WTS database

Title	Pub Year Sort ascending	Author	SearchLink
Tools of monitor corrosion of cement-containing water mains	2004	Slaats, P.G.G., Kiwa Water Research, 3430 BB Nieuwegein, Netherlands	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Generic Periodical, Full Water Science and Technology Periodical, Abbrev. Water Sci. Technol. Pub Date Free Form 2004/ Volume 49 Issue 2 Start Page 33 Other Pages 39 Notes Place of Publication ISSN/ISBN 0273-1223 Accession Number Language SubFile DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID Abstract Approximately 40,000 km of the drinking water network in The Netherlands consists of asbestos cement water pipes. The number of fractures in these pipes has increased greatly in recent years. This is due to corrosion of the asbestos cement (AC) which affects the condition of the pipe. Every time a fracture occurs, the question is raised of whether the pipe in question has to be replaced or repaired. A relatively simple destructive technique and non-destructive tests are used on a large scale to assess the condition of the AC pipes in use. Not only is corrosion detrimental to the pipes themselves, it also influences the water quality. Corrosion of the inner walls of cement-containing pipes involves the leaching of hydroxides. This causes pH changes resulting in scaling in water mains and domestic installations. Monitoring techniques have been developed to determine the effects of leaching on water quality. The large-scale use of the relatively simple techniques at water companies increases insight into the condition of the drinking water network, the life expectancy of the pipes and the effects of corrosion on the water quality. Applying these techniques enables those involved to make decisions on pipe replacement and to provide solutions for reducing the effects of leaching. Descriptors asbestos, cement, drinking water, hydroxide, conference paper, corrosion, decision making, leaching, Netherlands, pH, pipeline, process monitoring, procedures, water contamination, water management, water quality Links Book Title Database Embase; MEDLINE Publisher Data Source Embase Authors Slaats,P. G. G., Mesman,G. A. M., Rosenthal,L. P. M., Brink,H. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Assessing spatial fluctuations, temporal variability, and measurement error in estimated levels of disinfection by-products in tap water: implications for exposure assessment	2004	Environmental Sciences, University of Texas School of Public Health, Houston, Texas 77030, USA. esymanski@sph.uth.tmc.edu	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Occupational and environmental medicine Periodical, Abbrev. Occup.Environ.Med. Pub Date Free Form Jan Volume 61 Issue 1 Start Page 65 Other Pages 72 Notes LR: 20140610; JID: 9422759; 0 (Disinfectants); 0 (Trihalomethanes); 0 (Water Pollutants, Chemical); 4R7X1O2820 (Chlorine); OID: NLM: PMC1757819; ppublish Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1470-7926; 1351-0711 Accession Number PMID: 14691275 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.; IM DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 14691275 Abstract AIMS: To assess spatial fluctuations, temporal variability, and errors due to sampling and analysis in levels of disinfection by-products in routine monitoring tap water samples and in water samples collected in households within the same distribution system for an exposure assessment study. METHODS: Mixed effects models were applied to quantify seasonal effects and the degree to which trihalomethane (THM) levels vary among households or locations relative to variation over time within seasons for any given location. In a separate analysis, the proportion of total variation due to measurement error arising from sampling and analysis was also quantified. RESULTS: THM levels were higher in the summer relative to other seasons. Differences in the relative magnitude of the intra- and inter-household components of variation were observed between the two sets of THM measurements, with a greater proportion of the variation due to differences within seasons for the routine monitoring data and a greater proportion of the variation due to differences across locations for the exposure assessment study data. Such differences likely arose due to differences in the strategies used to select sites for sampling and in the time periods over which the data were collected. With the exception of bromodichloromethane, measurement errors due to sampling and analysis contributed a small proportion of the total variation in THM levels. CONCLUSIONS: The utility of routine monitoring data in assigning exposure in epidemiological studies is limited because such data may not represent the magnitude of spatial variability in levels of disinfection by-products across the distribution system. Measurement error contributes a relatively small proportion to the total variation in THM levels, which suggests that gathering a greater number of samples over time with fewer replicates collected at each sampling location is more efficient and would likely yield improved estimates of household exposure. Descriptors Chlorine/chemistry, Databases, Factual, Disinfectants/chemistry, Disinfection, Environmental Exposure/analysis, Environmental Monitoring/methods, Humans, Reproducibility of Results, Seasons, Trihalomethanes/analysis, Water Pollutants, Chemical/analysis, Water Purification, Water Supply/analysis Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Symanski,E., Savitz,D. A., Singer,P. C. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID PMC1757819 Editors
Indoor and outdoor air concentrations of BTEX and NO2: correlation of repeated measurements	2004	GSF-National Research Center for Environment Health, Institute of Epidemiology, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Journal of environmental monitoring : JEM Periodical, Abbrev. J.Environ.Monit. Pub Date Free Form Oct Volume 6 Issue 10 Start Page 807 Other Pages 812 Notes LR: 20131121; JID: 100968688; 0 (Air Pollutants); 0 (Xylenes); 3FPU23BG52 (Toluene); J64922108F (Benzene); S7G510RUBH (Nitrogen Dioxide); 2004/08/18 [aheadofprint]; 2004/10/13 [epublish]; ppublish Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1464-0325; 1464-0325 Accession Number PMID: 15480494 Language eng SubFile Comparative Study; Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI 10.1039/b405537c [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 15480494 Abstract Studies on health effects of air pollutants ideally define exposure through the collection of air samples in the participants' homes. Concentrations derived from these samples are then considered as an estimate for the average concentration of air pollutants in the homes. Conclusions drawn from such studies therefore depend very much on the validity of the measured air pollution concentrations. In this paper we analysed repeated BTEX and NO(2) measurements with a time period of several months lying between the two conducted home visits. We investigated the variability of their concentrations over time by determining correlation coefficients and calculating within- and between-home variances. Our population consisted of 631 homes of participants from two cohort studies within the framework of the German study on Indoor Factors and Genetics in Asthma. Air pollutants were measured using passive samplers both indoors and outdoors. The measured BTEX concentrations were poorly correlated, with Pearson's correlation coefficient r ranging from -0.19 to 0.27. Additionally, a considerable seasonal effect could be observed. A higher correlation was found for the NO(2) concentrations with r ranging between 0.24 and 0.55. For the BTEX, the between-home variance was bigger than the within-home variance, for NO(2) both variances were of about the same order. Our results indicate that in a setting of moderate climate like in Germany, the variability of BTEX and NO(2) concentrations over time is high and a single measurement is a poor surrogate for the long-term concentrations of these air pollutants. Descriptors Adolescent, Adult, Air Pollutants/analysis, Air Pollution, Indoor/analysis, Benzene/analysis, Child, Environmental Monitoring/methods/statistics & numerical data, Germany, Housing, Humans, Inhalation Exposure, Nitrogen Dioxide/analysis, Time Factors, Toluene/analysis, Xylenes/analysis Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Topp,R., Cyrys,J., Gebefugi,I., Schnelle-Kreis,J., Richter,K., Wichmann,H. E., Heinrich,J., INGA Study Group Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20040818 PMCID Editors
Risk of decompression illness among 230 divers in relation to the presence and size of patent foramen ovale	2004	Department of Cardiology, University Hospital, CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full European heart journal Periodical, Abbrev. Eur.Heart J. Pub Date Free Form Jun Volume 25 Issue 12 Start Page 1014 Other Pages 1020 Notes LR: 20050428; JID: 8006263; CIN: Eur Heart J. 2004 Dec;25(23):2173-4. PMID: 15571841; 2003/11/29 [received]; 2004/04/09 [revised]; 2004/04/13 [accepted]; ppublish Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 0195-668X; 0195-668X Accession Number PMID: 15191771 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; IM DOI 10.1016/j.ehj.2004.04.028 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 15191771 Abstract BACKGROUND: The risk of developing decompression illness (DCI) in divers with a patent foramen ovale (PFO) has not been directly determined so far; neither has it been assessed in relation to the PFO's size. METHODS: In 230 scuba divers (age 39+/-8 years), contrast trans-oesophageal echocardiography (TEE) was performed for the detection and size grading (0-3) of PFO. Prior to TEE, the study individuals answered a detailed questionnaire about their health status and about their diving habits and accidents. For inclusion into the study, > or =200 dives and strict adherence to decompression tables were required. RESULTS: Sixty-three divers (27%) had a PFO. Overall, the absolute risk of suffering a DCI event was 2.5 per 10(4) dives. There were 18 divers (29%) with, and 10 divers (6%) without, PFO who had experienced > or =1 major DCI events P=0.016. In the group with PFO, the incidence per 10(4) dives of a major DCI, a DCI lasting longer than 24 h and of being treated in a decompression chamber amounted to 5.1 (median 0, interquartile range [IQR] 0-10.0), 1.9 (median 0, IQR 0-4.0) and 3.6 (median 0, IQR 0-9.8), respectively and was 4.8-12.9-fold higher than in the group without PFO (P<0.001). The risk of suffering a major DCI, of a DCI lasting longer than 24 h and of being treated by recompression increased with rising PFO size. CONCLUSION: The presence of a PFO is related to a low absolute risk of suffering five major DCI events per 10(4) dives, the odds of which is five times as high as in divers without PFO. The risk of suffering a major DCI parallels PFO size. Descriptors Decompression Sickness/etiology/pathology, Diving/adverse effects/statistics & numerical data, Echocardiography, Transesophageal/methods, Female, Health Status, Heart Septal Defects, Atrial/complications/pathology/ultrasonography, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Risk Assessment, Risk Factors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Torti,S. R., Billinger,M., Schwerzmann,M., Vogel,R., Zbinden,R., Windecker,S., Seiler,C. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Resin bond strength and micromorphology of human teeth prepared with an Erbium:YAG laser	2004	Department of Restorative Dentistry and Biomaterials, University of Texas Dental Branch at Houston, 6516 M.D. Anderson Blvd., Suite 493, Houston, Texas 77030-3402, USA. Cynthia.Trajtenberg@uth.tmc.edu	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full American Journal of Dentistry Periodical, Abbrev. Am.J.Dent. Pub Date Free Form Oct Volume 17 Issue 5 Start Page 331 Other Pages 336 Notes LR: 20131121; JID: 8806701; 0 (Composite Resins); 0 (Dentin-Bonding Agents); 0 (Filtek Z250); 0 (Resin Cements); 0 (Scotchbond Multi-Purpose Plus); 77B218D3YE (Erbium); ppublish Place of Publication United States ISSN/ISBN 0894-8275; 0894-8275 Accession Number PMID: 15575443 Language eng SubFile Comparative Study; Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; D DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 15575443 Abstract PURPOSE: To evaluate the in vitro effect of the Er:YAG laser and high-speed rotary instrumentation on the bond strength of resin composite to human enamel and dentin, and determine which conditioner, either phosphoric acid or a self-etching primer, resulted in higher bond strengths with either of the surface treatments. METHODS: 48 third molars were used. Dentin and enamel specimens were sectioned and polished with 600-grit SiC paper and treated either with carbide bur or an Erbium:YAG laser and treated with one of three different conditions, acid-etch/bonding agent (Scotchbond Multi-Purpose Plus), no etching and same bonding agent, and an experimental self-etching primer (EXL 547). After storage for 48 hours at 37 degrees C and 100% humidity, specimens were prepared in an hourglass shape for microtensile bond test (ca. 1 mm2) and debonded in tension. Areas were measured and bond strengths were calculated for each specimen. Failure modes, micromorphology of surface treatments and bonding interfaces of representative specimens from acid-etched and self-etched groups were analyzed with scanning electron microscopy. Means were compared using three-way analysis of variance, and Scheffe post-hoc test (P < 0.05) was used to determine differences among surface treatments, tooth substrate and conditioners. RESULTS: Dentin prepared with the carbide bur and treated with phosphoric acid followed by the application of Scotchbond Multi-Purpose had the highest bond strengths (35.7 MPa). Enamel and dentin prepared with the Er:YAG laser had the highest bond strengths when the surfaces were acid-etched followed by Scotchbond Multi-Purpose (25.8-21.1 MPa). Carbide bur exhibited higher bond strengths than laser with the use of the experimental self-etching primer but laser showed higher bond strengths than the bur with the use of Scotchbond Multi-Purpose and no etching. The predominant failure mode of most of the treatment conditions was partially adhesive between the bonding resin and enamel or dentin, and partially cohesive within the bonding resin. SEM analysis revealed the absence of a smear layer on laser-treated teeth when compared to untreated control and bur-cut teeth. Descriptors Acid Etching, Dental/methods, Analysis of Variance, Composite Resins, Dental Bonding, Dental Cavity Preparation/methods, Dental Enamel/ultrastructure, Dental High-Speed Technique, Dental Stress Analysis, Dentin/ultrastructure, Dentin-Bonding Agents, Erbium, Humans, Lasers, Materials Testing, Molar, Resin Cements, Smear Layer, Statistics, Nonparametric, Tensile Strength Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Trajtenberg,C. P., Pereira,P. N., Powers,J. M. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Determination of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylenes in air by solid phase micro-extraction/gas chromatography/mass spectrometry	2004	Laboratoire de Radiochimie, Sciences Analytiques et Environnement, Faculte des Sciences, Universite de Nice-Sophia Antipolis, Parc Valrose, 06108 Nice, France.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry Periodical, Abbrev. Anal.Bioanal Chem. Pub Date Free Form Nov Volume 380 Issue 6-May Start Page 824 Other Pages 830 Notes LR: 20160512; JID: 101134327; 0 (Air Pollutants); 0 (Benzene Derivatives); 0 (Xylenes); 3FPU23BG52 (Toluene); J64922108F (Benzene); L5I45M5G0O (ethylbenzene); ppublish Place of Publication Germany ISSN/ISBN 1618-2642; 1618-2642 Accession Number PMID: 15517200 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI 10.1007/s00216-004-2837-1 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 15517200 Abstract The aim of the study was to analyse BTEX compounds (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylenes) in air by solid phase micro-extraction/gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (SPME/GC/MS), and this article presents the features of the calibration method proposed. Examples of real-world air analysis are given. Standard gaseous mixtures of BTEX in air were generated by dynamic dilution. SPME sampling was carried out under non-equilibrium conditions using a Carboxen/PDMS fibre exposed for 30 min to standard gas mixtures or to ambient air. The behaviour of the analytical response was studied from 0 to 65 microg/m3 by adding increasing amounts of BTEX to the air matrix. Detection limits range from 0.05 to 0.1 microg/m3 for benzene, depending on the fibre. Inter-fibre relative standard deviations (reproducibility) are larger than 18%, although the repeatability for an individual fibre is better than 10%. Therefore, each fibre should be considered to be a particular sampling device, and characterised individually depending on the required accuracy. Sampling indoor and outdoor air by SPME appears to be a suitable short-delay diagnostic method for volatile organic compounds, taking advantage of short sampling time and simplicity. Descriptors Air Pollutants/analysis, Benzene/analysis, Benzene Derivatives/analysis, Calibration, Environmental Monitoring, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry/methods, Time Factors, Toluene/analysis, Xylenes/analysis Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Tumbiolo,S., Gal,J. F., Maria,P. C., Zerbinati,O. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Effect of bleaching and repolishing procedures on coffee and tea stain removal from three anterior composite veneering materials	2004	School of Dentistry, Department of Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey. sebnemturkun@hotmail.com	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Journal of esthetic and restorative dentistry : official publication of the American Academy of Esthetic Dentistry ...[et al.] Periodical, Abbrev. J.Esthet.Restor.Dent. Pub Date Free Form Volume 16 Issue 5 Start Page 290 Other Pages 301; discussion 301-2 Notes LR: 20131121; JID: 101096515; 0 (Clearfil ST); 0 (Coffee); 0 (Composite Resins); 0 (Esthet-X); 0 (Filtek A110 composite resin); 0 (Oxidants); 0 (Tea); BBX060AN9V (Hydrogen Peroxide); CIN: J Esthet Restor Dent. 2008;20(3):206-11. PMID: 18533984; ppublish Place of Publication Canada ISSN/ISBN 1496-4155; 1496-4155 Accession Number PMID: 15726798 Language eng SubFile Comparative Study; Journal Article; D DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 15726798 Abstract Discolored teeth can be treated with resin veneers, but their color changes when confronted with staining solutions. Polishing procedures can provide a remedy for highly stained composites, but they tend to remove some materials as well. However, bleaching procedures are an effective, nondestructive method for solving the problem. The aim of this study was to compare the color change of three veneer composites exposed to staining solutions and to evaluate the effectiveness of a 15% hydrogen peroxide bleaching agent and three polishing systems to remove the stain. Forty-five disks (12 x 2 mm) each of Clearfil ST (Kuraray Co. Ltd., Osaka, Japan), Esthet-X (Dentsply/Caulk, Milford DE, USA), and Filtek A110 (3M ESPE, St. Paul, MN, USA) were prepared. The specimens were polished with Sof-Lex (3M ESPE), Enhance (Dentsply/Caulk), or PoGo (Dentsply/Caulk). Five specimens for each material-polishing system combination were immersed in coffee (Nescafe Classic, Nestle SA, Vevey, Switzerland) or tea (Earl Grey, Lipton, Blackfriars-London, England) for 7 days. The remaining disks were stored in water. Color measurements were made with a spectrophotometer (X-Rite Seroice SP78, Loaner, Koln, Germany) at baseline; after 1, 3, 5, and 7 days; and after bleaching and repolishing. After 1 week, one side of the specimens was bleached with Illumine-office (Dentsply De Trey GmbH, Konstanz, Germany) for 1 hour, and the other side was repolished for 30 seconds. All comparisons of color change for the polishing systems, times, and staining solutions were subjected to repeated measurements of analysis of variance. Paired t-test was used to examine whether significant color differences (deltaE) occurred during immersion at the specified time intervals (p < or = .05). Filtek A110 was the least stained resin composite. Its color remained under a deltaE value of 2 during the study. Clearfil ST exhibited the most color change after 1 week. All specimens polished with Enhance showed less staining, whereas those polished with the Sof-Lex system demonstrated the most color change. Water did not cause a variance in the deltaE. There was no difference in the staining potential of coffee and tea. Bleaching and repolishing were effective in removing the stains. The resin composites tested reversed nearly to baseline color with the bleaching and to less than values at 1 day of staining with repolishing. The coffee and tea brands tested stained the composites used in this study equally. In-office bleaching was found to be more effective than repolishing in the restitution of the color. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: The results of this study suggest that the discoloration of resin veneers can be partially removed by in-office bleaching and repolishing procedures. Descriptors* Coffee, Composite Resins, Dental Polishing, Dental Veneers, Hydrogen Peroxide, Oxidants, Tea, Tooth Bleaching, Tooth Discoloration Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Turkun,L. S., Turkun,M. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Changing epidemiology of smoking: Barcelona, 2000-2001	2004	Agencia de Salut Publica de Barcelona. jrvillal@aspd.es	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Revista clinica espanola Periodical, Abbrev. Rev.Clin.Esp. Pub Date Free Form Jun Volume 204 Issue 6 Start Page 312 Other Pages 316 Notes LR: 20151119; JID: 8608576; ppublish Place of Publication Spain ISSN/ISBN 0014-2565; 0014-2565 Accession Number PMID: 15171893 Language spa SubFile Comparative Study; English Abstract; Journal Article; IM DOI 13062270 [pii] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 15171893 Abstract CONTEXT: In recent years various initiatives of prevention and social changes have been carried out that should have an effect on epidemiology of smoking in our area. Their real effect is little known, however, because of methodological changes in the existing population surveys. In this work the data on smoking in the last city of Barcelona health survey (ESBA 2000-01) are analyzed, with reference to the cumulative information obtained along 18 years from the first survey in 1983. METHOD: ESBA 2000-01 is an interview health survey carried out on a weighted sample with 10,030 people. Data relative to tobacco use are showed for people 15-year-old or older included in the survey, stratified by age, sex, and class. Consumption context variables are also showed, and the tobacco consumption quitting among people who have smoked is analyzed. RESULTS: The proportion of daily smokers in the population over 14 years of age is 29 %, while that of former smokers is 21 % and 2.2 % in this population are occasional smokers. The prevalence is maximum in the 35-44 year-old group, and the prevalence is reduced drastically after this age. Stratified analysis by age, sex, and occupational category shows interesting differences among daily smokers. A strong gradient is observed according to occupational category in males. The situation is more complex in women. The typical smoker began when 17-year-old, and now consumes 16 cigarettes a day. Consumption is somewhat higher in males and is maximum in the 35-44 year-old group. Two-third of the smokers (65.7 %) want to quit smoking and more than one third (36 %) has attempted it along the last year. Almost half of smokers (48.1 %) have received advice to quit smoking from their physician. One of every four (24.9 %) smokers has been warned for smoking in some places. Almost half smokers are the only smoker in their home, and barely a third are the only smokers at work. The proportion of quitting increases with age in both sexes, and nowadays the differences in the probability of quitting smoking are few when the data are stratified by age groups. CONCLUSIONS: These results show the changing pattern of tobacco epidemiology in Barcelona: smoking is no longer the main behavior in no age and sex group, and the only social group in which more than half of its members smoke are 25-44 year-old not qualified worker males. This situation has occurred because of two processes: an important proportion of early quitting (demonstrated even in young adults) and a decrease in the beginning of the habit. Real differences are not observed between males and females with regard to the probability of quitting smoking. These data correct recent estimates that could be influenced by methodological changes in the instruments used. Descriptors Adolescent, Adult, Age Distribution, Aged, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Prevalence, Sex Distribution, Smoking/epidemiology/trends, Smoking Cessation, Socioeconomic Factors, Spain/epidemiology, Surveys and Questionnaires Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Villalbi,J. R., Tomas,Z., Lopez,M. J., Rodriguez,M., Nebot,M. Original/Translated Title La cambiante epidemiologia del tabaquismo: Barcelona, 2000-2001 URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Detection of aquatic colloids in drinking water during its distribution via a water pipeline network	2004	Bundschuh, T., Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe GmbH, Inst. Tech. Chem. Water Technol./Geo, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Generic Periodical, Full Water Science and Technology Periodical, Abbrev. Water Sci. Technol. Pub Date Free Form 2004/ Volume 50 Issue 12 Start Page 27 Other Pages 37 Notes Place of Publication ISSN/ISBN 0273-1223 Accession Number Language SubFile DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID Abstract Laser-induced Breakdown Detection (LIBD) is a highly sensitive method for the direct detection of nano-particles (colloids). During the detection process plasmas are generated on single particles by a focused laser beam, the resulting plasma light emissions are detected optically. The method is based on the difference in breakdown thresholds of liquid and solid matter, it is lower for solid material. The laser pulse energy is adjusted precisely so that in the pure liquid no breakdown events occur, and only in the presence of colloids is the breakdown threshold in the focal volume exceeded. The spatial distribution of several thousand recorded plasma flashes within the focal volume reveals the mean particle diameter. The evaluation of the number of breakdown events per number of laser pulses results in a breakdown probability, together with the particle size the concentration is calculated using specially-designed computer software. Compared to conventional laser light scattering methods the LIBD is approximately 6 orders of magnitude more sensitive for particles smaller than ca. 0.05 Î¼m. Together with laser light obscuration the LIBD technique has been used successfully for the quantification of aquatic nano-particles during drinking water processing and its distribution via a pipeline network of nearly 1,700 km total length. In addition, the particulate content of several brands of mineral water has been investigated. Â© IWA Publishing 2004. Descriptors drinking water, mineral water, nanoparticle, accuracy, article, calculation, colloid, computer program, concentration response, controlled study, intermethod comparison, light irradiance, light scattering, liquid, mathematical computing, optical instrumentation, particle size, probability, quantitative analysis, sensitivity analysis, solid state, water analysis, water supply, water treatment, YAG laser Links Book Title Database Embase; MEDLINE Publisher Data Source Embase Authors Wagner,T., Bundschuh,T., Schick,R., KÃ¶ster,R. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Epidemiology of gastroesophageal reflux disease: a general population-based study in Xi'an of Northwest China	2004	Department of Gastroenterology, Second Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710004, Shaanxi Province, China. jinhaiwang@hotmail.com	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full World journal of gastroenterology Periodical, Abbrev. World J.Gastroenterol. Pub Date Free Form 1-Jun Volume 10 Issue 11 Start Page 1647 Other Pages 1651 Notes LR: 20151119; JID: 100883448; OID: NLM: PMC4572771; ppublish Place of Publication China ISSN/ISBN 1007-9327; 1007-9327 Accession Number PMID: 15162542 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; IM DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 15162542 Abstract AIM: Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a common disorder in the Western population, but detailed population-based data in China are limited. The aim of this study was to understand the epidemiology of symptomatic gastroesophageal reflux (SGER) in adults of Xi'an, a northwestern city of China, and to explore the potential risk factors of GERD. METHODS: Symptoms suggestive of GERD, functional dyspepsia (FD), irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), upper respiratory diseases and some potential risk factors were investigated in a face-to-face manner in a region-stratified random samples of 2789 residents aged 18-70 years in Xi'an by using a standardized questionnaire. METHODS: With a response rate of 91.8%, the prevalence of SGER was 16.98% (95% CI, 14.2-18.92) in Xi'an adults, and no gender-related difference was observed (P<0.05). SGER was more common among subjects aged 30-70 years than in those aged 18-29 years (P<0.01). The prevalence of SGER in rural, urban and suburban subjects was 21.07%, 17.44% and 12.12%, respectively, and there was a significant difference between rural, urban and suburban regions (P<0.05). Compared with subjects without SGER, the prevalence of symptoms suggestive of FD and IBS, pneumonia, asthma, bronchitis, laryngitis, pharyngitis, chronic cough, wheeze, globus sensation, oral ulcer and snore was significantly increased in subjects with SGER (P<0.01). Heavy smoking (OR=5.76; CI, 3.70-6.67), heavy alcohol use (OR=2.85; CI, 1.67-4.49), peptic ulcer (OR=5.76; CI, 3.99-8.32), cerebral palsy (OR=3.97; CI, 1.97-8.00), abdominal operation (OR=2.69; CI, 1.75-4.13), obesity (OR=2.16; CI, 1.47-3.16), excessive food intake (OR=1.43; CI, 1.17-1.15), sweet food (OR=1.23; CI, 0.89-1.54), and consumption of coffee (OR=1.23; CI, 0.17-2.00) were independently associated with SGER. The episodes of GERD were commonly precipitated by dietary factors (66.05%), followed by body posture (26.54%), ill temper (23.72%), fatigue (22.32%) and stress (10.93%). CONCLUSION: GERD is common in Xi'an's adult population with a mild or moderate degree. The etiology and pathogenesis of GERD are probably associated with FD, IBS, and some respiratory, laryngopharyngeal and odontostological diseases or symptoms. Some lifestyles, diseases and dietary factors are the risk factors of GERD. Descriptors Adolescent, Adult, Age Distribution, Aged, China/epidemiology, Female, Gastroesophageal Reflux/epidemiology, Humans, Laryngitis/epidemiology, Lung Diseases/epidemiology, Male, Middle Aged, Pharyngitis/epidemiology, Prevalence, Risk Factors, Rural Population/statistics & numerical data, Sex Distribution, Surveys and Questionnaires, Urban Population/statistics & numerical data Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Wang,J. H., Luo,J. Y., Dong,L., Gong,J., Tong,M. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID PMC4572771 Editors

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