Image
WTS Database
The subject of interest is:
waterpipe, water-pipe, nargile, narghile, arguileh, arguile, shisha, sheesha, chichi, hubble bubble, hubbly bubbly, goza, hookah, bong
| Title | Pub Year Sort ascending | Author | SearchLink |
|---|---|---|---|
| Microshear bond strength of resin composite to teeth affected by molar hypomineralization using 2 adhesive systems | 2006 | Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. | Read more... |
|
Source Type
Print(0)
Ref Type
Journal Article
Periodical, Full
Pediatric dentistry
Periodical, Abbrev.
Pediatr.Dent.
Pub Date Free Form
May-Jun
Volume
28
Issue
3
Start Page
233
Other Pages
241
Notes
LR: 20131121; JID: 7909102; 0 (Clearfil SE Bond); 0 (Composite Resins); 0 (Filtek Supreme); 0 (Resin Cements); 0 (single bond); 454I75YXY0 (Bisphenol A-Glycidyl Methacrylate); ppublish
Place of Publication
United States
ISSN/ISBN
0164-1263; 0164-1263
Accession Number
PMID: 16805355
Language
eng
SubFile
Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; D; IM
DOI
Output Language
Unknown(0)
PMID
16805355
Abstract
PURPOSE: When restoring hypomineralized first permanent molars, placement of cavo-surface margins can be difficult to ascertain due to uncertainty of the bonding capability of the tooth surface. The purpose of this study was to investigate the adhesion of resin composite bonded to control and hypomineralized enamel with an all-etch single-bottle adhesive or self-etching primer adhesive. METHODS: Specimens of control enamel (N=44) and hypomineralized enamel (N=45) had a 0.975-mm diameter composite rod (Filtek Supreme Universal Restorative) bonded with either 3M ESPE Single Bond or Clearfil SE Bond following manufacturers' instructions. Specimens were stressed in shear at 1 mm/min to failure (microshear bond strength). Etched enamel surfaces and enamel-adhesive interfaces were examined under scanning electron microscopy. RESULTS: The microshear bond strength (MPa) of resin composite bonded to hypomineralized enamel was significantly lower than for control enamel (3M ESPE Single Bond=7.08 +/- 4.90 vs 16.27 +/- 10.04; Clearfil SE Bond=10.39 +/- 7.56 vs 19.63 +/- 7.42; P=.001). Fractures were predominantly adhesive in control enamel and cohesive in hypomineralized enamel. Scotchbond etchant produced deep interprismatic and intercrystal porosity in control enamel and shallow etch patterns with minimal intercrystal porosity in hypomineralized enamel. Control enamel appeared almost unaffected by SE Primer; hypomineralized enamel showed shallow etching. The hypomineralized enamel-adhesive interface was porous with cracks in the enamel. The control enamel-adhesive interface displayed a hybrid layer of even thickness. CONCLUSIONS: The microshear bond strength of resin composite bonded to hypomineralized enamel was significantly lower than for control enamel. This was supported by differences seen in etch patterns and at the enamel-adhesive interface.
Descriptors
Acid Etching, Dental/methods, Adhesiveness, Bisphenol A-Glycidyl Methacrylate, Child, Preschool, Composite Resins, Dental Bonding, Dental Enamel/abnormalities/ultrastructure, Dental Enamel Permeability, Dental Restoration, Permanent, Dental Stress Analysis, Humans, Microscopy, Electron, Scanning, Molar/abnormalities, Porosity, Resin Cements, Shear Strength, Tooth Demineralization/therapy
Links
Book Title
Database
Publisher
Data Source
Authors
William,V., Burrow,M. F., Palamara,J. E., Messer,L. B.
Original/Translated Title
URL
Date of Electronic
PMCID
Editors
|
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| Brainstem evoked potential and its application | 2006 | Yang, C.-L., Department of Otolaryngology, Wuhan General Hospital of Guangzhou Military Area Command of Chinese PLA, Wuhan 430070 Hubei Province, China | Read more... |
|
Source Type
Print(0)
Ref Type
Journal Article
Periodical, Full
Chinese Journal of Clinical Rehabilitation
Periodical, Abbrev.
Chin.J.Clin.Rehab.
Pub Date Free Form
2006/07
Volume
10
Issue
26
Start Page
10
Other Pages
12
Notes
Place of Publication
ISSN/ISBN
1671-5926
Accession Number
Language
SubFile
DOI
Output Language
Unknown(0)
PMID
Abstract
Aim: To analyze the wave characteristics of brainstem evoked potential (BEP), observe normative BEP V wave latency-intensity function curve and changes of corresponding threshold, and provide the reference for the combined application of air-conduction and bone-conduction BEP in clinic. Methods: The experiment was carried out at the Auditory Center, Wuhan General Hospital of Guangzhou Military Area Command of PLA between March and August 2005. Totally 28 youth undergraduates (56 ears) with normal hearing were selected to conduct the pure tone threshold audiometry (PTA), and the air-conduction auditory threshold of each frequency was no more than 15 dBHL. All the testees were found normal in external ear and middle ear, without noise exposure, ototoxic drugs application or neurological history. 1 PTA: Firstly, with the voice length of 0.5-1.0 seconds and interval of more than 1 seconds, the auditory threshold of 1 000 Hz was measured in avoidance of rhythm voice from 40 dBHL on. According to the principle of decreasing 10 or increasing 5, the sound intensity was decreased 10 dB if testee could hear, whereas increased 5 dB if could not hear. Then the testees were detected from high frequency to low frequency (2 000, 3 000, 4 000, 6 000, 8 000, 1 000, 500, 250 Hz), and repeatedly in 1 000 Hz to assay the reproducibility. 2 BEP: Nicolet-spirit evoked potential apparatus was applied to record BEP wave. With the repetitive rate of 21.1 times per second, the stimulation sound was short sound in the alternation of positive and negative electrode, and scanned for 15 ms in filter-wave range of 50-2 500 Hz, averagely repeated for 1 000 times. The lowest intensity at which response occurred repeatedly was defined as response threshold of BEP, meanwhile, the changes of bong-conduction BEP threshold and latency were observed after white noise masking. Results: According to the intention-treat analysis, 28 youth undergraduates were all involved in the result analysis. 1 Description of bone-conduction BEP wave: The air-conduction and bone-conduction wave educed obvious I wave and V wave repeatedly without obvious false traces of initial sound. Moreover, the air-conduction BEP wave exhibited wider amplitude and educed III wave. 2 BEP V wave latency-intensity function curve: The latency prolonged gradually with the decrease of stimulation intensity. The bone-conducted clicks yielded somewhat longer latencies than air-conducted clicks. 3 Comparison of BEP response threshold between air-conduction and bone-conduction: The threshold of air-conduction was significantly lower than that of bone-conduction [(45.09±2.23), (61.25±2.18) dBpeSPL, P 0.05). Conclusion: The waves of air-conduction and bone-conduction BEP are similar in the wave characteristics, and complementary in methodology, thus the combined application of two conductions is hopeful to apply on the evaluation of conductive disorder and its level. In addition, contralateral noise masking is necessary when administering bone-conduction BEP test within 60 dB SPL intensity.
Descriptors
adult, air conduction, article, auditory stimulation, auditory threshold, bone conduction, conduction deafness, controlled study, drug use, electrode, environmental exposure, evoked brain stem response, external ear, female, frequency analysis, hearing, human, human experiment, male, middle ear, neurology, noise, pure tone audiometry, reproducibility, sound intensity, white noise
Links
Book Title
Database
Embase
Publisher
Data Source
Embase
Authors
Yang,C. -L, Yao,H. -Q, Zhu,Y., Sun,Y.
Original/Translated Title
URL
Date of Electronic
PMCID
Editors
|
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| Comparative analysis of the effects of hubble-bubble (Sheesha) and cigarette smoking on respiratory and metabolic parameters in hubble-bubble and cigarette smokers | 2006 | Al Mutairi, S.S., Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Safat 13110, Kuwait | Read more... |
|
Source Type
Print(0)
Ref Type
Journal Article
Periodical, Full
Respirology
Periodical, Abbrev.
Respirology
Pub Date Free Form
/
Volume
11
Issue
4
Start Page
449
Other Pages
455
Notes
Place of Publication
ISSN/ISBN
1323-7799; 1440-1843
Accession Number
Language
SubFile
DOI
Output Language
Unknown(0)
PMID
Abstract
Objectives and background: Hazard of smoking tobacco is believed to be minimized by smoking hubble-bubble (HB) instead of cigarettes. Our aims were to (i) develop an assay for estimating nicotine and cotinine; and (ii) evaluate the effect of smoking on respiratory and metabolic parameters in cigarette and HB smokers. Methods: Urine samples were collected from 152 volunteer smokers (75 cigarette and 77 HB) as well as from 16 healthy controls. We optimized an HPLC method for the determination of nicotine and cotinine. Subjects were asked to complete a chronic respiratory symptoms questionnaire and to undergo spirometry. Fasting blood samples were collected for the determination of their lipid profile. Results: The intra-assay coefficients of variation for nicotine and cotinine were 16.6% and 6.6%, respectively. The mean of cotinine in cigarette smokers (1321.4 ng/mL) was significantly (P = 0.008) higher than the mean cotinine (677.6 ng/mL) in HB smokers. The mean nicotine level in cigarette smokers (1487.3 ng/mL) was significantly (P < 0.0001) higher than the mean nicotine (440.5 ng/mL) in HB smoker. The urinary cotinine and nicotine levels of the control subjects were lower than the detection levels of the assay. The mean high-density lipoprotein cholesterol was lower in cigarette smokers (0.99 mmol/L) compared with HB smoker smokers (1.02 mmol/L) but this was not significant (P = 0.28). Spirometric values were comparable among the three groups but the chronic respiratory symptoms in the smoking groups appeared at an earlier age in the HB smokers compared with the cigarettes smokers (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Smoking HB does not reduce the risk of tobacco exposure and it's potentially harmful metabolites on health. © 2006 Asian Pacific Society of Respirology.
Descriptors
cotinine, glucose, high density lipoprotein cholesterol, low density lipoprotein cholesterol, nicotine, triacylglycerol, adult, aged, analytic method, article, cholesterol blood level, chronic respiratory tract disease, smoking, controlled study, female, glucose blood level, high performance liquid chromatography, human, lipid blood level, lipid metabolism, major clinical study, male, observer variation, priority journal, questionnaire, spirometry, triacylglycerol blood level, urine level
Links
Book Title
Database
Embase; MEDLINE
Publisher
Data Source
Embase
Authors
Al Mutairi,S. S., Shihab-Eldeen,A. A., Mojiminiyi,O. A., Anwar,A. A.
Original/Translated Title
URL
Date of Electronic
PMCID
Editors
|
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| The short-term effect of water-pipe smoking on the baroreflex control of heart rate in normotensives | 2006 | Read more... | |
|
Source Type
Print(0)
Ref Type
Journal Article
Periodical, Full
Auton Neurosci
Periodical, Abbrev.
Auton.Neurosci.
Pub Date Free Form
Volume
126-127
Issue
Start Page
146
Other Pages
9
Notes
ID: 16716761
Place of Publication
ISSN/ISBN
Accession Number
Language
en
SubFile
DOI
Output Language
Unknown(0)
PMID
Abstract
UNLABELLED: The aim of this study is to analyse the acute effect of water-pipe smoking on heart rate, blood pressure and the baroreflex control of heart rate. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Non-invasive continuous methods were used for investigating inter-beat interval (IBI; ms), systolic blood pressure (SBP; mm Hg), diastolic blood pressure (DBP; mm Hg), pulse pressure (PP; mm Hg), mean blood pressure (MBP; mm Hg); baroreflex sensitivity in ms/mm Hg (BRS) and baroreflex sensitivity in Hz/mm Hg (BRSf), were determined by spectral analysis, in 20 normotensive volunteers age of 27+/-6 years (mean+/-S.D.) who served as their own control. The measurements were taken twice. The first measurement was taken before the water-pipe smoking session (this is after >12 h of smoking cessation with a complete stopping of alcohol, coffee or tea consumption). The second measurement was taken during a 5 min period immediately after that session. (In the smoking session the volunteer smokes 5 g Maassel (fruit flavoured tobacco) for a period of 45 min). RESULTS: The inter-beat interval decreased (846+/-100 to 709+/-109 ms, p=0.0003), SBP increased (110+/-13 to 123+/-12 mm Hg, p=0.004), DBP increased (67+/-11 to 81+/-11 mm Hg, p=0.0002), PP decreased (43+/-10 to 41+/-9 mm Hg, p=0.46 ns), MBP increased (82+/-10 to 95+/-11 mm Hg, p=0.0001), BRS decreased (9.16+/-4 to 5.67+/-3 ms/mm Hg, p=0.003) and BRSf (0.013+/-0.005 to 0.011+/-0.004 Hz/mm Hg, p=0.3 ns). CONCLUSIONS: Water-pipe smoking induced a high increase in heart rate, SBP, DBP, MBP and markedly impaired BRS. All of those markers are known as risk factors in cardiovascular diseases, hence it is concluded that water-pipe smoking is not as harmless as is thought.
Descriptors
Baroreflex/physiology, Heart Rate/physiology, Smoking/physiopathology, Adult, Baroreflex/drug effects, Blood Pressure/physiology, Heart Rate/drug effects, Humans, Male, Statistics, Nonparametric
Links
http://pesquisa.bvsalud.org/ghl/resource/en/mdl-16716761
Book Title
Database
MEDLINE; http://www.globalhealthlibrary.net/
Publisher
Data Source
Authors
Al-Kubati,M., Al-Kubati,A., al'Absi,M., Fiser,B.
Original/Translated Title
URL
Date of Electronic
PMCID
Editors
|
|||
| Smoking habits among medical students in Central Saudi Arabia | 2006 | Read more... | |
|
Source Type
Print(0)
Ref Type
Journal Article
Periodical, Full
Saudi Med J
Periodical, Abbrev.
Saudi Med.J.
Pub Date Free Form
Volume
27
Issue
5
Start Page
700
Other Pages
3
Notes
ID: 16680263
Place of Publication
ISSN/ISBN
Accession Number
Language
en
SubFile
DOI
Output Language
Unknown(0)
PMID
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence of smoking habits among male medical students at the College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). METHODS: We carried out this cross-sectional study using Arabic questionnaires distributed to the medical students in the College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, KSA at different educational levels from September 13 to September 25, 2005. A total of 322 medical students completed the questionnaires (response rate 80.5%). RESULTS: The study shows that 13% of male medical students were currently active smokers, 5.3% were ex-smokers, and 38.2% were passive smokers. The types of smoking included sheesha 44.1%, cigarette 32.2%, and both 23.7%. The common reason given for the smoking behavior was the influence of friends (35.6%). The study shows that 57.1% of current smokers were motivated to stop smoking. CONCLUSION: There is an urgent need to promote multi-disciplinary health education activities at different age groups in order to prevent young age students from smoking, and to help smokers to quit.
Descriptors
Smoking/epidemiology, Students, Medical, Adolescent, Adult, Cross-Sectional Studies, Health Education, Humans, Male, Prevalence, Saudi Arabia, Smoking/prevention & control, Smoking Cessation, Questionnaires
Links
http://pesquisa.bvsalud.org/ghl/resource/en/mdl-16680263
Book Title
Database
MEDLINE; http://www.globalhealthlibrary.net/
Publisher
Data Source
Authors
Al-Turki,Yousef
Original/Translated Title
URL
Date of Electronic
PMCID
Editors
|
|||
| Healthy elderly drivers are more likely to commit errors or lapses than violations. Survey of 904 volunteers | 2006 | Institut national de recherche sur les transports et leur securite, Laboratoire de psychologie de la conduite, Paris (75). | Read more... |
|
Source Type
Print(0)
Ref Type
Journal Article
Periodical, Full
Presse medicale (Paris, France : 1983)
Periodical, Abbrev.
Presse Med.
Pub Date Free Form
Jun
Volume
35
Issue
6 Pt 1
Start Page
941
Other Pages
947
Notes
LR: 20151119; JID: 8302490; ppublish
Place of Publication
France
ISSN/ISBN
0755-4982; 0755-4982
Accession Number
PMID: 16783251
Language
fre
SubFile
English Abstract; Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM
DOI
S0755-4982(06)74725-X [pii]
Output Language
Unknown(0)
PMID
16783251
Abstract
OBJECTIVES: Driving is an important part of everyday life for the elderly today. Older drivers are suspected to be involved in more automobile accidents than younger adults. Although healthcare professionals are aware of specific diseases and impairments that increase accident risks, they cannot distinguish safe from unsafe drivers among the healthy elderly population in general practice. Previous English studies of younger populations differentiate three main types of bad driving that are associated with accident involvement: violations, errors, and lapses. The aim of this study was to assess the driving behavior associated with car crashes in a healthy elderly population. METHOD: This prospective survey of healthy drivers aged 65 years or older living in the community asked subjects about their habitual driving and accident history in the past three years. Subjects also completed the French version of the Manchester Aging Driver Questionnaire, which contains 24 items, scored from 0 (never) to 5 (nearly all the time) and yields three sub-scales: errors, violations, and lapses. Simple logistic regression, adjusted for age and sex, was used to analyze associations between the questionnaire results and driving history. RESULTS: These elderly drivers (mean age: 69 years) reported primarily lapses (mean: 5.42) but also violations (mean: 3.76) and errors (mean: 2.12). In all, 237 drivers (27%) reported accidents: 29.4% of the men compared with 20.2% of the women (p<0.01). After adjustment for age and gender, the logistic regression showed four specific errors and one lapse to be associated with accidents: "Queuing to turn left onto main road, you pay such close attention to the main stream that you nearly hit the car in front" (OR: 1.71; 95% CI: 1.05-2.08); "On turning left, nearly hit a cyclist who has come up on your side" (OR: 1.58; 95% CI: 1.01-2.45); "Underestimate the speed of an oncoming vehicle when overtaking" (OR: 1.48; 95% CI: 1.09-2.02); "Brake too quickly on a slippery road, or steer the wrong way into a skid" (OR: 1.60; 95% CI: 1.15-2.29); and "Hit something when reversing that you had not previously seen" (OR: 1.73; 95% CI: 1.19-2.50). CONCLUSION: As previously reported, errors and lapses are more common than violations among healthy elderly drivers. Five specific actions were associated with accident risk. The ADQ is a short, simple survey questionnaire that is useful for screening bad driving behavior in elderly drivers and for promoting safe driving practice among them.
Descriptors
Accidents, Traffic/statistics & numerical data, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Automobile Driving, Female, Health Status, Humans, Incidence, Male, Population Surveillance/methods, Prevalence, Risk Factors, Surveys and Questionnaires
Links
Book Title
Database
Publisher
Data Source
Authors
Assailly,J. P., Bonin-Guillaume,S., Mohr,A., Parola,A., Grandjean,R., Frances,Y. M.
Original/Translated Title
Les conducteurs ages en bonne sante font plus d'erreurs et d'oublis que d'infractions. Enquete aupres de 904 volontaires
URL
Date of Electronic
PMCID
Editors
|
|||
| Osteochondritis (Calvé's disease) of a vertebral body: a rare form of vertebra plana (T. Shisha et al.) | 2006 | Read more... | |
|
Source Type
Print(0)
Ref Type
Journal Article
Periodical, Full
Eur Spine J
Periodical, Abbrev.
Eur.Spine J.
Pub Date Free Form
Volume
15
Issue
3
Start Page
384
Other Pages
5
Notes
ID: 16254714
Place of Publication
ISSN/ISBN
Accession Number
Language
en
SubFile
DOI
Output Language
Unknown(0)
PMID
Abstract
Descriptors
Osteochondritis/complications, Spinal Diseases/etiology, Spine/pathology, Adolescent, Child, Child, Preschool, Eosinophilic Granuloma/complications, Eosinophilic Granuloma/pathology, Humans, Necrosis/etiology, Necrosis/pathology, Osteochondritis/pathology, Spinal Diseases/pathology
Links
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3489293/?tool=pubmed
Book Title
Database
MEDLINE; http://www.globalhealthlibrary.net/
Publisher
Data Source
Authors
Benoist,Michel
Original/Translated Title
URL
Date of Electronic
PMCID
Editors
|
|||
| Usefulness of length heterogeneity-PCR for monitoring lactic acid bacteria succession during maize ensiling | 2006 | Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Alimentari e Microbiologiche, Universita degli Studi, Milan, Italy. | Read more... |
|
Source Type
Print(0)
Ref Type
Journal Article
Periodical, Full
FEMS microbiology ecology
Periodical, Abbrev.
FEMS Microbiol.Ecol.
Pub Date Free Form
Apr
Volume
56
Issue
1
Start Page
154
Other Pages
164
Notes
LR: 20061115; JID: 8901229; 0 (DNA, Bacterial); 0 (RNA, Ribosomal, 16S); ppublish
Place of Publication
Netherlands
ISSN/ISBN
0168-6496; 0168-6496
Accession Number
PMID: 16542413
Language
eng
SubFile
Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM
DOI
FEM059 [pii]
Output Language
Unknown(0)
PMID
16542413
Abstract
The use of length-heterogeneity PCR was explored to monitor lactic acid bacteria succession during ensiling of maize. Bacterial diversity was studied during the fermentation of 30-day-old maize in optimal and spoilage-simulating conditions. A length heterogeneity PCR profile database of lactic acid bacteria isolated from the silage and identified by 16S rRNA gene sequencing was established. Although interoperonic 16S rRNA gene length polymorphisms were detected in some isolates, strain analysis showed that most of the lactic acid bacteria species thriving in silage could be discriminated by this method. The length heterogeneity PCR profiles of bacterial communities during maize fermentation were compared with those on a database. Under optimal fermentation conditions all the ecological indices of bacterial diversity, richness and evenness, deduced from community profiles, increased until day thirteen of fermentation and then decreased to the initial values. Pediococcus and Weissella dominated, especially in the first days of fermentation. Lactococcus lactis ssp. lactis and Lactobacillus brevis were mainly found after six days of fermentation. A peak corresponding to Lactobacillus plantarum was present in all the fermentation phases, but was only a minor fraction of the population. Unsuitable fermentation conditions and withered maize leaves in the presence of oxygen and water excess caused an enrichment of Enterococcus sp. and Enterobacter sp.
Descriptors
Base Sequence, Colony Count, Microbial, DNA Fingerprinting, DNA, Bacterial/chemistry/genetics, Lactobacillus/genetics/metabolism, Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods, RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/chemistry/genetics, Sequence Analysis, DNA, Silage/microbiology, Zea mays/metabolism/microbiology
Links
Book Title
Database
Publisher
Data Source
Authors
Brusetti,L., Borin,S., Mora,D., Rizzi,A., Raddadi,N., Sorlini,C., Daffonchio,D.
Original/Translated Title
URL
Date of Electronic
PMCID
Editors
|
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| Killing kinetics of caspofungin, micafungin, and amphotericin B against Candida guilliermondii | 2006 | Unidad de Microbiologia Experimental-Centro de Investigacion, Hospital Universitario La Fe, 46009 Valencia, Spain. canton_emi@gva.es | Read more... |
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Source Type
Print(0)
Ref Type
Journal Article
Periodical, Full
Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy
Periodical, Abbrev.
Antimicrob.Agents Chemother.
Pub Date Free Form
Aug
Volume
50
Issue
8
Start Page
2829
Other Pages
2832
Notes
LR: 20140909; JID: 0315061; 0 (Antifungal Agents); 0 (Echinocandins); 0 (Lipopeptides); 0 (Lipoproteins); 0 (Peptides, Cyclic); 7XU7A7DROE (Amphotericin B); F0XDI6ZL63 (caspofungin); R10H71BSWG (micafungin); OID: NLM: PMC1538680; ppublish
Place of Publication
United States
ISSN/ISBN
0066-4804; 0066-4804
Accession Number
PMID: 16870779
Language
eng
SubFile
Comparative Study; Journal Article; IM
DOI
50/8/2829 [pii]
Output Language
Unknown(0)
PMID
16870779
Abstract
Amphotericin B (AMB), micafungin, and caspofungin MICs, minimal fungicidal concentrations, and time-killing curves were determined in the presence and absence of 10% inactivated serum. AMB was the only agent with consistent killing activity (time required to achieve 99.9% of growth reduction was 2.1 to 3.2 h). The presence of serum enhanced caspofungin activity but lowered those of micafungin and AMB.
Descriptors
Amphotericin B/pharmacology, Antifungal Agents/pharmacology, Candida/classification/drug effects/growth & development, Candidiasis/microbiology, Echinocandins, Kinetics, Lipopeptides, Lipoproteins/pharmacology, Microbial Sensitivity Tests, Peptides, Cyclic/pharmacology
Links
Book Title
Database
Publisher
Data Source
Authors
Canton,E., Peman,J., Sastre,M., Romero,M., Espinel-Ingroff,A.
Original/Translated Title
URL
Date of Electronic
PMCID
PMC1538680
Editors
|
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| A critique of the WHO TobReg's "Advisory Note" report entitled: "Waterpipe tobacco smoking: Health effects, research needs and recommended actions by regulators" | 2006 | Chaouachi, K., Department of Tobacco Control, 92100 Boulogne Billancourt, France | Read more... |
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Source Type
Print(0)
Ref Type
Journal Article
Periodical, Full
Journal of Negative Results in BioMedicine
Periodical, Abbrev.
J.Negat.Results Biomed.
Pub Date Free Form
2006/11
Volume
5
Issue
Start Page
Other Pages
Notes
Place of Publication
ISSN/ISBN
1477-5751; 1477-5751
Accession Number
Language
SubFile
DOI
Output Language
Unknown(0)
PMID
Abstract
Background and aim: The World Health Organisation Study Group on Tobacco Product Regulation (TobReg) has issued in 2005 an "Advisory Note" entitled: "Waterpipe Tobacco Smoking: Health Effects, Research Needs and Recommended Actions by Regulators". "Waterpipe" smoking is now considered a global public health threat and the corresponding artefact is actually known in the world under three main terms: hookah, narghile and shisha. This important report, the first ever prepared by WHO on the subject, poses two major problems. On one hand, its bibliographical references dismiss world chief relevant studies. On the other, it contains a certain number of errors of many orders: biomedical, sociological, anthropological and historical. The purpose of the present study is to highlight, one by one, where these weaknesses and errors lie and show how this official report can be considerably improved. Results: We realise that widely advertised early anthropological studies were not taken into consideration whereas they shed a substantial light on this peculiar form of smoking and help understanding its high complexity. As for concrete errors to be found in this report, they deal with the chemistry of smoke, health-related effects, smoking patterns, description and history of the artefact and its use, gender and underage use aspects, prevention and research needs in this field. Conclusion: The scientific credibility of an international expert report may be at stake if its recommendations do not rely on sound objective research findings and a comprehensive review of the existing literature. The critical comments in this study will certainly help improve the present WHO report. © 2006 Chaouachi; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.
Descriptors
nicotine, tar, analytical error, health hazard, human, infection, medical research, needs assessment, review, smoking, tobacco, world health organization
Links
Book Title
Database
Embase; MEDLINE
Publisher
Data Source
Embase
Authors
Chaouachi,K.
Original/Translated Title
URL
http://www.jnrbm.com/content/pdf/1477-5751-5-17.pdf
Date of Electronic
PMCID
Editors
|
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