WTS database

Title	Pub Year Sort ascending	Author	SearchLink
Drinking water pipe biofilm: Present knowledge, concepts and significance	2004	Menaia, J., Dept. of Hydraulics and Environment, Natl. Civil Engineering Laboratory, 1700-066 Lisbon, Portugal	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Water Science and Technology: Water Supply Periodical, Abbrev. Water Sci.Technol.Water Supply Pub Date Free Form 2004/ Volume 4 Issue 2 Start Page 115 Other Pages 124 Notes Place of Publication ISSN/ISBN 1606-9749 Accession Number Language SubFile DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID Abstract Biofilms invariably colonize drinking water distribution systems with intensities and patterns governed by the habitat's environment. Water temperature and flow dynamics, nutrient availability, disinfectant residual and pipe material determine their development, structure and composition. Drinking water pipe biofilms control microbial regrowth and are a possible source of pathogens. However, these are possibly released at levels that do not generally impart hazards to healthy drinking water consumers. A deeper understanding of drinking water biofilms microbial ecology must be achieved before this issue can be adequately assessed. Descriptors drinking water, Acinetobacter, Aeromonas hydrophila, bacterial growth, biofilm, Burkholderia cepacia, Campylobacter, Candida, coliform bacterium, conference paper, Enterobacter, Escherichia coli, health hazard, Helicobacter pylori, hydrodynamics, Klebsiella, Legionella pneumophila, Moraxella, Mycobacterium, Nocardia, nonhuman, nutrient, Pseudomonas, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus, water quality, water supply, water temperature Links Book Title Database Embase Publisher Data Source Embase Authors Menaia,J., Mesquita,E. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Smoking at home is strongly associated with symptoms of asthma and rhinitis in children of primary school age in Trinidad and Tobago	2004	University of the West Indies, Faculty of Medical Sciences-St. Augustine Campus, Champs Fleurs, Trinidad. mmonteil@tstt.net.tt	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Revista panamericana de salud publica = Pan American journal of public health Periodical, Abbrev. Rev.Panam.Salud Publica Pub Date Free Form Sep Volume 16 Issue 3 Start Page 193 Other Pages 198 Notes LR: 20151119; JID: 9705400; 0 (Tobacco Smoke Pollution); ppublish Place of Publication United States ISSN/ISBN 1020-4989; 1020-4989 Accession Number PMID: 15507187 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI S1020-49892004000900006 [pii] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 15507187 Abstract OBJECTIVE: To compare, in the twin-island republic of Trinidad and Tobago, the prevalence of symptoms of asthma and rhinitis among children of primary school age who are exposed to household environmental tobacco smoke with the prevalence of these symptoms in their colleagues without this exposure. METHODS: Between September and December 2002, questionnaires based on the instrument developed for the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) were distributed, via the children in their schools, to parents of 6,611 Year 2 pupils (typically 6 years old) or Year 3 pupils (typically 7 years old) in 106 randomly selected schools in Trinidad and Tobago (5,511 pupils on Trinidad and 1,100 pupils on Tobago). We added to the standard ISAAC questionnaires two questions, one on household smoking and one on the ethnicity of the children. RESULTS: A total of 3 170 completed questionnaires were suitable for further analysis (2,618 from Trinidad and 552 from Tobago). On Trinidad 782 of the children (29.9%) lived in homes where one or both parents smoked, and 513 (19.6%) had other relatives in the household who smoked. On Tobago 94 of the pupils (17.0%) had parents who smoked, and 84 (15.4%) came from homes where other residents smoked. Parental smoking was significantly associated with wheezing (odds ratio (OR): 1.43; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.11-1.83), exercise-induced wheezing (OR: 2.12; 95% CI: 1.59-2.82), nocturnal coughing (OR: 1.64; 95% CI: 1.37-1.97), and symptoms of rhinitis (OR: 1.35; 95% CI: 1.10-1.65) in the last 12 months as well as a history of hay fever/sinus problems (OR: 1.39; 95% CI: 1.11-1.74). Smoking in the home by adult residents other than parents was also significantly associated with all of these symptoms as well as a history of asthma (OR: 1.49; 95% CI: 1.13-1.97). In terms of ethnic differences, parental smoking was most prevalent in the homes of South Asian students, while smoking by other adults in the home occurred most commonly in the households of pupils of mixed race. CONCLUSIONS: Even in Trinidad and Tobago, which is a tropical environment where more time is spent outdoors and homes have more open ventilation than in temperate climates, environmental tobacco smoke exposure is closely associated with an increased prevalence of symptoms of asthma and rhinitis in primary-school-aged children. Descriptors Adult, Asthma/epidemiology/etiology, Child, Cough, Ethnic Groups, Female, Humans, Male, Prevalence, Respiratory Sounds, Rhinitis, Allergic, Perennial/epidemiology/etiology, Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal/epidemiology/etiology, Sampling Studies, Sinusitis/epidemiology, Surveys and Questionnaires, Tobacco Smoke Pollution/adverse effects, Trinidad and Tobago/epidemiology Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Monteil,M. A., Joseph,G., Chang Kit,C., Wheeler,G., Antoine,R. M. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Defense of Ovid: annotations on Metamorphoses IV 119-123)	2004	Moog, F.P., Institut fÃ¼r Geschichte und Ethik der Medizin - UniversitÃ¤t zu KÃ¶ln.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full WÃ¼rzburger medizinhistorische Mitteilungen / im Auftrage der WÃ¼rzburger medizinhistorischen Gesellschaft und in Verbindung mit dem Institut fÃ¼r Geschichte der Medizin der UniversitÃ¤t WÃ¼rzburg Periodical, Abbrev. Wurzbg Medizinhist Mitt Pub Date Free Form / Volume 23 Issue Start Page 7 Other Pages 18 Notes Place of Publication ISSN/ISBN 0177-5227 Accession Number Language SubFile DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID Abstract The description of Pyramus' suicide in the Metamorphoses has been commented on by many scholars. There has been particular criticism of the comparison between the unfortunate lover's wound, squirting out blood, and a burst water-main. This has been supposed to show yet again how Ovid, in spite of his undoubtedly great talent, is capable of ruining a story by exaggeration. Nevertheless, a medical look at his wording leads to quite a different judgement. In his simile of the burst water-main Ovid obviously had in mind the haemorrhage from a damaged femoral artery, which can shoot blood to a considerable distance, sometimes over several yards. Only in this way can the fruits of the mulberry tree, hanging high over the wounded Pyramus, be moistened with blood and painted dark. This is, after all, the metamorphosis which justifies the inclusion of the story in the whole corpus. As it is possible for a person fatally wounded in this way to survive for some hours, the poet has to guarantee that Pyramus dies within minutes of turning his sword against himself. Only so can Thisbe, returning quickly, confess her love for Pyramus in such a heartfelt way and follow him at once. The haemorrhage from a femoral artery my indeed kill a person within a few minutes. Therefore Ovid's description is neither gruesome nor tasteless but simply natural and dramatically conclusive. The comparison with the water-main is one which would easily have occurred to the poet. From Ovid' point of view and that of his contemporaries, who had no knowledge of the circulation of the blood, no better comparison can be imagined than that between the blood vessels of the human body and urban water-pipes, a technical achievement of which the Romans were particularly proud. Descriptors article, bleeding, circulation, femoral artery, history, human, injury, Italy, literature Links Book Title Eine lanze fÃ¼r Ovid - Anmerkungen zu 'Metamorphosen' IV 119-124. Database MEDLINE Publisher Data Source Embase Authors Moog,F. P. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Structural and compositional controls on transpiration in 40- and 450-year-old riparian forests in western Oregon, USA	2004	Moore, G.W., Texas A and M University, Uvalde Research and Extension Center, Uvalde, TX 78801, United States	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Tree physiology Periodical, Abbrev. Tree Physiol. Pub Date Free Form / Volume 24 Issue 5 Start Page 481 Other Pages 491 Notes Place of Publication ISSN/ISBN 0829-318X Accession Number Language SubFile DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID Abstract Large areas of forests in the Pacific Northwest are being transformed to younger forests, yet little is known about the impact this may have on hydrological cycles. Previous work suggests that old trees use less water per unit leaf area or sapwood area than young mature trees of the same species in similar environments. Do old forests, therefore, use less water than young mature forests in similar environments, or are there other structural or compositional components in the forests that compensate for tree-level differences? We investigated the impacts of tree age, species composition and sapwood basal area on stand-level transpiration in adjacent watersheds at the H.J. Andrews Forest in the western Cascades of Oregon, one containing a young, mature (about 40 years since disturbance) conifer forest and the other an old growth (about 450 years since disturbance) forest. Sap flow measurements were used to evaluate the degree to which differences in age and species composition affect water use. Stand sapwood basal area was evaluated based on a vegetation survey for species, basal area and sapwood basal area in the riparian area of two watersheds. A simple scaling exercise derived from estimated differences in water use as a result of differences in age, species composition and stand sapwood area was used to estimate transpiration from late June through October within the entire riparian area of these watersheds. Transpiration was higher in the young stand because of greater sap flux density (sap flow per unit sapwood area) by age class and species, and greater total stand sapwood area. During the measurement period, mean daily sap flux density was 2.30 times higher in young compared with old Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) trees. Sap flux density was 1.41 times higher in young red alder (Alnus rubra Bong.) compared with young P. menziesii trees, and was 1.45 times higher in old P. menziesii compared with old western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.) trees. Overall, sapwood basal area was 21% higher in the young stand than in the old stand. In the old forest, T. heterophylla is an important co-dominant, accounting for 58% of total sapwood basal area, whereas P. menziesii is the only dominant conifer in the young stand. Angiosperms accounted for 36% of total sapwood basal area in the young stand, but only 7% in the old stand. For all factors combined, we estimated 3.27 times more water use by vegetation in the riparian area of the young stand over the measurement period. Tree age had the greatest effect on stand differences in water use, followed by differences in sapwood basal area, and finally species composition. The large differences in transpiration provide further evidence that forest management alters site water balance via elevated transpiration in vigorous young stands. Descriptors alder, article, Douglas fir, forestry, histology, physiology, plant leaf, plant stem, river, species difference, sweating, tree, Tsuga, United States Links Book Title Database MEDLINE Publisher Data Source Embase Authors Moore,G. W., Bond,B. J., Jones,J. A., Phillips,N., Meinzer,F. C. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
A commentary on the impacts of metals and metalloids in the environment upon the metabolism of drugs and chemicals	2004	Moore, M.R., University of Queensland, Queensland Hlth. Scientific Services, Natl. Res. Ctr. Environ. Toxicol., Brisbane, QLD 4108, Australia	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Toxicology letters Periodical, Abbrev. Toxicol.Lett. Pub Date Free Form 2004/03 Volume 148 Issue 3 Start Page 153 Other Pages 158 Notes Place of Publication ISSN/ISBN 0378-4274 Accession Number Language SubFile DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID Abstract The salient feature of metals is that unlike organic compounds they do not degrade in the environment and barely move from one environmental matrix to another. Human interventions take these compounds from their stable and non-bioavailable geological matrix into situations of biological accessibility. Studies in the 1970s and the 1980s of metal bioavailability and impacts of metals and metalloids were driven by the process of abatement of lead in the environment. Humans have clear and identifiable sources of exposure from fuels, food and leaded water pipes to lead. Interventions started at that time have dramatically lowered human lead exposure. Attention has now shifted to other metals, in particular, cadmium, which has seen increasing use. It is generally accepted that food crops grown on cadmium containing soils or soils naturally rich in this metal are the major source of exposure to humans other than exposure from smoking of cigarettes. This mini-review gives a summary and commentary on early studies on effects of lead on haem metabolism that provide us the clue to why investigations of the impacts of other toxic heavy metals and metalloids such as cadmium and arsenic on different human cytochrome P450 forms have become of great interest at the current time. Â© 2003 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved. Descriptors 5 aminolevulinate synthase, arsenic, bilirubin, cadmium, cytochrome P450, edetic acid, fuel, heavy metal, hematin, lead, mercury, organic compound, phosphate fertilizer, water, bioavailability, carcinogenesis, smoking, crop, degradation, drug metabolism, environment, environmental exposure, enzyme activity, enzyme inhibition, food, heme synthesis, human, ingestion, kidney dysfunction, lead poisoning, nonhuman, priority journal, protein expression, review, skin cancer, soil Links Book Title Database Embase; MEDLINE Publisher Data Source Embase Authors Moore,M. R. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Scuba diving and the heart. Cardiac aspects of sport scuba diving	2004	Sektion Anasthesiologische Pathophysiologie und Verfahrensentwicklung, Universitatsklinik fur Anasthesiologie, Universitat Ulm, Ulm. claus-martin.muth@medizin.uni-ulm.de	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Herz Periodical, Abbrev. Herz Pub Date Free Form Jun Volume 29 Issue 4 Start Page 406 Other Pages 413 Notes LR: 20071115; JID: 7801231; RF: 45; ppublish Place of Publication Germany ISSN/ISBN 0340-9937; 0340-9937 Accession Number PMID: 15241540 Language ger SubFile English Abstract; Journal Article; Review; IM DOI 10.1007/s00059-004-2581-5 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 15241540 Abstract Diving with self-contained underwater breathing apparatus (scuba) has become a popular recreational sports activity throughout the world. A high prevalence of cardiovascular disorders among the population makes it therefore likely that subjects suffering from cardiovascular problems may want to start scuba diving. Although scuba diving is not a competitive sport requiring athletic health conditions, a certain medical fitness is recommended because of the physical peculiarities of the underwater environment. Immersion alone will increase cardiac preload by central blood pooling with a rise in both cardiac output and blood pressure, counteracted by increased diuresis. Exposure to cold and increased oxygen partial pressure during scuba diving will additionally increase afterload by vasoconstrictive effects and may exert bradyarryhthmias in combination with breath-holds. Volumes of gas-filled body cavities will be affected by changing pressure (Figure 1), and inert gas components of the breathing gas mixture such as nitrogen in case of air breathing will dissolve in body tissues and venous blood with increasing alveolar inert gas pressure. During decompression a free gas phase may form in supersaturated tissues, resulting in the generation of inert gas microbubbles that are eliminated by the venous return to the lungs under normal circumstances. Certain cardiovascular conditions may have an impact on these physiological changes and pose the subject at risk of suffering adverse events from scuba diving. Arterial hypertension may be aggravated by underwater exercise and immersion. Symptomatic coronary artery disease and symptomatic heart rhythm disorders preclude diving. The occurrence of ventricular extrasystoles according to Lown classes I and II, and the presence of atrial fibrillation are considered relative contraindications in the absence of an aggravation following exercise. Asymptomatic subjects with Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome may be allowed to dive, but in case of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia they must refrain from diving. Pacemakers will fail with increasing pressure, but some manufacturers have proven their products safe for pressure equivalents of up to 30 m of seawater, so that patients may dive uneventfully when staying within the 0-20 m depth range. Significant aortic or mitral valve stenosis will preclude diving, whereas regurgitation only will not be a problem. Right-to-left shunts have increasingly gained attention in diving medicine, since they may allow venous gas microbubbles to spill over to the arterial side of the circulation enabling the possibility of arterial gas embolism. Significant shunts thus preclude diving. The highly prevalent patent foramen ovale is considered a relative contraindication only when following certain recommendations for safe diving (Table 2). Metabolic disorders are of concern, since adiposity is associated with both, higher bubble grades in Doppler ultrasound detection after scuba dives when compared to normal subjects, and an increased epidemiologic risk of suffering from decompression illness. In conclusion, cardiovascular aspects are important in the assessment of fitness to dive, and certain cardiovascular conditions preclude scuba diving. Any history of cardiac disease or abnormalities detected during the routine medical examination should prompt to further evaluation and specialist referral. Descriptors Coronary Artery Disease/etiology/physiopathology, Decompression Sickness/etiology/physiopathology, Diving/adverse effects, Humans, Hypertension/etiology/physiopathology, Physical Fitness, Risk Assessment/methods, Risk Factors, Venous Thrombosis/etiology/physiopathology Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Muth,C. M., Tetzlaff,K. Original/Translated Title Tauchen und Herz. Kardiologische Aspekte des Sporttauchens URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Indoor particulate matter measurement as a tool in the process of the implementation of smoke-free hospitals	2004	Vittorio Veneto General Hospital, Italy. snardini@qubisoft.it	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Monaldi archives for chest disease = Archivio Monaldi per le malattie del torace / Fondazione clinica del lavoro, IRCCS [and] Istituto di clinica tisiologica e malattie apparato respiratorio, Universita di Napoli, Secondo ateneo Periodical, Abbrev. Monaldi Arch.Chest Dis. Pub Date Free Form Jul-Sep Volume 61 Issue 3 Start Page 183 Other Pages 192 Notes LR: 20080602; JID: 9307314; 0 (Tobacco Smoke Pollution); ppublish Place of Publication Italy ISSN/ISBN 1122-0643; 1122-0643 Accession Number PMID: 15679015 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI 10.4081/monaldi.2004.701 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 15679015 Abstract AIM OF THE STUDY: There are International and National standards that requires hospitals and health premises to be smoke-free. According to recent data from Italy and other European Countries, smoking is a widespread habit in hospitals. To get smoke-free hospitals in an Italian region, we have adopted the European Code for smoke-free hospitals, which sets standards and provides instruments for its implementation. According to the Code, whenever possible, each step towards a smoke-free hospital, should be shared by all staff. As a mean for achieving this goal, in our region the certification of single units as smoke-free units has been chosen. For getting the certification, besides implementing the Code, we planned to use ETS (Environmental Tobacco Smoke) monitoring, as ETS should not be present in hospitals. As a marker of ETS we have chosen Particulate Matter (PM), as it can easily be measured in real-time with a portable instrument and, when other even outdoor--sources of combustion can be ruled out, it is an accurate detector of cigarette smoke. Here the first experience of measuring PM in hospitals for monitoring ETS and certificating smoke-free health premises, is described. MATERIALS AND METHODS: PM measurements were carried out without any previous notification in different areas of two Network hospitals of the Veneto Region, during a single working day. A real time laser-operated aerosol mass analyser was used. Several classes of PM (PM1, PM2.5, PM7, PM10, TSP Total Suspended Particles) were measured. RESULTS: Outdoor PM levels were found to be repeatedly lower than the annual official limits of 65 mcg/m3 and around the 24 hour official limits of 15 mcg/m3 [15 to 20 mcg/m3, with an overall mean (+/-SD) of 17.8 (1.9)] throughout the whole day. Very good indoor air quality was found in the operating theaters and isolation department, where PM2.5 concentrations were much lower than outdoor levels [1.6 (0.9) and 5.9 (0.6) mcg/m3, respectively]. No increase in PM pollution was found in the surveyed medical offices, halls and waiting rooms where smoking was positively forbidden [PM2.5 concentrations of 14.8 (2.2) and 12.9 (1.1) mcg/m3] except in a medical office and in two coffee rooms for staff only where high PM levels were recorded [PM2.5 58.7 (29.1), 27.0 (10.6) and 107.1 (47.8) mcg/m3] and an offence of smoking restrictions could be proved. CONCLUSIONS: The measurement of PM in hospital for monitoring ETS proved to be both feasible and sensible. PM measurements with a portable instrument can be used both for controlling the compliance with rules or chosen standards and for educating staff about smoking related hazards, thus gaining consensus for the implementation of the tobacco control policy. In our experience, PM measurement can be used as an aid inside all actions designed by the European Code for smoke-free hospitals. Descriptors Air Pollution, Indoor/analysis, Environmental Monitoring/methods, Hospitals, Humans, Inhalation Exposure, Italy, Particle Size, Tobacco Smoke Pollution/analysis Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Nardini,S., Cagnin,R., Invernizzi,G., Ruprecht,A., Boffi,R., Formentini,S. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Tobacco smoking and gingival health in a Saudi Arabian population.	2004	Natto, S., Department of Periodontology, Institute of Odontology, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Oral health & preventive dentistry Periodical, Abbrev. Oral Health Prev Dent Pub Date Free Form / Volume 2 Issue 4 Start Page 351 Other Pages 357 Notes Place of Publication ISSN/ISBN 1602-1622 Accession Number Language SubFile DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID Abstract PURPOSE: While cigarette smoking is recognized as being detrimental to periodontal health, the effect of water pipe smoking on gingival health is not known. The present study was conducted to determine whether water pipe smoking has an influence on gingival health. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study was carried out in 244 individuals aged 25-70 years. The levels of plaque and gingivitis were recorded on four sites of all present teeth, using the plaque index (PI) and gingival index (GI). Information about oral hygiene practices, dental care and smoking habits was obtained at the time of the clinical examination in accordance with a predetermined questionnaire. RESULTS: The means of plaque index and gingival index values were 1.2 and 0.9, respectively. Similarly, the mean percentages of surfaces with plaque and gingival bleeding sites were 66.7% and 30.4%, respectively. There was an overall significant association between smoking and plaque index and gingival index (F = 22.9 and F = 10.8, respectively, p < 0.001). Oral hygiene was inferior in water pipe smokers, cigarette smokers, and mixed smokers when compared to non-smokers. The correlation between plaque % and gingival bleeding % in cigarette smokers was significantly weaker than in non-smokers. It was also weaker in water pipe smokers, but the difference was not statistically significant. CONCLUSION: The gingival bleeding response to plaque was significantly suppressed in cigarette smokers. There was a tendency towards suppression also in water pipe smokers. Descriptors adult, age distribution, aged, analysis of variance, article, cross-sectional study, female, gingivitis, human, male, middle aged, mouth hygiene, nonparametric test, periodontics, questionnaire, Saudi Arabia, smoking, tooth plaque Links Book Title Database MEDLINE Publisher Data Source Embase Authors Natto,S., Baljoon,M., Abanmy,A., Bergstrom,J. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Association between environmental risk factors and campylobacter infections in Sweden	2004	NygÃ¥rd, K., Norwegian Inst. of Public Health, 0403 Oslo, Norway	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Epidemiology and infection Periodical, Abbrev. Epidemiol.Infect. Pub Date Free Form / Volume 132 Issue 2 Start Page 317 Other Pages 325 Notes Place of Publication ISSN/ISBN 0950-2688 Accession Number Language SubFile DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID Abstract Campylobacter sp. is the most common cause of acute bacterial gastroenteritis in Sweden and the incidence has been increasing. Case-control studies to identify risk factors have been conducted in several countries, but much remains unexplained. The geographical distribution of campylobacter infections varies substantially, and many environmental factors may influence the observed pattern. Geographical Information Systems (GIS) offer an opportunity to use routinely available surveillance data to explore associations between potential environmental risk factors showing a geographical pattern and disease incidence, complementing traditional approaches for investigating risk factors for disease. We investigated associations between campylobacter incidence and environmental factors related to water and livestock in Sweden. Poisson regression was used to estimate the strength of the associations. Positive associations were found between campylobacter incidence and average water-pipe length per person, ruminant density, and a negative association with the percentage of the population receiving water from a public water supply. This indicates that drinking water and contamination from livestock may be important factors in explaining sporadic human campylobacteriosis in Sweden, and that contamination occurring in the water distribution system might be more important than previously considered. Â© 2004 Cambridge University Press. Descriptors drinking water, water, article, bovid, Campylobacter, case control study, controlled study, correlation analysis, environmental exposure, environmental factor, gastroenteritis, geographic distribution, Gram negative infection, human, incidence, infection control, information system, livestock, major clinical study, Poisson distribution, risk factor, Sweden, water contamination, water supply Links Book Title Database Embase; MEDLINE Publisher Data Source Embase Authors NygÃ¥rd,K., Andersson,Y., RÃ¸ttingen,J. A., Svensson,Ã…., LindbÃ¤ck,J., Kistemann,T., Giesecke,J. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Factors influencing the development of Barrett's epithelium in the esophageal remnant postesophagectomy	2004	University Department of Surgery, St James' Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full The American Journal of Gastroenterology Periodical, Abbrev. Am.J.Gastroenterol. Pub Date Free Form Feb Volume 99 Issue 2 Start Page 205 Other Pages 211 Notes LR: 20061115; JID: 0421030; CIN: Am J Gastroenterol. 2005 Feb;100(2):499. PMID: 15667516; ppublish Place of Publication United States ISSN/ISBN 0002-9270; 0002-9270 Accession Number PMID: 15046206 Language eng SubFile Comparative Study; Journal Article; IM DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 15046206 Abstract BACKGROUND: Barrett's esophagus results from chronic reflux of both acid and bile. Reflux of gastric and duodenal contents is facilitated through the denervated stomach following esophagectomy, but the development of Barrett's changes in this model and the relationship to gastric and esophageal physiology is poorly understood. AIMS: To document the development of new Barrett's changes, i.e., columnar metaplasia or specialized intestinal metaplasia (SIM) above the anastomosis, and relate this to the recovery of gastric acid production, acid and bile reflux, manometry, and symptoms. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Forty-eight patients at a median follow-up of 26 months (range = 12-67) postesophagectomy underwent endoscopy with biopsies taken 1-2 cm above the anastomosis. The indication for esophagectomy had been adenocarcinoma (n = 27), high-grade dysplasia (n = 2), and squamous cell cancer (n = 19). Physiology studies were performed in 27 patients and included manometry (n = 25), intraluminal gastric pH (n = 24), as well as simultaneous 24-hour esophageal pH (n = 27) and bile monitoring (n = 20). RESULTS: Duodenogastric reflux increased over time, with differences between patients greater than and less than 3 years postesophagectomy for acid (p = 0.04) and bile (p = 0.02). Twenty-four patients (50%) developed columnar metaplasia and of these 13 had SIM. The prevalence of columnar metaplasia did not relate to the magnitude of acid or bile reflux, to preoperative neoadjuvant therapies, or to the original tumor histology. The duration of reflux was most significant, with increasing prevalence over time, with SIM in 13 patients at a median of 61 months postesophagectomy compared with 20 months in the 35 patients who were SIM-negative (p < 0.006). Supine reflux correlated with symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: The development of Barrett's epithelium is frequent after esophagectomy, is time-related, reflecting chronic acid and bile exposure, and is not specific for adenocarcinoma or the presence of previous Barrett's epithelium. This model may represent a useful in vivo model of the pathogenesis of Barrett's metaplasia and tumorigenesis. Descriptors Adenocarcinoma/surgery, Barrett Esophagus/etiology/pathology/physiopathology/surgery, Bile Reflux/etiology/pathology/physiopathology, Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/surgery, Cohort Studies, Esophageal Neoplasms/surgery, Esophagectomy/adverse effects, Esophagus/pathology/physiopathology/surgery, Female, Gastroesophageal Reflux/etiology/pathology/physiopathology, Humans, Male, Models, Biological, Retrospective Studies, Time Factors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors O'Riordan,J. M., Tucker,O. N., Byrne,P. J., McDonald,G. S., Ravi,N., Keeling,P. W., Reynolds,J. V. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors

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