WTS database

Title	Pub Year Sort ascending	Author	SearchLink
Cessation among smokers of "light" cigarettes: results from the 2000 national health interview survey	2006	University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA. tindleha@upmc.edu	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full American Journal of Public Health Periodical, Abbrev. Am.J.Public Health Pub Date Free Form Aug Volume 96 Issue 8 Start Page 1498 Other Pages 1504 Notes LR: 20151119; JID: 1254074; 0 (Tars); 0 (tobacco tar); 6M3C89ZY6R (Nicotine); OID: NLM: PMC1522106; 2006/06/29 [aheadofprint]; ppublish Place of Publication United States ISSN/ISBN 1541-0048; 0090-0036 Accession Number PMID: 16809583 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; AIM; IM DOI AJPH.2005.072785 [pii] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 16809583 Abstract OBJECTIVES: A large proportion of smokers erroneously believe that low-nicotine/low-tar cigarettes, also called "light cigarettes" or "lights," reduce health risks and are a rational alternative to smoking cessation. However, the availability of light cigarettes may deter smoking cessation. METHODS: We analyzed the 32374 responses to the US 2000 National Health Interview Survey. Current and former smokers ("ever-smokers") were asked if they had ever used a lower tar and nicotine cigarette to reduce health risks. Multivariable logistic regression identified determinants of lights use and smoking cessation. Results were weighted to reflect the national population. RESULTS: Of 12285 ever-smokers, 37% (N=4414) reported having used light cigarettes to reduce health risks. Current abstinence was less often reported by ever-smokers who had previously used light cigarettes than by ever-smokers who had never used lights (37% vs 53%, P<.01). Adjusted odds of cessation among ever-smokers who had used light cigarettes relative to those who had never used lights were reduced by 54% (adjusted odds ratio=0.46, 95% confidence interval=0.41, 0.51). CONCLUSIONS: Use of light cigarettes was common and was associated with lower odds of current smoking cessation, validating the concern that smokers may use lights as an alternative to cessation. Descriptors Adult, Aged, Female, Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice, Health Surveys, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Nicotine/analysis, Risk Factors, Risk Reduction Behavior, Smoking Cessation/ethnology/psychology/statistics & numerical data, Socioeconomic Factors, Surveys and Questionnaires, Tars/analysis, Tobacco/chemistry, Tobacco Industry, Tobacco Use Cessation/ethnology/psychology/statistics & numerical data, United States/epidemiology Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Tindle,H. A., Rigotti,N. A., Davis,R. B., Barbeau,E. M., Kawachi,I., Shiffman,S. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20060629 PMCID PMC1522106 Editors
Hubble bubble equals trouble: the hazards of water pipe smoking.	2006	Urkin, J., Primary Pediatric Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of theNegev, Beer-Sheva, Israel.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full TheScientificWorldJournal Periodical, Abbrev. ScientificWorldJournal Pub Date Free Form / Volume 6 Issue Start Page 1990 Other Pages 1997 Notes Place of Publication ISSN/ISBN 1537-744X Accession Number Language SubFile DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID Abstract A Narghile, one of the names for a water pipe, is an instrument for tobacco smoking that has became a trend among the youth in Israel. The mistaken opinion that smoking a Narghile is not as dangerous as smoking cigarettes makes the youngsters and their parents take it lightly and contributes to the expansion of its use. The objective of this paper was to review the literature on the health risks of Narghile smoking. A literature search of Medline (PubMed) and the Internet on the health hazards of Narghile smoking was conducted. The health hazards that the Narghile smoker is exposed to include interference with oxidation, damage to genetic compounds, increased risk of developing malignancies, infectious diseases, damage to the fetus and newborn, and exposure to commonly abused chemicals. It is concluded that increased awareness of the expanded use of the Narghile is imperative and education programs about the prevention of cigarette smoking and substance abuse should also include Narghile smoking. Descriptors adolescent, child behavior, human, psychological aspect, review, smoking, tobacco dependence Links Book Title Database MEDLINE Publisher Data Source Embase Authors Urkin,J., Ochaion,R., Peleg,A. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Effect of placement agitation and placement time on the shear bond strength of 3 self-etching adhesives	2006	University of the Pacific, Arthur A Dugoni School of Dentistry, San Francisco, CA, USA.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Operative dentistry Periodical, Abbrev. Oper.Dent. Pub Date Free Form Jul-Aug Volume 31 Issue 4 Start Page 426 Other Pages 430 Notes LR: 20131121; JID: 7605679; 0 (Acrylic Resins); 0 (AdheSE cement); 0 (Clearfil SE Bond); 0 (Composite Resins); 0 (Dentin-Bonding Agents); 0 (Resin Cements); 0 (Xeno III); 0 (Z100 composite resin); 059QF0KO0R (Water); 7631-86-9 (Silicon Dioxide); C6V6S92N3 Place of Publication United States ISSN/ISBN 0361-7734; 0361-7734 Accession Number PMID: 16924982 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; D DOI 10.2341/05-52 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 16924982 Abstract This study measured the shear bond strength (SBS) of 3 self-etching bonding agents to enamel and dentin with and without agitation at 3 different application times. The null hypotheses tested were that agitation and application time have no effect on bond strength. Occlusal surfaces of 180 recently extracted caries-free human molars were wet ground with 600 grit wet-dry silica carbide abrasive paper to obtain a flat enamel surface. The teeth were divided into 18 groups of 10 teeth. Three self-etching bonding agents, Clearfil SE BOND (Kuraray America), Xeno III (Dentsply) and AdheSE (Ivoclar-Vivadent) were applied using application times of 10, 20 or 30 seconds with or without agitation, thinned with a gentle stream of air and cured for 10 seconds, according to manufacturers' directions. Z100 (3M ESPE) composite, A2 shade, was placed over the cured adhesive and cured for 40 seconds. The samples were stored in distilled water at room temperature until testing. The samples were tested in shear to failure with a 1-mm/minute crosshead speed. After enamel shear bond strength testing, the teeth were again ground with 400 and 600-grit wet-dry SiC paper to obtain a flat dentin surface. The protocol used for preparing the enamel bond test samples was repeated, and the teeth were stored until testing in distilled water at room temperature. The samples were again tested in shear at a 1-mm/minute crosshead speed. Values were converted to MPa and data analyzed for intergroup differences using ANOVA and Tukey post-hoc tests. Agitation did not improve enamel SBS for any of the materials tested, but there was a significant difference in enamel SBS among materials: Clearfil SE Bond shear bond strength was greater than Xeno III, which was greater than AdheSE. At 10 seconds application time on dentin, agitation improved the Clearfil SE Bond SBS and, at 20 seconds application time on dentin, agitation significantly improved SBS to dentin for all systems tested. Agitation had no affect when the adhesive was applied to dentin for 30 seconds. Clearfil SE Bond SBS to dentin was significantly higher than the other self-etching adhesives tested except at 10 seconds without agitation. Descriptors Acrylic Resins/chemistry, Composite Resins/chemistry, Dental Bonding, Dental Enamel/ultrastructure, Dentin/ultrastructure, Dentin-Bonding Agents/chemistry, Humans, Kinetics, Materials Testing, Resin Cements/chemistry, Shear Strength, Silicon Dioxide/chemistry, Surface Properties, Temperature, Time Factors, Water/chemistry, Zirconium/chemistry Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Velasquez,L. M., Sergent,R. S., Burgess,J. O., Mercante,D. E. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Effects of staining and bleaching on color change of dental composite resins	2006	Bioscience Research Center, College of Dental Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33329, USA. pvillalt@nova.edu	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full The Journal of prosthetic dentistry Periodical, Abbrev. J.Prosthet.Dent. Pub Date Free Form Feb Volume 95 Issue 2 Start Page 137 Other Pages 142 Notes LR: 20131121; JID: 0376364; 0 (Coffee); 0 (Coloring Agents); 0 (Composite Resins); 0 (Drug Combinations); 0 (Esthet-X); 0 (Filtek Supreme); 0 (Oxidants); 0 (Peroxides); 31PZ2VAU81 (carbamide peroxide); 8W8T17847W (Urea); ppublish Place of Publication United States ISSN/ISBN 0022-3913; 0022-3913 Accession Number PMID: 16473088 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; D; IM DOI S0022-3913(05)00646-3 [pii] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 16473088 Abstract STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: Discoloration of resin-based composites by colored solutions is a common problem. The use of bleaching agents for discolored natural teeth is becoming increasingly popular. It is not clear if bleaching agents can remove the stain from composite resins. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of 2 staining solutions and 3 bleaching systems on the color changes of 2 dental composite resins. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Forty-five disk-shaped specimens (9 x 2.5 mm) of each of 2 composite resins, Filtek Supreme (FS) and Esthet X (EX), were prepared. The specimens were then divided into 3 groups of 15 specimens each and immersed in 2 staining solutions (coffee or red wine) or distilled water (control) for 3 hours daily over a 40-day test period. The 3 groups were then divided into 3 subgroups (n = 5), and 3 bleaching agents (Crest Night Effects, Colgate Simply White Night, or Opalescence Quick) were applied to the surface of the specimens over a 14-day period. Color of the specimens was measured with a spectrophotometer using CIELAB color space relative to CIE standard illuminant D55 at baseline, after staining, and after bleaching. The color differences (deltaE(ab)) between the 3 measurements were calculated. The value deltaE(ab) = 3.3 was used as an acceptable value in subjective visual evaluations. Analysis of variance and nonparametric analysis (Kruskal-Wallis test and Mann-Whitney test) were used to analyze the data. RESULTS: After staining, FS had more color change than EX and was more affected by the wine solution. After bleaching, the color of both EX and FS specimens returned to the baseline. The color differences between bleaching and baseline were less than value deltaE(ab)* = 3.3 for all groups. CONCLUSION: The nanocomposite (FS) changed color more than the microhybrid composite (EX) as a result of staining in coffee or red wine solutions. After bleaching, discoloration was removed completely from the composite resins tested. Descriptors Analysis of Variance, Coffee, Color, Coloring Agents/chemistry, Composite Resins/chemistry, Drug Combinations, Materials Testing, Oxidants, Particle Size, Peroxides, Statistics, Nonparametric, Tooth Bleaching, Urea/analogs & derivatives, Wine Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Villalta,P., Lu,H., Okte,Z., Garcia-Godoy,F., Powers,J. M. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Provisional report on diving-related fatalities in Australian waters 2001	2006	Walker, D., 'Project Stickybeak', Collaroy, NSW 2097, Australia	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Diving and Hyperbaric Medicine Periodical, Abbrev. Diving Hyperbaric Med. Pub Date Free Form 2006/09 Volume 36 Issue 3 Start Page 122 Other Pages 138 Notes Place of Publication ISSN/ISBN 1833-3516 Accession Number Language SubFile DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID Abstract During 2001, 12 deaths in association with breath-hold and snorkel use were identified in Australia from official sources. There were also 11 fatalities in association with scuba use, and three where surface-supply air was involved. Case summaries are presented with attention to the medical, equipment and diver performance factors. Significant adverse factors are identified and discussed for each of the groups, with comments on possibilities for reducing the number of fatalities that occur. As in previous years, the scenarios and avoidable factors are diverse. Of particular note, all three of the 'hookah' deaths were due to carbon monoxide poisonin. Descriptors carbon monoxide, accidental death, adult, aged, article, Australia, brain embolism, breath holding, carbon monoxide intoxication, cause of death, clinical article, diver, diving, drowning, female, gas embolism, heart infarction, human, hyperbaric oxygen, male, mortality, risk reduction Links Book Title Database Embase Publisher Data Source Embase Authors Walker,D. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Multiwalled carbon nanotubes coated fibers for solid-phase microextraction of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in water and milk samples before gas chromatography with electron-capture detection	2006	Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials, Ministry of Education, Research Center for Analytical Sciences, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Journal of chromatography.A Periodical, Abbrev. J.Chromatogr.A Pub Date Free Form 22-Dec Volume 1137 Issue 1 Start Page 8 Other Pages 14 Notes LR: 20090115; JID: 9318488; 0 (Hydrocarbons, Brominated); 0 (Nanotubes, Carbon); 0 (Phenyl Ethers); 0 (Water Pollutants, Chemical); 2006/09/13 [received]; 2006/10/02 [revised]; 2006/10/02 [accepted]; 2006/10/20 [aheadofprint]; ppublish Place of Publication Netherlands ISSN/ISBN 0021-9673; 0021-9673 Accession Number PMID: 17055524 Language eng SubFile Comparative Study; Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI S0021-9673(06)01898-X [pii] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 17055524 Abstract Determination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in environmental samples has raised great concerns due to the widespread use of PBDEs and their potential risk to humans. Solid-phase microextraction (SPME) is a fast, simple, cost-effective, and green sample preparation technique and is widely used for environmental analysis, but reports on the application of SPME for determination of PBDEs are very limited, and only a few publications dealing with commercial SPME fibers are available for extraction of PBDEs. Herein, we report a novel SPME method using multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) as the SPME fiber coating for gas chromatography with electron-capture detection (GC-ECD) of PBDEs in environmental samples. The MWCNTs coating gave much higher enhancement factors (616-1756) than poly (5% dibenzene-95% dimethylsiloxane) coating (139-384) and activated carbon coating (193-423). Thirty-minute extraction of 10 mL of sample solution using the MWCNTs coated fiber for GC-ECD determination yielded the limits of detection of 3.6-8.6 ng L(-1) and exhibited good linearity of the calibration functions (r(2)>0.995). The precision (RSD%, n=4) for peak area and retention time at the 500 ng L(-1) level was 6.9-8.8% and 0.6-0.9%, respectively. The developed method was successfully applied for the analysis of real samples including local river water, wastewater, and milk samples. The recovery of the PBDEs at 500 ng L(-1) spiked in these samples ranged from 90 to 119%. No PBDEs were detected in the river water and skimmed milk samples, whereas in the wastewater sample, 134-215 ng L(-1) of PBDEs were found. The PBDEs were detected in all whole fat milk samples, ranging from 13 to 484 ng L(-1). In a semiskimmed milk sample, only BDE-47 was found at 21 ng L(-1). Descriptors Animals, Cattle, Chromatography, Gas/methods, Food Contamination/analysis, Hydrocarbons, Brominated/analysis, Milk/chemistry, Nanotubes, Carbon, Phenyl Ethers/analysis, Solid Phase Microextraction/instrumentation/methods, Water Pollutants, Chemical/analysis Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Wang,J. X., Jiang,D. Q., Gu,Z. Y., Yan,X. P. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20061020 PMCID Editors
The tobacco epidemic in Syria	2006		Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Tob Control Periodical, Abbrev. Tob.Control Pub Date Free Form Volume 15 Suppl 1 Issue Start Page i24 Other Pages 9 Notes ID: 16723671 Place of Publication ISSN/ISBN Accession Number Language en SubFile DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID Abstract BACKGROUND: The Syrian Center for Tobacco Studies (SCTS) was established in response to the smoking epidemic in Syria and lack of local knowledge and expertise to confront it. OBJECTIVES: To (1) study tobacco use and local smoking practices using both qualitative and quantitative research methods; (2) develop and test an effective smoking cessation intervention for the Syrian environment; and (3) train Syrian researchers. METHODS AND RESULTS: The Aleppo Household Survey involved a representative sample of adults in Aleppo (2038 subjects, 45.2% men, mean age 35.3 years, response rate 86%). The prevalence of cigarette smoking was 56.9% among men and 17.0% among women, while the prevalence of waterpipe smoking was 20.2% among men and 4.8% among women. Daily use predominated for cigarettes (29.0%), while the opposite was seen in waterpipe use with 10.6% smoking occasionally. Interest in quitting was greater for cigarette than waterpipe smokers (74.0% v 48.6%), while quit rates were higher for waterpipe compared to cigarettes (28.2% v 16.5%). In-depth ethnographic interviews with smokers show that smoking waterpipe is often viewed as an aesthetic enjoyable experience, while smoking cigarettes is viewed as a mundane anxiety-relieving addiction. Clinical laboratory studies reveal that both waterpipe and cigarette smokers in Syria are exposed to smoke toxicants and exhibit dependence symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: All these data have been used iteratively to adapt smoking cessation interventions from developed countries to suit the local Syrian environment. Research conducted in the SCTS to date has provided a fertile training ground for Syrian researchers, as well as for the building of regional collaborations. Descriptors Public Health, Smoking/epidemiology, Adult, Aged, Disease Outbreaks, Evidence-Based Medicine, Female, Health Policy, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Smoking Cessation/methods, Syria/epidemiology Links http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2563543/?tool=pubmed Book Title Database MEDLINE; http://www.globalhealthlibrary.net/ Publisher Data Source Authors Ward,K. D., Eissenberg,T., Rastam,S., Asfar,T., Mzayek,F., Fouad,M. F., Hammal,F., Mock,J., Maziak,W. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Waterpipe smoking among American military recruits	2006		Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Prev Med Periodical, Abbrev. Prev.Med. Pub Date Free Form Volume 43 Issue 2 Start Page 92 Other Pages 7 Notes ID: 16675003 Place of Publication ISSN/ISBN Accession Number Language en SubFile DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID Abstract BACKGROUND: Waterpipe smoking, a traditional Middle Eastern tobacco use method, has increased dramatically among Arab adolescents and young adults. Anecdotal evidence also suggests that usage is on the rise among young people in the U.S., but epidemiological data are lacking. METHODS: From self-report health surveys collected during 1999-2002, we examined the prevalence and predictors of waterpipe use among U.S. Air Force recruits (n = 20,673; mean age = 20.0 years; range = 17-35). RESULTS: Waterpipe use was reported by 0.3% (n = 59) of recruits and was unrelated to age, gender, ethnicity, or family income. Compared to non-users, waterpipe users were more likely to plan to smoke cigarettes in the coming year (P value < 0.05) and to believe that switching from cigarettes to other tobacco products reduces smoking-related health risks (P values < 0.002). Multivariate (logistic regression) analyses revealed several factors that distinguished waterpipe users from non-users, including higher education level (odds ratio OR] = 1.94), having experimented with cigarettes before Basic Military Training (BMT; OR = 1.99), and using cigarettes (OR = 2.17) and other tobacco products (OR = 13.81) at the time of entry into BMT. Compared to recruits who used cigarettes only, waterpipe smokers were more educated (OR = 1.83), more likely to have engaged in experimental (OR = 3.30) or regular (OR = 3.87) use of tobacco products other than cigarettes prior to BMT, and less likely to have been a current (OR = 0.10) or former (OR = 0.11) smoker at the time of entry into BMT. CONCLUSION: Despite concerns that waterpipe smoking is increasing among young people in the U.S., use was low among military recruits. Descriptors Military Personnel/statistics & numerical data, Risk-Taking, Smoking/epidemiology, Adolescent, Adult, Female, Humans, Male, Multivariate Analysis, Prevalence, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Smoking/prevention & control, Questionnaires, United States/epidemiology Links http://pesquisa.bvsalud.org/ghl/resource/en/mdl-16675003 Book Title Database MEDLINE; http://www.globalhealthlibrary.net/ Publisher Data Source Authors Ward,Kenneth D., Vander Weg,Mark,W., Relyea,George, Debon,Margaret, Klesges,Robert C. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Patterns of global tobacco use in young people and implications for future chronic disease burden in adults	2006	Office on Smoking and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA. wcw1@cdc.gov	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Lancet (London, England) Periodical, Abbrev. Lancet Pub Date Free Form 4-Mar Volume 367 Issue 9512 Start Page 749 Other Pages 753 Notes LR: 20151119; JID: 2985213R; 0 (Tobacco Smoke Pollution); ppublish Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1474-547X; 0140-6736 Accession Number PMID: 16517275 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; AIM; IM DOI S0140-6736(06)68192-0 [pii] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 16517275 Abstract BACKGROUND: Tobacco use is a leading preventable risk factor for many chronic disorders, which are expected to account for an increasing share of the global disease burden. As part of the Global Youth Tobacco Survey (GYTS), we aimed to assess the effect of tobacco use by young people on global mortality. METHODS: GYTS is a school-based survey of students aged 13-15 years. The survey was undertaken at 395 sites in 131 countries and the Gaza Strip and West Bank. We questioned students about current tobacco use, susceptibility to smoking among non-smokers, and exposure to secondhand smoke at home and in public places. FINDINGS: The difference in current cigarette smoking between boys and girls is narrower than expected in many regions of the world. Use of tobacco products other than cigarettes by students is as high as cigarette smoking in many regions. Almost one in five never-smokers reported they were susceptible to smoking in the next year. Student exposure to secondhand smoke was high both at home (more than four in ten) and in public places (more than five in ten). Never-smokers were significantly less likely than current smokers to be exposed to secondhand smoke at home (prevalence 39.1% [95% CI 36.6-41.6] vs 72.8% [64.0-81.6]) and in public places (49.5% [46.7-52.3] vs 81.2% [74.2-88.2]). INTERPRETATION: Our findings are troubling for the future of chronic disease and tobacco-related mortality. Reduction of tobacco consumption will require a redoubling of efforts to prevent initiation and promote cessation among the large proportion of young people who currently use tobacco. High exposure to secondhand smoke suggests a need for countries to pass strong and effective smoke-free policies. Descriptors Adolescent, Advertising as Topic, Chronic Disease, Female, Global Health, Humans, Male, Population Surveillance/methods, Prevalence, Sex Distribution, Smoking/adverse effects/epidemiology, Surveys and Questionnaires, Tobacco Smoke Pollution/statistics & numerical data Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Warren,C. W., Jones,N. R., Eriksen,M. P., Asma,S., Global Tobacco Surveillance System (GTSS) collaborative group Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Characterisation of prototype Nurmi cultures using culture-based microbiological techniques and PCR-DGGE	2006	Alltech Ireland, Sarney, Summerhill Road, Dunboyne, Co. Meath, Ireland. sinead.waters@teagasc.ie	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full International journal of food microbiology Periodical, Abbrev. Int.J.Food Microbiol. Pub Date Free Form 1-Aug Volume 110 Issue 3 Start Page 268 Other Pages 277 Notes JID: 8412849; 0 (DNA, Bacterial); 0 (RNA, Ribosomal, 16S); 2005/09/13 [received]; 2006/02/09 [revised]; 2006/04/03 [accepted]; 2006/07/11 [aheadofprint]; ppublish Place of Publication Netherlands ISSN/ISBN 0168-1605; 0168-1605 Accession Number PMID: 16814892 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; IM DOI S0168-1605(06)00257-1 [pii] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 16814892 Abstract Undefined Nurmi-type cultures (NTCs) have been used successfully to prevent salmonella colonisation in poultry for decades. Such cultures are derived from the caecal contents of specific-pathogen-free birds and are administered via drinking water or spray application onto eggs in the hatchery. These cultures consist of many non-culturable and obligately anaerobic bacteria. Due to their undefined nature it is difficult to obtain approval from regulatory agencies to use these preparations as direct fed microbials for poultry. In this study, 10 batches of prototype NTCs were produced using an identical protocol over a period of 2 years. Traditional microbiological techniques and a molecular culture-independent methodology, polymerase chain reaction combined with denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE), were applied to characterise these cultures and also to examine if the constituents of the NTCs were identical. Culture-dependent analysis of these cultures included plating on a variety of selective and semi-selective agars, examination of colony morphology, Gram-staining and a series of biochemical tests (API, BioMerieux, France). Two sets of PCR-DGGE studies were performed. These involved the amplification of universal and subsequently lactic acid bacteria (LAB)-specific hypervariable regions of a 16S rRNA gene by PCR. Resultant amplicons were subjected to DGGE. Sequence analysis was performed on subsequent bands present in resultant DGGE profiles using the Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST). Microbiological culturing techniques tended to isolate common probiotic bacterial species from the genera Lactobacillus, Lactococcus, Bifidobacterium, Enterococcus, Clostridium, Escherichia, Pediococcus and Enterobacterium as well as members of the genera, Actinomyces, Bacteroides, Propionibacterium, Capnocytophaga, Proteus, and Klebsiella. Bacteroides, Enterococcus, Escherichia, Brevibacterium, Klebsiella, Lactobacillus, Clostridium, Bacillus, Eubacterium, Serratia, Citrobacter, Enterobacter, Pectobacterium and Pantoea spp. in addition to unculturable bacteria were identified as constituents of the NTCs using universal PCR-DGGE analysis. A number of the sequences detected by LAB-specific PCR-DGGE were homologous to those of a number of Lactobacillus spp., including L. fermentum, L. pontis, L. crispatus, L. salivarius, L. casei, L. suntoryeus, L. vaginalis, L. gasseri, L. aviaries, L. johnsonii, L. acidophilus, and L. mucosae in addition to a range of unculturable lactobacilli. While NTCs are successful due to their complexity, the presence of members of Lactobacillus spp. amongst other probiotic genera, in these samples possibly lends to the success of the NTC cultures as probiotics or competitive exclusion products in poultry over the decades. PCR-DGGE proved to be an effective tool in detecting non-culturable organisms present in these complex undefined cultures. In conclusion, while the culture-dependent identification methods or PCR-DGGE alone cannot comprehensively elucidate the bacterial species present in such complex cultures, their complementarity provides useful information on the identity of the constituents of NTCs and will aid in future development of defined probiotics. Moreover, for the purpose of analysing prototype NTCs during their development, PCR-DGGE overcomes the limitations associated with conventional culturing methods including their low sensitivities, inability to detect unculturable bacteria and unknown species, very slow turnabout time and poor reproducibility. This study demonstrated that PCR-DGGE is indeed more valuable in detecting predominant microbial populations between various NTCs than as an identification methodology, being more applicable as a quality control method used to analyse for batch-to-batch variation during NTC production. Descriptors Animals, Bacteria/classification/genetics/isolation & purification, Bacteriological Techniques, Base Sequence, Cecum/microbiology, Chickens, Colony Count, Microbial, DNA, Bacterial/analysis, Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field/methods, Molecular Sequence Data, Phylogeny, Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods, Probiotics, RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/analysis, Reproducibility of Results, Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid, Species Specificity, Specific Pathogen-Free Organisms Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Waters,S. M., Murphy,R. A., Power,R. F. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20060711 PMCID Editors

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