WTS database

Title	Pub Year Sort ascending	Author	SearchLink
[Between science and ideology: the rise and fall of Bong-han theory in 1960's North Korea].	1999	Kim, G.B.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Han'guk Kwahaksa Hakhoeji Periodical, Abbrev. Hanguk Kwahaksa Hakhoeji Pub Date Free Form / Volume 21 Issue 2 Start Page 194 Other Pages 220 Notes Place of Publication ISSN/ISBN 1229-7895 Accession Number Language SubFile DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID Abstract Descriptors article, education, ethnology, history, history of medicine, ideology, North Korea, personnel, politics, procedures, science Links Book Title Database MEDLINE Publisher Data Source Embase Authors Kim,G. B. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Alveolar bone loss and tooth loss in male cigar and pipe smokers	1999	VA Outpatient Clinic, Boston, USA.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Journal of the American Dental Association (1939) Periodical, Abbrev. J.Am.Dent.Assoc. Pub Date Free Form Jan Volume 130 Issue 1 Start Page 57 Other Pages 64 Notes LR: 20071114; GR: DA 10073/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States; JID: 7503060; ppublish Place of Publication UNITED STATES ISSN/ISBN 0002-8177; 0002-8177 Accession Number PMID: 9919032 Language eng SubFile Comparative Study; Journal Article; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.; D; IM DOI S0002-8177(14)65673-7 [pii] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 9919032 Abstract BACKGROUND: While cigarette smoking is recognized as being detrimental to oral health, the effects of cigar and pipe smoking on tooth-loss risk, alveolar bone loss and periodontal disease are not known. The authors conducted this study to determine whether cigar and pipe smokers were at greater risk of experiencing tooth loss and alveolar bone loss than were nonsmokers. METHODS: The authors studied 690 dentate men who participate in the Veterans Affairs Dental Longitudinal Study. Subjects are not VA patients, and they receive medical and dental care in the private sector. A board-certified periodontist conducted clinical examinations triennially for 23 years. These examinations included the number of teeth remaining, number of decayed and filled surfaces per tooth, and indicator scores for plaque, calculus, pocket probing depth, gingival bleeding and tooth mobility. Alveolar bone loss was assessed at each examination on intraoral periapical radiographs using the Schei ruler method, which measures loss of bone height in 20 percent increments. Multivariate analyses of tooth-loss rates and alveolar bone loss controlled for demographic and oral hygiene measures. RESULTS: The relative risk, or RR, of tooth loss compared with that of nonsmokers was significantly elevated in cigar smokers (RR = 1.3, 95 percent confidence interval, or CI, = 1.2, 1.5), pipe smokers (RR = 1.6, 95 percent CI = 1.4, 1.9) and cigarette smokers (RR = 1.6, 95 percent CI = 1.5, 1.7). The percentages of mesial and distal sites with moderate-to-severe progression of alveolar bone loss (a change of 40 percent or more from baseline) were 8 +/- 1 percent (mean +/- standard error) in nonsmokers, 16 +/- 3 percent in cigar smokers (P < .05), 13 +/- 4 percent in pipe smokers (P = .17), and 16 +/- 3 percent in cigarette smokers (P < .001). Pipe and cigar smokers did not differ significantly from nonsmokers with respect to the percentage of sites at baseline with moderate-to-severe scores for calculus, pocket probing depth, gingival bleeding or tooth mobility. Pipe smokers had fewer sites with moderate-to-severe plaque accumulation than did nonsmokers (7 +/- 11 vs. 13 +/- 17, P < .05). CONCLUSIONS: The authors found that men who smoke cigars or pipes were at increased risk of experiencing tooth loss. Cigar smokers also were at increased risk of experiencing alveolar bone loss. These elevations in risk are similar in magnitude to those observed in cigarette smokers. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: The increases in risk related to cigar and pipe smoking provide a strong rationale for targeting smoking prevention and smoking cessation programs to smokers of all tobacco products. Descriptors Adult, Aged, Alveolar Bone Loss/etiology, Confidence Intervals, DMF Index, Demography, Dental Calculus/etiology, Dental Plaque Index, Disease Progression, Gingival Hemorrhage/etiology, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Middle Aged, Multivariate Analysis, Oral Hygiene, Periodontal Diseases/etiology, Periodontal Pocket/etiology, Risk Factors, Smoking/adverse effects, Tooth Loss/etiology, Tooth Mobility/etiology Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Krall,E. A., Garvey,A. J., Garcia,R. I. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Determination of the blood lead concentration in blood donors from the City of Leipzig and its vicinity	1999	Kuchenbecker, D., Institut fur Arbeitsmedizin, Sozialmed. der Universitat Leipzig, 04107 Leipzig, Germany	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Arbeitsmedizin Sozialmedizin Umweltmedizin Periodical, Abbrev. Arbeitsmed.Sozialmed.Umweltmed. Pub Date Free Form 1999/ Volume 34 Issue 1 Start Page 32 Other Pages 35 Notes Place of Publication ISSN/ISBN 0944-6052 Accession Number Language SubFile DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID Abstract Aim of the study: Blood lead concentrations of a population are usually used as indicator of lead exposure. The purpose of this investigation was to determine the blood lead levels of the general population in Leipzig. Moreover, the influence of the water pipes from lead on blood lead levels was investigated. Methods and subjects: Blood lead determinations were performed by atomic absorption spectrometry with a graphite furnace. Lead concentrations in venous blood were measured in 681 volunteers (18 to 68 years of age). Of these persons, 98 men and 94 women lived in houses with lead water pipes. Results: Median values of blood lead levels were significantly higher in participants with lead pipes than in those without lead pipes. The median values of blood lead levels were 68 Î¼g/l for men with lead pipes and 47 Î¼g/l for men without lead pipes. For women, the corresponding median values were 57 and 34 Î¼g/l, respectively. Conclusion: In spite of the relatively high percentage of persons with water pipes lead- containing, the geometric means of the blood lead levels for males (54 Î¼g/l) and females (42 Î¼g/l) obtained in the present study were similar to the values reported in other studies. Descriptors lead, adult, article, atomic absorption spectrometry, blood donor, blood transfusion, drug determination, female, fluid intake, Germany, human, lead blood level, lead poisoning, major clinical study, male, occupational exposure, pipeline, population research, venous blood Links Book Title Bestimmung der blutbleikonzentrationen bei blutspendern in der Stadt Leipzig und ihrer umgebung Database Embase Publisher Data Source Embase Authors Kuchenbecker,D., Schaffernicht,H., Edel,E., Grau,H. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
An assessment of nicotine dependence among pregnant adolescents	1999	University of Pittsburgh, School of Nursing, PA 15261, USA. saa01+@pitt.edu	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Journal of substance abuse treatment Periodical, Abbrev. J.Subst.Abuse Treat. Pub Date Free Form Jun Volume 16 Issue 4 Start Page 337 Other Pages 344 Notes LR: 20141120; GR: NR03233/NR/NINR NIH HHS/United States; JID: 8500909; K5161X06LL (Cotinine); OID: PIP: 147107; OID: POP: 00291059; OTO: PIP; GN: PIP: TJ: JOURNAL OF SUBSTANCE ABUSE TREATMENT.; ppublish Place of Publication UNITED STATES ISSN/ISBN 0740-5472; 0740-5472 Accession Number PMID: 10349607 Language eng SubFile Clinical Trial; Comparative Study; Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.; IM; J DOI S0740547298000749 [pii] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 10349607 Abstract Studies have reported that between 28 and 62% of pregnant teenagers smoke (Cornelius, Taylor, Geva, & Day, 1995; Trollestrup, Frost, & Starzyk, 1992). Because smoking is prevalent among pregnant teenagers, the purpose of this research is to assess nicotine dependence in this high-risk group. This study analyzed baseline data from a sample of pregnant teen smokers who had volunteered to participate in a smoking cessation study (N = 94). Nicotine dependence was measured by adapting the Fagerstrom Tolerance Questionnaire (FTQ; Prokhorov, Pallonen, Fava, Ding, & Niaura, 1996), and by a 6-item withdrawal symptom scale. The overall FTQ score found among pregnant adolescents was 3.10 (SD = 2.3) compared to the mean overall FTQ score among vocational-technical students of 4.27 (SD = 2.2) (Prokhorov et al., 1996). Duration of smoking in years was significantly correlated with the overall FTQ score (r = 0.43, p < .01). Quantity of smoking, as measured by average number of cigarettes smoked, significantly correlated with overall FTQ scores (r = 0.67, p < .01). Lighter smokers were more likely to have previously attempted to quit, however, among the quit attempters, those who smoked 10+ cigarettes per day reported greater severity of withdrawal symptoms than those who smoked less per day. Prenatal education and smoking cessation programs for pregnant teenagers, and pregnant women in general, need to consider that nicotine dependence is an important issue. Early pregnancy may be an opportune time to intervene among pregnant smokers; incentives may be necessary to attract those women who are the heaviest smokers, and possibly the most dependent on nicotine.; PIP: This study assessed nicotine dependence among pregnant adolescent smokers in order to enhance the efficacy of smoking-cessation programs. This study analyzed baseline data from a sample of 94 pregnant teen smokers who had volunteered to participate in a smoking cessation study. Nicotine dependence was measured by adapting Fagerstrom Tolerance Questionnaire (FTQ), and by a 6-item withdrawal symptom scale. The overall FTQ score found among pregnant adolescents was 3.10 (SD = 2.3) compared to the mean overall FTQ score among vocational-technical students of 4.27 (SD = 2.2). Duration of smoking in years was significantly correlated with the overall FTQ score. Quantity of smoking, as measured by average number of cigarettes smoked, significantly correlated with overall FTQ scores. Lighter smokers were more likely to have previously attempted to quit. However, among the attempters to quit, those who smoked 10+ cigarettes per day reported greater severity of withdrawal symptoms than those who smoked fewer per day. Prenatal education and smoking cessation programs for pregnant teenagers, and pregnant women in general, need to consider that nicotine dependence is an important issue. Early pregnancy may be an opportune time to intervene among pregnant smokers; incentives may be necessary to attract those women who are heaviest smokers, and possibly the most dependent on nicotine. Descriptors Adolescent, Adult, African Americans/statistics & numerical data, Cotinine/analysis, Data Interpretation, Statistical, European Continental Ancestry Group/statistics & numerical data, Female, Humans, Pregnancy, Pregnancy in Adolescence/ethnology/psychology, Psychological Tests, Psychology, Adolescent, Smoking Cessation/ethnology/psychology, Substance Withdrawal Syndrome/psychology, Tobacco Use Disorder/psychology, United States, Adolescent Pregnancy, Adolescents, Adolescents, Female, Age Factors, Americas, Behavior, Demographic Factors, Developed Countries, Fertility, North America, Northern America, Pennsylvania, Population, Population Characteristics, Population Dynamics, Pregnant Women, Reproductive Behavior, Research Methodology, Research Report, Sampling Studies, Smoking--women, Social Problems, Studies, Substance Addiction--women, Women, Youth Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Albrecht,S. A., Cornelius,M. D., Braxter,B., Reynolds,M. D., Stone,C., Cassidy,B. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Polyphasic study of the spatial distribution of microorganisms in Mexican pozol, a fermented maize dough, demonstrates the need for cultivation-independent methods to investigate traditional fermentations	1999	Laboratoire de Biotechnologie Microbienne Tropicale, Institut de Recherche pour le Developpement, F-34032 Montpellier cedex 1, France. Frederic.Ampe@mpl.ird.fr	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Applied and Environmental Microbiology Periodical, Abbrev. Appl.Environ.Microbiol. Pub Date Free Form Dec Volume 65 Issue 12 Start Page 5464 Other Pages 5473 Notes LR: 20140615; GENBANK/AF138777; GENBANK/AF138778; GENBANK/AF138779; GENBANK/AF138780; GENBANK/AF138781; GENBANK/AF138782; GENBANK/AF138783; GENBANK/AF138784; GENBANK/AF138785; GENBANK/AF138786; GENBANK/AF138787; GENBANK/AF138788; JID: 7605801; 0 (DNA, Bac Place of Publication UNITED STATES ISSN/ISBN 0099-2240; 0099-2240 Accession Number PMID: 10584005 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 10584005 Abstract The distribution of microorganisms in pozol balls, a fermented maize dough, was investigated by a polyphasic approach in which we used both culture-dependent and culture-independent methods, including microbial enumeration, fermentation product analysis, quantification of microbial taxa with 16S rRNA-targeted oligonucleotide probes, determination of microbial fingerprints by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE), and 16S ribosomal DNA gene sequencing. Our results demonstrate that DGGE fingerprinting and rRNA quantification should allow workers to precisely and rapidly characterize the microbial assemblage in a spontaneous lactic acid fermented food. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) accounted for 90 to 97% of the total active microflora; no streptococci were isolated, although members of the genus Streptococcus accounted for 25 to 50% of the microflora. Lactobacillus plantarum and Lactobacillus fermentum, together with members of the genera Leuconostoc and Weissella, were the other dominant organisms. The overall activity was more important at the periphery of a ball, where eucaryotes, enterobacteria, and bacterial exopolysacharide producers developed. Our results also showed that the metabolism of heterofermentative LAB was influenced in situ by the distribution of the LAB in the pozol ball, whereas homolactic fermentation was controlled primarily by sugar limitation. We propose that starch is first degraded by amylases from LAB and that the resulting sugars, together with the lactate produced, allow a secondary flora to develop in the presence of oxygen. Our results strongly suggest that cultivation-independent methods should be used to study traditional fermented foods. Descriptors Agriculture/methods, Bacteria/classification/genetics/isolation & purification, DNA Fingerprinting, DNA, Bacterial/genetics, DNA, Ribosomal/genetics, Fermentation, Mexico, Polymerase Chain Reaction, RNA, Bacterial/genetics, RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics, Zea mays/microbiology Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Ampe,F., ben Omar,N., Moizan,C., Wacher,C., Guyot,J. P. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID PMC91745 Editors
The effect of smoking on periodontal conditions assessed by CPITN	1999	Division of Periodontics, Department of Preventive Dental Sciences, King Saud University, College of Dentistry, P.O. Box 60169, Riyadh 11545 Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Odonto-stomatologie tropicale = Tropical dental journal Periodical, Abbrev. Odontostomatol.Trop. Pub Date Free Form Sep Volume 22 Issue 87 Start Page 38 Other Pages 40 Notes LR: 20071115; JID: 8103679; ppublish Place of Publication Senegal ISSN/ISBN 0251-172X; 0251-172X Accession Number PMID: 11372153 Language eng SubFile Comparative Study; Journal Article; D DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 11372153 Abstract One hundred eighty subjects were examined to assess the effect of smoking on periodontal conditions by community periodontal index for treatment needs (CPITN). All subjects were interviewed regarding their oral hygiene habits. Data were entered to the computer and statistical analysis system (SAS) was utilised. Results showed that the frequency of smokers is 31% where 25.9% of this were male. Smokers use toothbrush in performing their oral hygiene more than non-smokers. Results also showed that periodontal conditions as measured by CPITN were not significantly different between smokers and non-smokers. However, further studies with more sensitive periodontal indices are recommended in the future to assess the differences between both groups. Descriptors Adult, Chi-Square Distribution, Cohort Studies, Dental Calculus/classification, Female, Gingival Hemorrhage/classification, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Oral Hygiene, Periodontal Diseases/classification, Periodontal Index, Periodontal Pocket/classification, Saudi Arabia, Sex Factors, Smoking, Statistics as Topic, Toothbrushing/instrumentation Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Awartani,F., al-Jasser,N. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Reduced bone mineral density after surgical treatment for obesity	1999	Division of Gastroenterology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, St George's Hospital Medical School, London, UK.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full International journal of obesity and related metabolic disorders : journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity Periodical, Abbrev. Int.J.Obes.Relat.Metab.Disord. Pub Date Free Form Apr Volume 23 Issue 4 Start Page 361 Other Pages 365 Notes LR: 20140603; JID: 9313169; ppublish Place of Publication ENGLAND ISSN/ISBN Accession Number PMID: 10340813 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; IM DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 10340813 Abstract OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether osteoporosis occurs after surgical treatment for obesity. DESIGN: A cross-sectional study of five groups of subjects who had undergone surgical treatment for obesity: five pre-menopausal women; 13 post-menopausal women; seven post-menopausal women taking oestrogen replacement (HRT); five men; and six women who had undergone surgical reversal (mean time 7 y). SUBJECTS: Thirty-six Caucasian subjects who had undergone jejunoileal or pancreaticobiliary bypass surgery at St George's Hospital between 1971 and 1992. Their mean age was 50.8 y (range 32-69 y) and the median time since the operation was 14.8y (range 4-23 y). MEASUREMENTS: A clinical questionnaire was used to exclude possible factors, which might influence bone mineral density. A single blood sample was collected for measurement of calcium, phosphate, alkaline phosphatase, albumin, magnesium, zinc, creatinine, thyroxine, 25-hydroxy-vitamin D, sex steroids, gonadotrophins and IGF-1 and 24 h urine calcium excretion was measured. Bone mineral density (BMD) was measured in the lumbar (L2-L4) spine (LS) and femoral neck (FN) by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA). RESULTS: There was no difference in serum calcium, alkaline phosphatase, IGF-1, 25-hydroxy-vitamin D (25-OH vitamin D), magnesium or zinc concentrations between the five groups. The LS-BMD T score was lower (P - 1.0. There was no difference in the FN-BMD between the five groups. The presence of low BMD was not related to age, duration of bypass, or degree of postoperative weight loss. Iliac crest bone biopsies in three subjects with low BMD, confirmed the presence of osteoporosis. CONCLUSIONS: Reduced bone mineral density is a complication of jejunoileal bypass surgery. Descriptors Adult, Aged, Anastomosis, Surgical, Bile Ducts/surgery, Bone Density, Female, Femur, Humans, Jejunoileal Bypass, Lumbar Vertebrae, Male, Middle Aged, Obesity/surgery, Osteoporosis/etiology, Pancreas/surgery, Postmenopause, Postoperative Complications Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Bano,G., Rodin,D. A., Pazianas,M., Nussey,S. S. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
In vitro shear bond strength of adhesive to normal and fluoridated enamel under various contaminated conditions	1999	Department of Conservative Dentistry, Istanbul University, Faculty of Dentistry, Capa, Turkey. benderli@istanbul.edu.tr	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Quintessence international (Berlin, Germany : 1985) Periodical, Abbrev. Quintessence Int. Pub Date Free Form Aug Volume 30 Issue 8 Start Page 570 Other Pages 575 Notes LR: 20131121; JID: 0342677; 0 (Composite Resins); 0 (Dentin-Bonding Agents); 0 (Maleates); 0 (Phosphoric Acids); 0 (Resin Cements); 0 (Saliva, Artificial); 0 (Scotchbond Multi-Purpose); 0 (Z100 composite resin); 059QF0KO0R (Water); 7631-86-9 (Silicon Diox Place of Publication ENGLAND ISSN/ISBN 0033-6572; 0033-6572 Accession Number PMID: 10635272 Language eng SubFile Comparative Study; Journal Article; D DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 10635272 Abstract OBJECTIVE: This study examined the shear bond strength of bonding agents to normal or fluoridated enamel following use of weak or strong acids to prepare enamel surfaces and after contamination with a measured amount of saliva at various stages of the bonding procedure. METHOD AND MATERIALS: One hundred extracted human third molar teeth were randomly separated into 2 basic groups (normal or fluoridated teeth), then divided into 5 subgroups. Group A specimens were not contaminated. After etching, enamel surfaces were dry and clean. Group B was left with wet surfaces after etching. Group C specimens were contaminated with artificial saliva and then dried. Group D specimens were contaminated with artificial saliva, rinsed, and then dried. In group E, all enamel surfaces were left contaminated with saliva after the etching procedures (with maleic acid or phosphoric acids). Adhesive resins were applied to all enamel surfaces according to the manufacturer's instructions. The specimens were then mounted and tested to determine shear bond strength. RESULTS: If normal enamel surfaces were rinsed and dried immediately after contamination, there was no significant reduction of shear bond strength of adhesive to enamel. Specimens in group E and group C had significantly lower bond strengths than did control specimens (group A). In the fluoridated groups etched with the phosphoric acid, statistically significant reductions in bond strengths were obtained in all contamination groups and in the control group. In the fluoridated specimens, there were no statistically significant differences between any of the contamination groups and the control group when maleic acid was used. CONCLUSION: Saliva contamination may not be a risk factor for successful bonding between bonding agent and dental tissues for normal or fluoridated enamel surfaces if they are rinsed and dried immediately after contamination. Etching of normal enamel surfaces with phosphoric acid in the presence of contamination may provide higher shear bond strength than etching with maleic acid. Descriptors Acid Etching, Dental/methods, Composite Resins, Dental Bonding, Dental Enamel/chemistry, Dentin-Bonding Agents, Desiccation, Fluorides/chemistry, Humans, Maleates, Materials Testing, Molar, Phosphoric Acids, Random Allocation, Resin Cements, Saliva, Artificial, Silicon Dioxide, Statistics, Nonparametric, Tensile Strength, Water/chemistry, Zirconium Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Benderli,Y., Gokce,K., Buyukgokcesu,S. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Shear bond strength of composite, glass ionomer, and acidic primer adhesive systems	1999	Orthodontic Department, College of Dentistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, USA.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics : Official Publication of the American Association of Orthodontists, its Constituent Societies, and the American Board of Orthodontics Periodical, Abbrev. Am.J.Orthod.Dentofacial Orthop. Pub Date Free Form Jan Volume 115 Issue 1 Start Page 24 Other Pages 28 Notes LR: 20131121; JID: 8610224; 0 (Clearfil Liner Bond 2); 0 (Dentin-Bonding Agents); 0 (Glass Ionomer Cements); 0 (Methacrylates); 0 (Organophosphorus Compounds); 0 (Phenyl-P adhesion promoting monomer); 0 (Phosphoric Acids); 0 (Polymethacrylic Acids); 0 (Re Place of Publication UNITED STATES ISSN/ISBN 0889-5406; 0889-5406 Accession Number PMID: 9878954 Language eng SubFile Comparative Study; Journal Article; D; IM DOI S0889-5406(99)70312-4 [pii] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 9878954 Abstract The purpose of this study was to determine the shear bond strengths of orthodontic brackets bonded with one of three methods: (1) a glass ionomer adhesive with a 20% polyacrylic acid enamel conditioner; (2) a composite resin adhesive used with 37% phosphoric acid etchant and a conventional primer; or (3) the same composite resin used with an acidic primer that combines the etchant with the primer in one application. The brackets were bonded to the teeth according to one of three protocols. Group I teeth were etched with 37% phosphoric acid and bonded with Transbond XT (3M Unitek, Monrovia, Calif) following the manufacturer's instructions. Group I acted as the control group. Group II teeth were etched with an acidic primer (Clearfil Liner Bond 2. J.C. Moritta Kuraway, Japan) that contains both the acid (Phenyl-P) and the primer (HEMA and dimethacrylate) and was placed on the enamel for 30 seconds; the adhesive used to bond the brackets was Transbond XT as in Group I. Group III teeth were etched with 20% polyacrylic acid and the brackets were bonded with Fuji Bond LC (G.C. America, Chicago, Ill). A steel rod with one flattened end was attached to the crosshead of a Zwick test machine (Zwick GmbH & Co, Ulm, Germany). An occlusogingival load was applied to the bracket, producing a shear force at the bracket-tooth interface. The results indicated that the resin/phosphoric acid adhesive system (control group) provided the strongest shear bond strength x = 10.4 +/- 2.8 MPa). The glass ionomer adhesive system provided a significantly lower bond strength (x = 6.5 +/- 1.9 MPa). The least shear bond strength was present when the acidic primer was used with an orthodontic adhesive (x = 2.8 +/- 1.9 MPa). In the present study, the use of either a fluoride-releasing glass ionomer or an acidic primer in combination with an available orthodontic composite adhesive resulted in a significantly reduced shear bond strength when compared with that of the conventional composite resin adhesive system. At the present time, the orthodontist and the patient are better served by using phosphoric acid/composite resin adhesive system or other equivalent systems that provide a clinically reliable bond strength between the bracket, the adhesive, and the enamel surface. Descriptors Acid Etching, Dental, Adhesiveness, Analysis of Variance, Bisphenol A-Glycidyl Methacrylate/chemistry, Chi-Square Distribution, Dental Bonding/methods, Dental Debonding, Dental Stress Analysis, Dentin-Bonding Agents/chemistry, Glass Ionomer Cements/chemistry, Humans, Materials Testing, Methacrylates/chemistry, Organophosphorus Compounds/chemistry, Orthodontic Brackets, Phosphoric Acids/chemistry, Polymethacrylic Acids/chemistry, Resin Cements/chemistry, Statistics, Nonparametric, Tensile Strength Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Bishara,S. E., Gordan,V. V., VonWald,L., Jakobsen,J. R. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Tobacco use among middle and high school students--Florida, 1998 and 1999	1999		Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full MMWR.Morbidity and mortality weekly report Periodical, Abbrev. MMWR Morb.Mortal.Wkly.Rep. Pub Date Free Form 2-Apr Volume 48 Issue 12 Start Page 248 Other Pages 253 Notes LR: 20080214; JID: 7802429; 0 (Tobacco Smoke Pollution); ppublish Place of Publication UNITED STATES ISSN/ISBN 0149-2195; 0149-2195 Accession Number PMID: 10220252 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; IM DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 10220252 Abstract Tobacco use is the single leading preventable cause of death in the United States, and an estimated $2 billion is spent annually in Florida to treat disease caused by smoking. Florida appropriated $23 million in fiscal year 1997 and $70 million in fiscal year 1998 to fund the Florida Pilot Program on Tobacco Control to prevent and reduce tobacco use among Florida youth. To determine the prevalence of cigarette, cigar, and smokeless tobacco (i.e., chewing tobacco and snuff) use among Florida middle and high school students in public schools, the Florida Department of Health conducted the Florida Youth Tobacco Survey (FYTS) in February 1998 and February 1999. The purpose of these surveys was to establish baseline parameters and monitor the progress of the pilot program, which began in April 1998. This report summarizes advance data from the surveys, which indicate that, from 1998 to 1999, the percentage of Florida public middle and high school students who smoked cigarettes decreased significantly and that the percentage of middle school students who smoked cigars and used smokeless tobacco products decreased significantly. Descriptors Adolescent, Child, Data Collection, Female, Florida/epidemiology, Humans, Male, Plants, Toxic, Smoking/epidemiology, Students, Tobacco Smoke Pollution, Tobacco, Smokeless Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors

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