607 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI 10.1093/ntr/ntt053 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 23645607 Abstract BACKGROUND: Although cigarettes are regulated through the Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act, cigars are currently not regulated and tend to be lower in price. Despite the rising use of cigars in the United States, little is known about the prevalence of use of little cigars/cigarillos (LCCs) versus large cigars (LCs) and the profile of these distinct cigar users. METHODS: This study uses data from Legacy's Young Adult Cohort, a nationally representative study of 4,215 young adults, ages 18-34. Cigar use was divided into three groups: ever use of LCCs only, ever use of LCs only, and ever dual users. Multinomial regression was used to determine the differential demographic characteristics and tobacco use behaviors associated with the three cigar-use groups. RESULTS: Ever cigar use was reported by 37.9% (n = 1,596) of the young adult cohort. Of the cigar smokers, 21.5% (n = 344) had used only LCCs, 32.3% (n = 515) had used only LCs, and 46.2% (n = 737) were dual users of both. In comparison with LC-only users, LCC-only users were more like to be younger (relative risk ratio [RRR] = 0.40, p Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Richardson,A., Rath,J., Ganz,O., Xiao,H., Vallone,D. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20130503 PMCID Editors
Evaluation of electronic cigarette use (vaping) topography and estimation of liquid consumption: implications for research protocol standards definition and for public health authorities' regulation	2013	Onassis Cardiac Surgery Center, Sygrou 356, Kallithea, Greece. kfarsalinos@gmail.com	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full International journal of environmental research and public health Periodical, Abbrev. Int.J.Environ.Res.Public.Health. Pub Date Free Form 18-Jun Volume 10 Issue 6 Start Page 2500 Other Pages 2514 Notes LR: 20151119; JID: 101238455; 6M3C89ZY6R (Nicotine); OID: NLM: PMC3717749; 2013/05/18 [received]; 2013/06/06 [revised]; 2013/06/07 [accepted]; epublish Place of Publication Switzerland ISSN/ISBN 1660-4601; 1660-4601 Accession Number PMID: 23778060 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Randomized Controlled Trial; IM DOI 10.3390/ijerph10062500 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 23778060 Abstract BACKGROUND: Although millions of people are using electronic cigarettes (ECs) and research on this topic has intensified in recent years, the pattern of EC use has not been systematically studied. Additionally, no comparative measure of exposure and nicotine delivery between EC and tobacco cigarette or nicotine replacement therapy (NRTs) has been established. This is important, especially in the context of the proposal for a new Tobacco Product Directive issued by the European Commission. METHODS: A second generation EC device, consisting of a higher capacity battery and tank atomiser design compared to smaller cigarette-like batteries and cartomizers, and a 9 mg/mL nicotine-concentration liquid were used in this study. Eighty subjects were recruited; 45 experienced EC users and 35 smokers. EC users were video-recorded when using the device (ECIG group), while smokers were recorded when smoking (SM-S group) and when using the EC (SM-E group) in a randomized cross-over design. Puff, inhalation and exhalation duration were measured. Additionally, the amount of EC liquid consumed by experienced EC users was measured at 5 min (similar to the time needed to smoke one tobacco cigarette) and at 20 min (similar to the time needed for a nicotine inhaler to deliver 4 mg nicotine). RESULTS: Puff duration was significantly higher in ECIG (4.2 +/- 0.7 s) compared to SM-S (2.1 +/- 0.4 s) and SM-E (2.3 +/- 0.5 s), while inhalation time was lower (1.3 +/- 0.4, 2.1 +/- 0.4 and 2.1 +/- 0.4 respectively). No difference was observed in exhalation duration. EC users took 13 puffs and consumed 62 +/- 16 mg liquid in 5 min; they took 43 puffs and consumed 219 +/- 56 mg liquid in 20 min. Nicotine delivery was estimated at 0.46 +/- 0.12 mg after 5 min and 1.63 +/- 0.41 mg after 20 min of use. Therefore, 20.8 mg/mL and 23.8 mg/mL nicotine-containing liquids would deliver 1 mg of nicotine in 5 min and 4 mg nicotine in 20 min, respectively. Since the ISO method significantly underestimates nicotine delivery by tobacco cigarettes, it seems that liquids with even higher than 24 mg/mL nicotine concentration would be comparable to one tobacco cigarette. CONCLUSIONS: EC use topography is significantly different compared to smoking. Four-second puffs with 20-30 s interpuff interval should be used when assessing EC effects in laboratory experiments, provided that the equipment used does not get overheated. Based on the characteristics of the device used in this study, a 20 mg/mL nicotine concentration liquid would be needed in order to deliver nicotine at amounts similar to the maximum allowable content of one tobacco cigarette (as measured by the ISO 3308 method). The results of this study do not support the statement of the European Commission Tobacco Product Directive that liquids with nicotine concentration of 4 mg/mL are comparable to NRTs in the amount of nicotine delivered to the user. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Farsalinos,K.E., Romagna,G., Tsiapras,D., Kyrzopoulos,S., Voudris,V. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20130618 PMCID PMC3717749 Editors
Prevalence of and factors influencing smoking among medical and non-medical students in Tbilisi, Georgia	2013	Tbilisi State Medical University, Tbilisi, Georgia.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Jornal brasileiro de pneumologia : publicacao oficial da Sociedade Brasileira de Pneumologia e Tisilogia Periodical, Abbrev. J.Bras.Pneumol. Pub Date Free Form Sep-Oct Volume 39 Issue 5 Start Page 579 Other Pages 584 Notes LR: 20151119; JID: 101222274; OID: NLM: PMC4075884; 2012/10/11 [received]; 2013/08/19 [accepted]; ppublish Place of Publication Brazil ISSN/ISBN 1806-3756; 1806-3713 Accession Number PMID: 24310631 Language eng; por SubFile Journal Article; IM DOI 10.1590/S1806-37132013000500008 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 24310631 Abstract OBJECTIVE: Smoking is a serious problem that has a devastating impact on health. The objective of this study was to describe the prevalence of and factors influencing smoking among medical and non-medical students in Tbilisi, Georgia, as well as to determine whether medical education has an impact on smoking. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was carried out at Tbilisi State Medical University and Tbilisi State University, both of which are located in Tbilisi, Georgia. A total of 400 4th-year students (200 students at each university) were asked to complete standardized questionnaires. RESULTS: Of the sample as a whole, 48.75% were identified as smokers and 51.25% were identified as nonsmokers. The mean age was 20.24 years among smokers and 20.26 years among nonsmokers. Of the medical students, 49.5% were smokers, as were 48.0% of the non-medical students. The male-to-female ratio in the study population was 0.9:1.1. Smoking was found to have a strong relationship with gender, males accounting for 65% of all smokers. Of the smokers, 56.9% stated that they would like to quit smoking (for health or financial reasons). Of the medical students, 59.5% expressed a willingness to quit smoking, as did 54.2% of the non-medical students. CONCLUSIONS: There is a need to improve smoking education for undergraduate students. Special attention should be given to the inclusion of anti-smoking education in undergraduate curricula, as well as to the implementation of smoking prevention campaigns at institutions of higher education. However, such measures will be effective only if tobacco control policies are strictly enforced on the national level as well. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Chkhaidze,I., Maglakelidze,N., Maglakelidze,T., Khaltaev,N. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID PMC4075884 Editors

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