WTS database

Title	Pub Year Sort ascending	Author	SearchLink
Effects of full-mouth scaling on the periodontal health of Indigenous Australians: a randomized controlled trial	2013	Australian Research Centre for Population Oral Health, School of Dentistry, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, NT, Australia.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Journal of clinical periodontology Periodical, Abbrev. J.Clin.Periodontol. Pub Date Free Form Nov Volume 40 Issue 11 Start Page 1016 Other Pages 1024 Notes LR: 20151119; CI: (c) 2013; JID: 0425123; OTO: NOTNLM; 2013/08/03 [accepted]; 2013/09/01 [aheadofprint]; ppublish Place of Publication United States ISSN/ISBN 1600-051X; 0303-6979 Accession Number PMID: 23992525 Language eng SubFile Comparative Study; Journal Article; Randomized Controlled Trial; D; IM DOI 10.1111/jcpe.12152 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 23992525 Abstract BACKGROUND: Simplified periodontal therapy might be a pragmatic strategy for public health programmes targeting Indigenous Australian adults. The objective of this randomized controlled trial was to evaluate oral health effects of single-visit, non-surgical periodontal therapy compared to no treatment. METHODS: This parallel-group, randomized, open label clinical trial enrolled 273 Indigenous Australians aged >/=18 years with periodontitis. Intervention participants received full-mouth periodontal scaling and root planing during a single visit while the control group received no treatment. Endpoints were summary variables derived from clinical assessments of probing depth, clinical attachment loss, plaque, calculus and gingival bleeding before treatment and 3 months later. RESULTS: Endpoints could be calculated for 169 participants with follow-up data. Compared to the control group, there were statistically significant reductions in extent of shallow pockets: PD >/=4 mm (mean difference -2.86, [95% CI -5.01 to -0.71], p = 0.009) and gingival bleeding (mean difference -0.25, [95% CI -0.43 to -0.08], p = 0.005) but not deeper pockets PD >/=5 mm (mean difference -0.48, [95% CI -1.78 to 0.82], p = 0.468) or plaque scores. CONCLUSIONS: Periodontal therapy produced improvements in shallow periodontal pockets and measures of gingival bleeding in these Indigenous Australians. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd Data Source Authors Kapellas,K., Do,L.G., Bartold,P.M., Skilton,M.R., Maple-Brown,L.J., O'Dea,K., Brown,A., Celermajer,D.S., Slade,G.D., Jamieson,L.M. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20130901 PMCID Editors
Aspects of the design protocol and the statistical methods for analysis of tar, nicotine and carbon monoxide yields in cigarette smoke that can affect the measurement variability within collaborative studies	2013	SEITA, Imperial Tobacco Group, 48 rue Danton, 45404 Fleury-les-Aubrais, France.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Regulatory toxicology and pharmacology : RTP Periodical, Abbrev. Regul.Toxicol.Pharmacol. Pub Date Free Form Nov Volume 67 Issue 2 Start Page 252 Other Pages 265 Notes LR: 20151119; CI: Copyright (c) 2013; JID: 8214983; 0 (Smoke); 0 (Tars); 6M3C89ZY6R (Nicotine); 7U1EE4V452 (Carbon Monoxide); OTO: NOTNLM; 2013/06/10 [received]; 2013/08/05 [revised]; 2013/08/07 [accepted]; 2013/08/16 [aheadofprint]; ppublish Place of Publication United States ISSN/ISBN 1096-0295; 0273-2300 Accession Number PMID: 23959062 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; IM DOI 10.1016/j.yrtph.2013.08.004 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 23959062 Abstract Statistical principles described in ISO 5725-1 (1994) are a robust basis for evaluating cigarette smoke data from collaborative studies under the ISO 3308 machine smoking and for specifying the criteria for the removal of outlier data and determination of mean yields and their variability. However, the standard only provides recommendations on outlier removal that should be taken into account by experts who undertake data interpretation. The potential for over-interpretation of data from small numbers of laboratories is highlighted and recommendations made to deal with this possibility. Key variables to the statistical analysis, the number of cigarettes per replicate and replicates performed in each laboratory, the number of participating laboratories and the use of linear and rotary smoking machines in smoke collection, are identified and their relevance to obtaining robust data are considered. The statistical methods routinely used for data analysis from the ISO regime, are re-assessed for their suitability to analyse data obtained under the Canadian intense (CI) regime, where yield differences between linear and rotary smoking machines are found. This machine effect can lead to more outliers being detected and difficulties in outlier detection which may affect the provision of robust estimates of mean yields, repeatability and reproducibility. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Elsevier Inc Data Source Authors Verron,T., Czechowicz,M., Heller,W.D., Cahours,X., Purkis,S.W. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20130816 PMCID Editors
Exhaled carbon monoxide and its associations with smoking, indoor household air pollution and chronic respiratory diseases among 512,000 Chinese adults	2013	Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit (CTSU), University of Oxford, Oxford, UK, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Dong Cheng District, Beijing, Chi	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full International journal of epidemiology Periodical, Abbrev. Int.J.Epidemiol. Pub Date Free Form Oct Volume 42 Issue 5 Start Page 1464 Other Pages 1475 Notes GR: 088158/Z/09/Z/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom; GR: MC_U137686851/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom; GR: British Heart Foundation/United Kingdom; GR: Cancer Research UK/United Kingdom; GR: Medical Research Council/United Kingdom; JID: 7802871; 0 (C Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1464-3685; 0300-5771 Accession Number PMID: 24057999 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI 10.1093/ije/dyt158 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 24057999 Abstract BACKGROUND: Exhaled carbon monoxide (COex) level is positively associated with tobacco smoking and exposure to smoke from biomass/coal burning. Relatively little is known about its determinants in China despite the population having a high prevalence of smoking and use of biomass/coal. METHODS: The China Kadoorie Biobank includes 512,000 participants aged 30-79 years recruited from 10 diverse regions. We used linear regression and logistic regression methods to assess the associations of COex level with smoking, exposures to indoor household air pollution and prevalent chronic respiratory conditions among never smokers, both overall and by seasons, regions and smoking status. RESULTS: The overall COex level (ppm) was much higher in current smokers than in never smokers (men: 11.5 vs 3.7; women: 9.3 vs 3.2). Among current smokers, it was higher among those who smoked more and inhaled more deeply. Among never smokers, mean COex was positively associated with levels of exposures to passive smoking and to biomass/coal burning, especially in rural areas and during winter. The odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) of air flow obstruction (FEV1/FVC ratio/=14 ppm, compared with those having COex Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Zhang,Q., Li,L., Smith,M., Guo,Y., Whitlock,G., Bian,Z., Kurmi,O., Collins,R., Chen,J., Lv,S., Pang,Z., Chen,C., Chen,N., Xiong,Y., Peto,R., Chen,Z., China Kadoorie Biobank study collaboration Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20130920 PMCID PMC3807615 Editors
A review of demineralized bone matrices for spinal fusion: the evidence for efficacy	2013	Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA. baghdasi@ucla.edu	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full The surgeon : journal of the Royal Colleges of Surgeons of Edinburgh and Ireland Periodical, Abbrev. Surgeon Pub Date Free Form Feb Volume 11 Issue 1 Start Page 39 Other Pages 48 Notes CI: Copyright (c) 2012 Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh (Scottish charity number SC005317; JID: 101168329; 2012/03/20 [received]; 2012/06/11 [revised]; 2012/08/24 [accepted]; 2012/10/04 [aheadofprint]; ppublish Place of Publication Scotland ISSN/ISBN 1479-666X; 1479-666X Accession Number PMID: 23040457 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Review; IM DOI 10.1016/j.surge.2012.08.001 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 23040457 Abstract BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Autologous Iliac Crest Bone Grafting (ICBG) is considered the gold-standard graft choice for spinal arthrodesis; however, it is associated with donor site morbidity and a limited graft supply. Bone graft alternatives to replace autograft and augment arthrodesis are a topic of ongoing research. This article will review properties of Demineralized Bone Matrix (DBM) and review the evidence for its use, including animal models and human clinical trials. METHODS: A systematic and critical review of the English-language literature was conducted on Pubmed, Cochrane, CINAHL, and Google Scholar using search key terms such as 'Demineralized Bone Matrix', 'Spine' and 'Fusion'. Papers that were included were original research articles in peer-reviewed journals that investigated fusion outcomes. Scientific validity of articles was appraised using the PRISMA methodology. Articles were critically examined and compared according to study design, DBM type, outcomes, and results. Primary outcome of interest was fusion rate. Secondary outcomes included Oswestry Disability Index; Short Form-36 survey; Odom's criteria; Visual Analog Scale neurologic pain score; Japanese Orthopedic Association myelopathy score; Neck Disability and Ishihara Curvature Indices; and pseudarthrosis and surgical failure rates. RESULTS: Demineralized Bone Matrix has been evaluated in animal models and human clinical trials of spine fusion. Results of animal studies indicate variation in performance within and among DBM products. The majority of human clinical trials report high fusion rates when DBM is employed as a graft extender or a graft enhancer. Few prospective randomized controlled trials have been performed comparing DBM to autologous iliac crest bone graft in spine fusion. CONCLUSIONS: Although many animal and human studies demonstrate comparable efficacy of DBM when combined with autograft or compared to autograft alone, additional high level of evidence studies are required to clearly define the indications for its use in spine fusion surgeries and the appropriate patient population that will benefit from DBM. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher ) and Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland. Published by Elsevier Ltd Data Source Authors Aghdasi,B., Montgomery,S.R., Daubs,M.D., Wang,J.C. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20121004 PMCID Editors
The use and perception of electronic cigarettes and snus among the U.S. population	2013	Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full PloS one Periodical, Abbrev. PLoS One Pub Date Free Form 24-Oct Volume 8 Issue 10 Start Page e79332 Other Pages Notes LR: 20150422; GR: U01 CA154280/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States; GR: U01 CA154280/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States; JID: 101285081; OID: NLM: PMC3824062; 2013 [ecollection]; 2012/07/16 [received]; 2013/10/01 [accepted]; 2013/10/24 [epublish]; epublish Place of Publication United States ISSN/ISBN 1932-6203; 1932-6203 Accession Number PMID: 24250756 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; IM DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0079332 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 24250756 Abstract BACKGROUND: E-cigarettes have generated controversy in the tobacco control field similar to that of Swedish snus, which came to the U.S. market six years earlier. Some argue that e-cigarettes have great potential to help smokers quit regular cigarettes while others contend they should be banned for lack of safety and efficacy data. This study examined population data from the U.S. METHODS: A U.S. population survey with a national probability sample (N=10,041) was conducted (February 24 to March 8, 2012, before any major paid advertisement of e-cigarettes appeared on television). Survey respondents were asked if they had heard about e-cigarettes, where they had heard about them, whether they had used e-cigarettes or snus, how often they used them, and why they used them. Responses were weighted to represent the entire U.S. population. FINDINGS: A high proportion, 75.4%, reported having heard about e-cigarettes. Television ranked as the number one source of information, followed by "in-person conversation" and "Internet." About 8.1% had tried e-cigarettes, and 1.4% were current users. These rates were twice those of snus (4.3% and 0.8%, respectively). Among current smokers, 32.2% had tried e-cigarettes, and 6.3% were current users. Over 80% of current e-cigarette users were non-daily users. Women were significantly more likely to have tried e-cigarettes than men. Those who had tried e-cigarettes were more likely than those who tried snus to report their products being safer than regular cigarettes (49.9% vs. 10.8%). Almost half (49.5%) of current smokers were susceptible to using e-cigarettes in the future. CONCLUSIONS: That e-cigarettes have surpassed snus in adoption rate, even before any promotion by major tobacco companies, suggests that the former have tapped into smokers' intuitive preference for potentially harm-reducing products, probably due to the product design. E-cigarette use is likely to increase in the next few years. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Zhu,S.H., Gamst,A., Lee,M., Cummins,S., Yin,L., Zoref,L. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20131024 PMCID PMC3824062 Editors
Maternal smoking affects lung function and airway inflammation in young children with multiple-trigger wheeze	2013	Department of Allergy, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland. satu.kalliola@hus.fi	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology Periodical, Abbrev. J.Allergy Clin.Immunol. Pub Date Free Form Mar Volume 131 Issue 3 Start Page 730 Other Pages 735 Notes LR: 20131121; CI: Copyright (c) 2013; JID: 1275002; 0 (Tobacco Smoke Pollution); 31C4KY9ESH (Nitric Oxide); K5161X06LL (Cotinine); 2012/11/27 [received]; 2013/01/11 [revised]; 2013/01/11 [accepted]; 2013/02/04 [aheadofprint]; ppublish Place of Publication United States ISSN/ISBN 1097-6825; 0091-6749 Accession Number PMID: 23380219 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; AIM; IM DOI 10.1016/j.jaci.2013.01.005 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 23380219 Abstract BACKGROUND: Exposure to tobacco smoke is a well-known risk factor for childhood asthma and reduced lung function, but the effect on airway inflammation in preschool-aged children is unclear. OBJECTIVE: To examine the effect of parental smoking on lung function and fractional concentration of exhaled nitric oxide (Feno) in relation to both parental reports and children's urine cotinine concentrations in preschool-aged children with multiple-trigger wheeze. METHODS: A total of 105 3- to 7-year-old children with multiple-trigger wheeze and lung function abnormalities were recruited. Lung function was assessed by impulse oscillometry, and Feno measurements were performed. Exposure to tobacco smoke was determined by parental reports and measurement of children's urinary cotinine concentrations. RESULTS: Forty-three percent of the children were exposed to environmental tobacco smoke according to parental reports. The Feno level was significantly higher in children with a smoking mother (n = 27) than in children with a nonsmoking mother (23.4 vs 12.5 ppb, P = .006). The Feno level expressed as z score and the cotinine level correlated significantly (P = .03). Respiratory resistance at 5 Hz was higher in children exposed to maternal smoking than in others (0.99 vs 0.88 kPas/L, P = .005). Urinary cotinine concentrations reflected well parental reports on their daily smoking and increased relative to the number of cigarettes smoked in the family (P Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology. Published by Mosby, Inc Data Source Authors Kalliola,S., Pelkonen,A.S., Malmberg,L.P., Sarna,S., Hamalainen,M., Mononen,I., Makela,M.J. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20130204 PMCID Editors
Evaluation of the effect of pentoxifylline on sleep-deprivation induced memory impairment	2013	Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Hippocampus Periodical, Abbrev. Hippocampus Pub Date Free Form Sep Volume 23 Issue 9 Start Page 812 Other Pages 819 Notes CI: Copyright (c) 2013; JID: 9108167; 0 (Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors); EC 1.11.1.6 (Catalase); EC 1.11.1.9 (Glutathione Peroxidase); EC 1.15.1.1 (Superoxide Dismutase); GAN16C9B8O (Glutathione); SD6QCT3TSU (Pentoxifylline); OTO: NOTNLM; 2013/04/05 [accep Place of Publication United States ISSN/ISBN 1098-1063; 1050-9631 Accession Number PMID: 23592546 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI 10.1002/hipo.22135 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 23592546 Abstract In this study, we examined the ability of Pentoxifylline (PTX) to prevent sleep deprivation induced memory impairment probably through decreasing oxidative stress. Sleep deprivation was chronically induced 8 h/day for 6 weeks in rats using modified multiple platform model. Concurrently, PTX (100 mg/kg) was administered to animals on daily basis. After 6 weeks of treatment, behavioral studies were conducted to test the spatial learning and memory using the Radial Arm Water Maze. Additionally, the hippocampus was dissected; and levels/activities of antioxidant defense biomarkers glutathione reduced (GSH), glutathione oxidized (GSSG), GSH/GSSG ratio, glutathione peroxidase (GPx), catalase, and superoxide dismutase (SOD), were assessed. The results show that chronic sleep deprivation impaired short- and long-term memories, which was prevented by chronic treatment with PTX. Additionally, PTX normalized sleep deprivation-induced reduction in the hippocampus GSH/GSSG ratio (P Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Wiley Periodicals, Inc Data Source Authors Alzoubi,K.H., Khabour,O.F., Tashtoush,N.H., Al-Azzam,S.I., Mhaidat,N.M. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20130522 PMCID Editors
Coronary computed tomography angiography-adapted Leaman score as a tool to noninvasively quantify total coronary atherosclerotic burden	2013	Cardiology Department, Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Ocidental, Lisbon, Portugal, paraujogoncalves@yahoo.co.uk.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full The international journal of cardiovascular imaging Periodical, Abbrev. Int.J.Cardiovasc.Imaging Pub Date Free Form Oct Volume 29 Issue 7 Start Page 1575 Other Pages 1584 Notes JID: 100969716; 2013/04/19 [received]; 2013/04/24 [accepted]; 2013/05/01 [aheadofprint]; ppublish Place of Publication United States ISSN/ISBN 1875-8312; 1569-5794 Accession Number PMID: 23636301 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; IM DOI 10.1007/s10554-013-0232-8 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 23636301 Abstract To describe a coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA)-adapted Leaman score (CT-LeSc) as a tool to quantify total coronary atherosclerotic burden with information regarding localization, type of plaque and degree of stenosis and to identify clinical predictors of a high coronary atherosclerotic burden as assessed by the CT-LeSc. Single center prospective registry including a total of 772 consecutive patients undergoing CCTA (Dual-source CT) from April 2011 to March 2012. For the purpose of this study, 581 stable patients referred for suspected coronary artery disease (CAD) without previous myocardial infarction or revascularization procedures were included. Pre-test CAD probability was determined using both the Diamond-Forrester extended CAD consortium method (DF-CAD consortium model) and the Morise score. Cardiovascular risk was assessed with the HeartScore. The cut-off for the 3rd tercile (CT-LeSc >/=8.3) was used to define a population with a high coronary atherosclerotic burden. The median CT-LeSc in this population (n = 581, 8,136 coronary segments evaluated; mean age 57.6 +/- 11.1; 55.8 % males; 14.6 % with diabetes) was 2.2 (IQR 0-6.8). In patients with CAD (n = 341), the median CT-LeSc was 5.8 (IQR 3.2-9.6). Among patients with nonobstructive CAD, most were classified in the lowest terciles (T1, 43.0 %; T2, 36.1 %), but 20.9 % were in the highest tercile (T3). The majority of the patients with obstructive CAD were classified in T3 (78.2 %), but 21.8 % had a CT-LeSc in lower terciles (T1 or T2). The independent predictors of a high CT-LeSc were: Male sex (OR 1.73; 95 % CI 1.04-2.90) diabetes (OR 2.91; 95 % CI 1.61-5.23), hypertension (OR 2.54; 95 % CI 1.40-4.63), Morise score >/= 16 (OR 1.97; 95 % CI 1.06-3.67) and HeartScore >/= 5 (OR 2.42; 95 % CI 1.41-4.14). We described a cardiac CT adapted Leaman score as a tool to quantify total (obstructive and nonobstructive) coronary atherosclerotic burden, reflecting the comprehensive information about localization, degree of stenosis and type of plaque provided by CCTA. Male sex, hypertension, diabetes, a HeartScore >/=5 % and a Morise score >/= 16 were associated with a high coronary atherosclerotic burden, as assessed by the CT-LeSc. About one fifth of the patients with nonobstructive CAD had a CT-LeSc in the highest tercile, and this could potentially lead to a reclassification of the risk profile of this subset of patients identified by CCTA, once the prognostic value of the CT-LeSc is validated. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors de Araujo Goncalves,P., Garcia-Garcia,H.M., Dores,H., Carvalho,M.S., Jeronimo Sousa,P., Marques,H., Ferreira,A., Cardim,N., Campante Teles,R., Raposo,L., Mesquita Gabriel,H., Sousa Almeida,M., Aleixo,A., Mota Carmo,M., Pereira Machado,F., Mendes,M. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20130501 PMCID Editors
Racial differences in the relationship between tobacco dependence and nicotine and carcinogen exposure	2013	Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-1220, USA.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Addiction (Abingdon, England) Periodical, Abbrev. Addiction Pub Date Free Form Mar Volume 108 Issue 3 Start Page 607 Other Pages 617 Notes LR: 20160330; CI: (c) 2012 The Authors, Addiction (c) 2012; GR: CA78603/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States; GR: DA02277/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States; GR: DA12393/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States; GR: R01 DA002277/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States; GR: R25 CA113710/CA Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1360-0443; 0965-2140 Accession Number PMID: 22971134 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; IM DOI 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2012.04077.x [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 22971134 Abstract AIMS: To investigate the relationships between tobacco dependence, biomarkers of nicotine and carcinogen exposure and biomarkers of nicotine and carcinogen exposure per cigarette in back and white smokers. DESIGN, SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: A total of 204 healthy black (n = 69) and white (n = 135) smokers were enrolled into two clinical studies. MEASUREMENT: Nicotine equivalents (nicotine and its metabolites), 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3)pyridyl-1-butanol (NNAL) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) metabolites were measured in urine. The Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND) and time to first cigarette (TFC) measured tobacco dependence. FINDINGS: Average TFC and FTND for blacks and whites were not significantly different. Urine NNAL and nicotine equivalents increased with increasing FTND in whites but did not increase in blacks (race x FTND interaction, both P 15 minutes; high dependence, TFC =15 minutes), FTND and TFC were not correlated significantly with urine nicotine equivalents and carcinogen exposure in blacks. We found moderate correlations between FTND and TFC and nicotine equivalents and carcinogen exposure among whites of low dependence and non-significant correlations among whites of high dependence. CONCLUSION: In the United States, tobacco dependence measures were related linearly to nicotine intake and carcinogen exposure in white but not in black smokers. The relationship between dependence measures and tobacco biomarkers in black smokers regardless of level of dependence resembled highly dependent white smokers. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Society for the Study of Addiction Data Source Authors St Helen,G., Dempsey,D., Wilson,M., Jacob,P.,3rd, Benowitz,N.L. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20121101 PMCID PMC3553231 Editors
Visual attention to health warnings on plain tobacco packaging in adolescent smokers and non-smokers	2013	School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK. olivia.maynard@bristol.ac.uk	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Addiction (Abingdon, England) Periodical, Abbrev. Addiction Pub Date Free Form Feb Volume 108 Issue 2 Start Page 413 Other Pages 419 Notes CI: (c) 2012 The Authors, Addiction (c) 2012; JID: 9304118; 7U1EE4V452 (Carbon Monoxide); 2012/04/11 [received]; 2012/05/16 [revised]; 2012/07/20 [accepted]; 2012/10/18 [aheadofprint]; ppublish Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1360-0443; 0965-2140 Accession Number PMID: 22882736 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Multicenter Study; IM DOI 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2012.04028.x [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 22882736 Abstract AIMS: Previous research with adults indicates that plain packaging increases visual attention to health warnings in adult non-smokers and weekly smokers, but not daily smokers. The present research extends this study to adolescents aged 14-19 years. DESIGN: Mixed-model experimental design, with smoking status as a between-subjects factor and pack type (branded or plain pack) and eye gaze location (health warning or branding) as within-subjects factors. SETTING: Three secondary schools in Bristol, UK. PARTICIPANTS: A convenience sample of adolescents comprising never-smokers (n = 26), experimenters (n = 34), weekly smokers (n = 13) and daily smokers (n = 14). MEASUREMENTS: Number of eye movements to health warnings and branding on plain and branded packs. FINDINGS: Analysis of variance, irrespective of smoking status revealed more eye movements to health warnings than branding on plain packs, but an equal number of eye movements to both regions on branded packs (P = 0.033). This was observed among experimenters (P Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Society for the Study of Addiction Data Source Authors Maynard,O.M., Munafo,M.R., Leonards,U. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20121018 PMCID Editors

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