WTS database

Title	Pub Year Sort ascending	Author	SearchLink
Efficacy of using self-etching primer with a 4-META/MMA-TBB resin cement in bonding orthodontic brackets to human enamel and effect of saliva contamination on shear bond strength	2004	Department of Orthodontics, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo, Chiba, Japan. somsak@mascat.nihon-u.ac.jp	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full The Angle Orthodontist Periodical, Abbrev. Angle Orthod. Pub Date Free Form Apr Volume 74 Issue 2 Start Page 251 Other Pages 258 Notes LR: 20121115; JID: 0370550; 0 (Boron Compounds); 0 (Megabond); 0 (Methacrylates); 0 (Methylmethacrylates); 0 (Phosphoric Acids); 0 (Resin Cements); 95508-14-8 (Super-bond); E4GA8884NN (phosphoric acid); ppublish Place of Publication United States ISSN/ISBN 0003-3219; 0003-3219 Accession Number PMID: 15132453 Language eng SubFile Comparative Study; Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; D; IM DOI 10.1043/0003-3219(2004)074<0251:EOUSPW>2.0.CO;2 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 15132453 Abstract The objective of this study was (1) to evaluate the effectiveness of Megabond when used with Superbond C&B, a 4-methacryloloxyethyl trimellitate anhydride (4-META)/methyl methacrylate (MMA)-tri-n-butyl borane (TBB) resin, to bond orthodontic metal brackets to human enamel and (2) to examine the influence of saliva contamination on shear bond strength. Metal brackets were bonded to phosphoric acid-etched or Megabond-treated human premolars using Superbond C&B resin cement. The effects of saliva contamination after acid etching or self-etch priming, and the effect of re-etching or self-etch priming after saliva contamination on shear bond strength were also assessed. The shear bond strengths were measured after immersion in water at 37 degrees C for 24 hours. Data were analyzed using two-way analysis of variance and Fisher's protected least significant difference test for multiple comparisons. There were no significant differences in shear bond strength between phosphoric acid etching and self-etch priming for no contamination, saliva contamination, and repeat treatment (etching or priming) after saliva contamination. With phosphoric acid etching, saliva contamination significantly decreased the shear bond strength. Repeat phosphoric acid etching after saliva contamination did not significantly improve the bond strengths. With self-etching primer treatment, however, saliva contamination did not cause any decrease of bond strength. Phosphoric acid etching produced more enamel fracture than self-etching primer treatment. Field-emission scanning microscopy revealed less dissolution of enamel surface resulted from self-etching primer compared with phosphoric acid. These results suggest that Megabond when used with Superbond C&B resin cement may be a good candidate for bonding orthodontic brackets to human enamel. Descriptors Acid Etching, Dental/methods, Analysis of Variance, Boron Compounds, Chi-Square Distribution, Dental Bonding, Dental Enamel/drug effects, Dental Stress Analysis, Humans, Materials Testing, Methacrylates/pharmacology, Methylmethacrylates, Microscopy, Electron, Scanning, Orthodontic Brackets, Phosphoric Acids/pharmacology, Random Allocation, Resin Cements, Saliva, Shear Strength, Surface Properties/drug effects Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Sirirungrojying,S., Saito,K., Hayakawa,T., Kasai,K. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Nicotine content in tobacco used in hubble-bubble smoking	2004	Hadidi, K.A., Forensic Med./Toxicology Division, Faculty of Medicine, University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Saudi medical journal Periodical, Abbrev. Saudi Med.J. Pub Date Free Form / Volume 25 Issue 7 Start Page 912 Other Pages 917 Notes Place of Publication ISSN/ISBN 0379-5284 Accession Number Language SubFile DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID Abstract Objective: To determine the nicotine content of commonly used tobacco in hubble-bubble (HB) and compare it with that found in cigarettes. Methods: Analysis of nicotine content of 13 commercial brands of HB tobacco was carried out using gas chromatography over an 8 month period; November 2002 through to June 2003 at the Toxicology Laboratory, University of Jordan. Results: A wide variation in nicotine content in all brands was noticed with an average of 8.32 mg/g tobacco, range (1.8-44.3 mg/g). The average nicotine content in each HB head (20 gm) of unflavored tobacco was (713mg/head) and flavored tobacco has (67mg/head). One head of unflavored tobacco has nicotine equivalent to 70 regular cigarettes. The addition of adulterations; honey, glycerin and other flavors in the process of preparing the flavored (Mua'sel) tobacco contributes to lowering the nicotine content in each gram of flavored tobacco. Smoking one head of flavored (Mua'sel) tobacco which contains on average one third of nicotine presented in 20 cigarettes (204mg/pack) usually resulted in a higher plasma nicotine level by 20%. Conclusion: Hubble-bubble smokers are not at a lesser risk from smoking than cigarette smokers in relation to nicotine dependence. The inability of water to trap significant amounts of chemical substances present in tobacco (especially nicotine) and the danger which might result from the combustion of additives like; glycerin, honey and other flavors could be a very important factor to extrapolate the damage resulting from HB smoking. Descriptors flavoring agent, glycerol, nicotine, article, blood level, chemical analysis, chemical composition, smoking, clinical laboratory, combustion, controlled study, flavor, gas chromatography, honey, Jordan, risk assessment, tobacco dependence, toxicology, university Links Book Title Database Embase; MEDLINE Publisher Data Source Embase Authors Hadidi,K. A., Mohammed,F. I. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Online analysis of volatile organic compound emissions from Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis)	2004	Hewitt, C.N., Inst. of Environ. and Nat. Sciences, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, United Kingdom	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Tree physiology Periodical, Abbrev. Tree Physiol. Pub Date Free Form / Volume 24 Issue 7 Start Page 721 Other Pages 728 Notes Place of Publication ISSN/ISBN 0829-318X Accession Number Language SubFile DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID Abstract Volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions from Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis Bong.) growing in a range of controlled light and temperature regimes were monitored online with a proton transfer reaction-mass spectrometer (PTR-MS) operating at a temporal resolution of âˆ¼1 min. Isoprene emissions accounted for an average of more than 70% of measured VOCs and up to 3.5% of assimilated carbon. Emission rates (E) for isoprene correlated closely with photosynthetic photon flux (PPF) and temperature, showing saturation at a PPF of between 300 and 400 Î¼mol m-2 s-1 and a maximum between 35 and 38Â°C. Under standard conditions of 30Â°C and 1000 Î¼mol m -2 s-1 PPF, the mean isoprene E was 13 Î¼g g dm-1 h-1, considerably higher than previously observed in this species. Mean E for acetaldehyde, methanol and monoterpenes at 30Â°C were 0.37, 0.78 and 2.97 Î¼g gdm-1 h -1, respectively. In response to a sudden light to dark transition, isoprene E decreased exponentially by > 98% over about 3 h; however, during the first 7 min, this otherwise steady decay was temporarily but immediately depressed to âˆ¼40% of the pre-darkness rate, before rallying during the following 7 min to rejoin the general downward trajectory of the exponential decay. The sudden sharp fall in isoprene E was mirrored by a burst in acetaldehyde E. The acetaldehyde E maximum coincided with the isoprene E minimum (7 min post-illumination), and ceased when isoprene emissions resumed their exponential decay. The causes of, and linkages between, these phenomena were investigated. Descriptors 1,3 butadiene derivative, acetaldehyde, hemiterpene, isoprene, methanol, pentane, terpene, article, light, mass spectrometry, metabolism, physiology, spruce, temperature, tree Links Book Title Database MEDLINE Publisher Data Source Embase Authors Hayward,S., Tani,A., Owen,S. M., Hewitt,C. N. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Self-reported prevalence and risk factors of asthma among Korean adolescents: 5-year follow-up study, 1995-2000	2004	Department of Pediatrics, Ulsan University, Seoul, Korea.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Clinical and experimental allergy : journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology Periodical, Abbrev. Clin.Exp.Allergy Pub Date Free Form Oct Volume 34 Issue 10 Start Page 1556 Other Pages 1562 Notes LR: 20151119; JID: 8906443; 0 (Tobacco Smoke Pollution); ppublish Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 0954-7894; 0954-7894 Accession Number PMID: 15479270 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI CEA2084 [pii] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 15479270 Abstract OBJECTIVES: The International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) questionnaires have shown that the prevalence of childhood asthma is increasing worldwide. Although Asian countries used to have lower prevalence rates of allergic disease than Western countries, this prevalence is increasing in several Asian countries. To determine whether the prevalence of childhood asthma is changing in Korean adolescents, we compared findings from nationwide cross-sectional surveys in 1995 and 2000 on populations of middle-school children using the Korean version of the ISAAC questionnaire. METHODS: We developed Korean versions of the ISAAC written (WQ) and video (AVQ) questionnaires for allergic diseases. In 1995, the enrolled population consisted of 15,481 children, ages 12-15, and encompassing all three grades in middle school, selected from 34 schools across the nation; the response rate was 97.3%. In 2000, 15,894 children were selected from 31 of the same schools, and the response rate was 96.4%. The SAS system version 8.0 was utilized for all statistical analyses. RESULTS: The WQ showed that the lifetime and 12-month prevalence of wheeze did not change from 1995 to 2000. While the 12-month prevalence rates of sleep disturbed by wheezing and night cough increased, the rates of severe attack of wheezing and exercise-induced wheeze did not change, over this period of time. The lifetime prevalence of asthma diagnosis, however, increased significantly, from 2.7% in 1995 to 5.3% in 2000, as did the 12-month prevalence of asthma treatment, from 1.0% in 1995 to 1.9% in 2000. The AVQ also showed increases in the lifetime and 12-month prevalence rates of wheeze at rest, exercise-induced wheeze, nocturnal wheeze, nocturnal cough, and severe wheeze over this period of time. These were especially because of significant increases in the Provincial cities of Korea. Interestingly, the 12-month prevalence of wheeze was consistently high in Cheju with low air pollution indices, whereas this rate was low in Ulsan and Ansan with very high air pollution indices. Risk factor analysis showed that body mass index (BMI), passive smoking, and living with a dog or cat, but not air pollution, were associated with higher risk of wheeze. CONCLUSIONS: In the 5-year period from 1995 to 2000, the prevalence of asthma symptoms has increased in Korean adolescents, much of it because of increases in Provincial Centers. BMI, passive smoking, and living with a dog or cat are important risk factors. Environmental factors other than air pollution may be associated with increases in asthma, especially in Provincial Centers. Descriptors Adolescent, Age Distribution, Asthma/epidemiology/physiopathology, Body Mass Index, Body Weight/physiology, Child, Exercise/physiology, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Korea/epidemiology, Male, Prevalence, Respiratory Sounds/etiology, Risk Factors, Sex Distribution, Surveys and Questionnaires, Tobacco Smoke Pollution/adverse effects Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Hong,S. J., Lee,M. S., Sohn,M. H., Shim,J. Y., Han,Y. S., Park,K. S., Ahn,Y. M., Son,B. K., Lee,H. B., Korean ISAAC Study Group Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Review article: Barrett's oesophagus and carcinoma in Japan	2004	Department of Comprehensive Medicine and Psychosomatic Medicine, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8574, Japan. m-hongo@mail.tains.tohoku.ac.jp	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics Periodical, Abbrev. Aliment.Pharmacol.Ther. Pub Date Free Form Dec Volume 20 Suppl 8 Issue Start Page 50 Other Pages 54 Notes LR: 20051116; JID: 8707234; RF: 31; ppublish Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 0269-2813; 0269-2813 Accession Number PMID: 15575874 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Review; IM DOI APT2230 [pii] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 15575874 Abstract In Asia, oesophageal diseases, such as Barrett's oesophagus and oesophageal carcinoma, have traditionally been less common than in America and Europe. In recent years, however, the number of reported cases of these conditions in Japan has increased. Two large prospective studies, the Sendai Barrett's Esophagus Study (S-BEST) and the Far East Study (FEST), on the geographic prevalence of Barrett's oesophagus, have recently investigated the epidemiology of Barrett's oesophagus in Japan. Results from both studies showed that overall prevalence of the condition is lower than in the West: 0.9-1.2% in Japan compared with 1-4% in Europe and 5-12% in USA. Similar to the situation in the West, the condition was shown to be most prevalent in elderly male patients and least prevalent in patients with Helicobacter pylori. Adenocarcinoma of the oesophagus is still rare in this region, although there has been an increase in the annual death rate from 3.7 (1960) to 6.9 (1995) per 100,000 population. Risk factors for oesophageal carcinoma include a strong association with the prevalence of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GERD). With the increasing prevalence of GERD in the Japanese population, continued surveillance of changes in the epidemiology of columnar-lined oesophagus (a precursor of Barrett's oesophagus), Barrett's oesophagus and adenocarcinoma of the oesophagus is strongly recommended. Descriptors Adenocarcinoma/epidemiology/pathology, Barrett Esophagus/epidemiology/pathology, Esophageal Neoplasms/epidemiology/pathology, Gastroesophageal Reflux/epidemiology/pathology, Humans, Japan/epidemiology, Prevalence Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Hongo,M. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
RF ablation of intestinal metaplasia (Barrett esophagus)	2004		Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Conference proceedings : ...Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society.IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society.Annual Conference Periodical, Abbrev. Conf.Proc.IEEE Eng.Med.Biol.Soc. Pub Date Free Form Volume 7 Issue Start Page 5128 Other Pages Notes LR: 20140821; JID: 101243413; ppublish Place of Publication United States ISSN/ISBN 1557-170X; 1557-170X Accession Number PMID: 17271477 Language eng SubFile Journal Article DOI 10.1109/IEMBS.2004.1404421 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 17271477 Abstract Esophageal intestinal metaplasia, otherwise known as Barrett's Esophagus, is a pre-cancerous condition that afflicts over 1 million Americans annually. Barrett's Esophagus is caused by chronic esophageal exposure to stomach acid which can occur in patients afflicted with Gastro Esophageal Reflux Disease (GERD). The lining of the esophagus undergoes a metaplastic change, from normal squamous cell epithelium to columnar cell epithelium. Over time, this condition can progress to dysplasia and ultimately to adenocarcinoma. Currently, there are no widely practiced therapies for Barrett's Esophagus. Patients diagnosed with this disease are routinely screened to ensure do not have cancer, yet. It has been shown that if the GERD is controlled (i.e. a normal esophageal pH is maintained) and the metaplastic lining of the esophagus is carefully removed, i.e. no damage to underlying tissues), the normal squamous epithelial cells will repopulate the esophagus. A system has been designed to couple radiofrequency (RF) energy to the epithelial lining of the esophagus to effectively ablate the metaplastic cells and allow normal squamous cell repopulation. The design principles of this system and the resulting effects are the subject of this presentation. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Jackson,J. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Review article: management of oesophageal adenocarcinoma -- control of acid, bile and inflammation in intervention strategies for Barrett's oesophagus	2004	Digestion Diseases Centre, Royal Infirmary, Leicester, UK. j.jankowski@le.ac.uk	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics Periodical, Abbrev. Aliment.Pharmacol.Ther. Pub Date Free Form Oct Volume 20 Suppl 5 Issue Start Page 71 Other Pages 80; discussion 95-6 Notes LR: 20061115; JID: 8707234; 0 (Gastrointestinal Agents); RF: 82; ppublish Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 0269-2813; 0269-2813 Accession Number PMID: 15456468 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Review; IM DOI 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2004.02143.x [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 15456468 Abstract Oesophagitis is associated with Barrett's metaplasia in about 10% of individuals. The UK has one of the highest world-wide prevalences of Barrett's metaplasia, with 1% of adults having the condition, resulting in an incidence of oesophageal adenocarcinoma two to three times that seen in either Europe or North America. In addition, the conversion rate to cancer in individuals with Barrett's metaplasia in UK surveillance programmes is twice that observed in the USA (0.96% per year vs. 0.4% per year), lending further support to the notion that the UK is a high-risk region. The evidence base on what can be achieved with medical therapy to reduce the risk of dysplasia or the development of adenocarcinoma needs to be strengthened with data from randomized controlled trials, as existing data have many limitations. Patients with Barrett's metaplasia respond variably to proton pump inhibitor therapy (even high-dose therapy 'normalizes' acid reflux in only 85% of cases), and symptom control is a poor determinant of the adequacy of suppression of acid reflux. Gastro-oesophageal reflux is implicated in the pathogenesis of Barrett's metaplasia, and ex vivo and in vitro evidence suggests that its attenuation reverses proliferation and biological variables over days, and perhaps the metaplastic histology to a degree over years. The effect of proton pump inhibitor therapy on cancer risk in the long term is essentially unknown. Acid suppressant therapy or anti-reflux surgery on its own does not result in the complete regression of the metaplastic epithelium. Bile acids, present especially frequently in the refluxate of Barrett's oesophagus patients, are also likely to influence the development and persistence of metaplasia. Barrett's metaplasia is replaced by a squamous epithelium when acid reflux is well controlled and the epithelium is physically destroyed by ablation with argon plasma coagulation or photodynamic therapy. These modalities are invasive and are not likely to be useful in the routine management of patients with Barrett's oesophagus without dysplasia or cancer. Why metaplasia does not fully regress once external initiating stimuli are removed is a mystery. There is some evidence to implicate a variety of molecules, including cyclo-oxygenase-2, tumour necrosis factor-alpha, beta-catenin nuclear translocation and mitogen-activated protein kinase signalling, because they are expressed preferentially in metaplastic rather than normal or inflamed squamous oesophageal mucosa. The use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, including aspirin, is associated with a decreased incidence of oesophageal adenocarcinoma. There is therefore a great need for randomized controlled trials to assess the outcomes of such chemopreventive therapy in patients with Barrett's metaplasia. Descriptors Barrett Esophagus/prevention & control, Bile/secretion, Chemoprevention/methods, Drug Costs, Esophageal Neoplasms/prevention & control, Esophagitis/prevention & control, Gastroesophageal Reflux/prevention & control, Gastrointestinal Agents/therapeutic use, Humans, Risk Factors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Jankowski,J. A., Anderson,M. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Optimal planning model for rehabilitation of water networks	2004	Kim, J.-H., Dept. of Civ. and Environ. Eng., Korea University, Seoul, South Korea	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Water Science and Technology: Water Supply Periodical, Abbrev. Water Sci.Technol.Water Supply Pub Date Free Form 2004/ Volume 4 Issue 3 Start Page 133 Other Pages 147 Notes Place of Publication ISSN/ISBN 1606-9749 Accession Number Language SubFile DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID Abstract An optimal planning model for rehabilitation of water networks is presented. Capital costs (replacement, rehabilitation and repairing costs), benefits (by the reduction of pumping cost and leakage cost), and hydraulic reliability are used for making an optimal decision for the rehabilitation plan of a water pipe network. KYPIPE is used for checking the hydraulic reliability. A multi-objective optimization model is successfully developed in this study. And the task is tackled using a new meta-heuristic algorithm, Harmony Search, for solving a large optimization problem to which conventional optimization techniques are poorly suited. Five different models with different objective functions are developed and tested according to various conditions considered in this study. These models provide more options for the rehabilitation of pipe network systems compared to previously suggested models in the literature. Descriptors algorithm, conference paper, cost, hydrology, reliability, theoretical model, water management, water supply Links Book Title Database Embase Publisher Data Source Embase Authors Kim,J. -H, Baek,C. -W, Jo,D. -J, Kim,E. -S, Park,M. -J Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Adolescents' beliefs about the risks involved in smoking "light" cigarettes	2004	Division of Adolescent Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94118, USA.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Pediatrics Periodical, Abbrev. Pediatrics Pub Date Free Form Oct Volume 114 Issue 4 Start Page e445 Other Pages 51 Notes LR: 20151119; JID: 0376422; 0 (Tars); 6M3C89ZY6R (Nicotine); ppublish Place of Publication United States ISSN/ISBN 1098-4275; 0031-4005 Accession Number PMID: 15466070 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; AIM; IM DOI 114/4/e445 [pii] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 15466070 Abstract BACKGROUND: Light cigarettes have been marketed by the tobacco industry as being a healthier smoking choice, a safe alternative to cessation, and a first step toward quitting smoking altogether. Research, however, has failed to show a reduction in smoking-related health risks, an increase in rates of smoking cessation, a decrease in the amount of carbon monoxide or tar released, or a reduction in the rates of cardiovascular disease or lung cancer associated with light cigarette use, compared with regular cigarette use. Nevertheless, more than one-half of adolescent smokers in the United States smoke light cigarettes. This study is the first to investigate adolescents' perception of the risks associated with smoking light cigarettes, as well as adolescents' attitudes and knowledge about the delivery of tar and nicotine, health risks, social effects, addiction potential, and ease of cessation with light cigarettes, compared with regular cigarettes. DESIGN: Participants were 267 adolescents (mean age: 14.0 years) who completed a self-administered questionnaire during class time. After reading scenarios in which they imagined that they smoked regular or light cigarettes, participants estimated the chances that they would personally experience 7 smoking-related health risks and 3 addiction risks. Participants also responded to 14 items concerning their attitudes and knowledge about light cigarettes versus regular cigarettes. RESULTS: Participants thought that they would be significantly less likely to get lung cancer, have a heart attack, die from a smoking-related disease, get a bad cough, have trouble breathing, and get wrinkles when smoking light cigarettes, compared with regular cigarettes, for the rest of their lives. Furthermore, when participants were asked how long it would take to become addicted to the 2 cigarette types, they thought it would take significantly longer to become addicted to light versus regular cigarettes. Adolescents also thought that their chances of being able to quit smoking were higher with light versus regular cigarettes. Similarly, when participants were asked how easy it would be to quit smoking the 2 cigarette types, they thought it would be significantly easier for them to quit smoking light cigarettes than regular cigarettes. Adolescents agreed or strongly agreed that regular cigarettes deliver more tar than light cigarettes and that light cigarettes deliver less nicotine than regular cigarettes. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, the results of this study show that adolescents hold misperceptions in both their personal risk estimates and their general attitudes about the health risks, addictive properties, and ease of cessation associated with light cigarettes. With a variety of light and ultralight cigarettes on the market, adolescents are led to think that there is a progression of safety levels to choose from when deciding which cigarettes to smoke. This illusion of control over health outcomes contributes to an underestimation of risks associated with smoking light cigarettes and supports these misperceptions. These results are of concern, given evidence suggesting that, if adolescents think they are less vulnerable to smoking-related health risks (ie, lung cancer), then they are more likely to initiate smoking. Furthermore, there is evidence that adolescents are not fully aware of the addictive nature of cigarettes and therefore think that they can experiment with smoking during adolescence without becoming addicted or experiencing any health consequences. The data presented here support concerns regarding smoking addiction; adolescents might be even more inclined to smoke light cigarettes to delay addiction. Without correct information about light cigarettes, adolescents are unable to make informed decisions about their smoking behaviors. The findings presented here strongly suggest that health care practitioners need to talk to their adolescent clients not only about the overall risks of smok Descriptors Adolescent, Attitude to Health, Humans, Nicotine, Psychology, Adolescent, Risk, Smoking/adverse effects/psychology, Smoking Cessation/psychology, Surveys and Questionnaires, Tars Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Kropp,R. Y., Halpern-Felsher,B. L. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Biofilm in water pipelines; a potential source for off-flavours in the drinking water	2004	Skjevrak, I., Food Control Authority, N-4033 Stavanger, Norway	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Generic Periodical, Full Water Science and Technology Periodical, Abbrev. Water Sci. Technol. Pub Date Free Form 2004/ Volume 49 Issue 9 Start Page 211 Other Pages 217 Notes Place of Publication ISSN/ISBN 0273-1223 Accession Number Language SubFile DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID Abstract Volatile organic compounds (VOC) are identified in natural biofilm established in plastic pipes used at the drinking water supply. Odour potent VOCs such as ectocarpene, dictyopterene A and Câ€², geosmin, beta-ionone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, menthol and menthone were prominent compounds in biofilm in the distribution network and at raw water test sites, and are associated with algae and cyanobacteria present in the raw water source. Â© IWA Publishing 2004. Descriptors 6 methyl 5 hepten 2 one, beta ionone, dictyopterene a, dictyopterene c, drinking water, ectocarpene, geosmin, menthol, menthone, plastic, unclassified drug, volatile organic compound, alga, article, biofilm, controlled study, cyanobacterium, flavor, nonhuman, pipeline, water analysis, water supply Links Book Title Database Embase; MEDLINE Publisher Data Source Embase Authors Skjevrak,I., Lund,V., Ormerod,K., Due,A., Herikstad,H. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors

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