WTS database

Title	Pub Year Sort ascending	Author	SearchLink
The sociodemographic pattern of tobacco cessation in the 1980s: results from a panel study of living condition surveys in Sweden	1996	Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Sundbyberg, Sweden.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Journal of epidemiology and community health Periodical, Abbrev. J.Epidemiol.Community Health Pub Date Free Form Dec Volume 50 Issue 6 Start Page 625 Other Pages 630 Notes LR: 20130918; JID: 7909766; OID: NLM: PMC1060378; ppublish Place of Publication ENGLAND ISSN/ISBN 0143-005X; 0143-005X Accession Number PMID: 9039380 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; IM DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 9039380 Abstract STUDY OBJECTIVES: To analyse the factors that determined whether or not people were successful in quitting tobacco during the 1980s in Sweden. DESIGN: A logistic regression model was used for the analyses and included: education, marital status, socioeconomic group, social network, physical activities, cigarette consumption, and years spent smoking as independent variables. Men and women were analysed separately for smoking. A specific univariate analysis was also performed for men who used snuff. SETTING: Sweden. PARTICIPANTS: A panel of 5104 randomised people aged 16-84 years was interviewed in 1980-81 and followed up in 1988-89 in the survey of living conditions undertaken by Statistics Sweden. The participation rate was 86%. The panel included 1546 men and women who were daily smokers. There were 418 daily users of snuff among the men, and 129 men both smoked and used snuff. MAIN RESULTS: Together 26% of women and 23% of men had quit smoking. Five percent in both groups were new smokers. Among men, 26% had quit using snuff and 5% had begun smoking. New snuff users among men were 5%. In the multivariate analysis, unmarried men kept smoking at significantly higher rates (OR 2.1; 95% CI 1.2,3.6), as did those men who smoked 11-20 cigarettes/day (OR 2.2; 95% CI 1.5, 3.4), or more than 20 cigarettes/day (OR 2.8; 95% CI 1.4,5.7). Among women, smoking 11-20 cigarettes/day was also a significant factor (OR 3.3; 95% CI 2.1,5.0). Men and women aged 25-44 were significantly more likely to continue smoking (OR = 2.1; 95% CI 1.1,3.7, and 2.2; 95% CI 1.2,4.4) as were those who had smoked for 20 years or more (OR 4.7; 95% CI 2.0,10.8 and OR 2.5; 95% CI 1.1,5.5, respectively). For women, low education (up to grade 9) was also a significant factor (OR = 2.5; 95% CI 1.2,5.1). Among men who had quit using snuff we did not find any values of significance. CONCLUSIONS: One in four smokers had quit during the 1980s and a few started smoking (5%). Some men quit smoking and started using snuff instead. For both sexes, the daily consumption of cigarettes, years spent smoking, and age were the most important determinants of successful quitting. In men, being married/ cohabiting was an important factor as was higher education in women. Descriptors Adolescent, Adult, Age Factors, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Logistic Models, Male, Middle Aged, Multivariate Analysis, Plants, Toxic, Sex Factors, Smoking/epidemiology, Smoking Cessation, Socioeconomic Factors, Sweden/epidemiology, Time Factors, Tobacco, Smokeless Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Tillgren,P., Haglund,B. J., Lundberg,M., Romelsjo,A. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID PMC1060378 Editors
Managing electromagnetic fields from residential electrode grounding systems: a predecision analysis.	1996	von Winterfeldt, D., University of Southern California, Institute of Safety and Systems Management, University Park, Los Angeles, USA.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Bioelectromagnetics Periodical, Abbrev. Bioelectromagnetics Pub Date Free Form / Volume 17 Issue 2 Start Page 71 Other Pages 84 Notes Place of Publication ISSN/ISBN 0197-8462 Accession Number Language SubFile DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID Abstract Several epidemiological studies have linked exposure to electromagnetic fields (EMFs) with health effects, including leukemia and brain cancer, but the research is still inconclusive. In particular, no clear causal mechanism has been identified by which EMFs may promote cancers. Nevertheless, the concerns raised by the positive epidemiological studies have led to increasing efforts to reduce EMFs from a number of sources. One source of EMFs are home grounding systems that are connected through water pipes in homes to water mains. This paper analyzes whether home owners who are concerned about electromagnetic fields exposure from home grounding systems should take any action to reduce fields. Assuming that the grounding system produces elevated magnetic fields (e.g., 2-3 mG or higher), this study investigates several readily available alternatives and evaluates them with respect to five criteria: risk reduction, cost, fire risk increase, worker risk, and electrical shock risk. Because of the lack of conclusive evidence about an EMF-cancer relationship, this study uses a parameterized approach that makes conditional estimates of health risk depending on future research outcomes and on the nature of the EMF/health effects relationship. This type of analysis, which is called predecision analysis because of its preliminary nature, is therefore highly dependent on a set of assumptions. Nevertheless, this predecision analysis had some fairly clear results. First, waiting for more research or taking a fairly inexpensive corrective action (insulating the water pipe to reduce ground current flow) seem to be the main contenders for the best decision for many different assumptions and parameters. Second, the choice between these two actions is very sensitive to variations in assumptions and parameters. Homeowners who accept the base-case assumptions and parameters of this study should prefer to wait. If any of the base-case parameters are changed to more pessimistic estimates or if psychological concerns (like worry and regret) are considered, then the best action is to insulate the pipe to reduce the current flow through the water pipes. Descriptors article, building material, decision support system, electric injury, electricity, electrode, electromagnetic field, fire, housing, human, leukemia, probability, risk factor, sanitation, sensitivity and specificity Links Book Title Database MEDLINE Publisher Data Source Embase Authors von Winterfeldt,D., Trauger,T. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Smoking habits and risk of fatal stroke: 18 years follow up of the Oslo Study	1996	Life Insurance Companies Institute of Medical Statistics, Oslo, Norway.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Journal of epidemiology and community health Periodical, Abbrev. J.Epidemiol.Community Health Pub Date Free Form Dec Volume 50 Issue 6 Start Page 621 Other Pages 624 Notes LR: 20130918; JID: 7909766; 0 (Blood Glucose); OID: NLM: PMC1060377; ppublish Place of Publication ENGLAND ISSN/ISBN 0143-005X; 0143-005X Accession Number PMID: 9039379 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; IM DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 9039379 Abstract STUDY OBJECTIVE: To examine the risk of fatal stroke in relation to smoking habits in men screened for the Oslo study. DESIGN: The Oslo study is a prospective, cohort study of the epidemiology and preventive aspects of cardiovascular diseases in middle aged men. Screening started in May 1972 and results after 18 years of follow up are reported. PARTICIPANTS: There were 16209 men aged 40-49 years, of whom 16173 had no stroke history. Eighty five men died from stroke, of whom 48 were daily cigarettes smokers, 7 were pipe and cigar smokers, 15 smoked cigarettes and pipe or cigars daily, 11 were previous cigarette smokers, and 4 had never smoked cigarettes. MAIN RESULTS: Results of proportional hazards regression analysis adjusted for age, diastolic blood pressure, and glucose concentration showed the following rate ratios (RR) (95% confidence interval) of smoking groups compared with those who had never smoked or had previously smoked: combined cigarette and cigar or pipe smokers, RR = 6.1 (3.0, 12.5); cigarettes only, RR = 4.1 (2.3,7.4); and pipe and/or cigars only RR = 2.2 (0.9,5.5). The overall, age adjusted risk of smoking cigarettes daily was 3.5 and was found to increase with increasing cigarette consumption. Regardless of their smoking group, stroke cases had increased diastolic (DBP) and systolic blood pressure (SBP) when compared with men who had not had a stroke. The absolute differences in DBP and SBP between stroke cases and others for never and previous cigarette smokers versus daily smokers were twice as large: DBP, 12.1 mmHg versus 6.5 mmHg respectively and SBP, 16.0 mmHg versus 7.1 mmHg respectively. A high BMI increased the risk of fatal stroke of never and previous cigarette smokers. Men being treated for hypertension at the time of screening had three times the crude risk of fatal stroke of men who were not taking hypertensive treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Daily cigarette smoking increased the risk of fatal stroke three and a half times. Combined cigarette and pipe or cigar smoking had a higher risk than smoking cigarettes only. An increased risk was found in relation to increased daily cigarette consumption. Descriptors Adult, Blood Glucose, Blood Pressure, Body Mass Index, Cerebrovascular Disorders/etiology/mortality, Cohort Studies, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Norway/epidemiology, Prospective Studies, Regression Analysis, Smoking/adverse effects, Survival Rate Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Haheim,L. L., Holme,I., Hjermann,I., Leren,P. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID PMC1060377 Editors
Sustainability of a water, sanitation and hygiene education project in rural Bangladesh: a 5-year follow-up	1996	Environmental Health Programme, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (ICDDR,B), Dhaka, Bangladesh.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Bulletin of the World Health Organization Periodical, Abbrev. Bull.World Health Organ. Pub Date Free Form Volume 74 Issue 4 Start Page 431 Other Pages 437 Notes LR: 20130919; JID: 7507052; OID: NLM: PMC2486877; OID: PIP: 127290; OID: POP: 00268484; OTO: PIP; GN: PIP: TJ: BULLETIN OF THE WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION.; ppublish Place of Publication SWITZERLAND ISSN/ISBN 0042-9686; 0042-9686 Accession Number PMID: 8823966 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM; J DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 8823966 Abstract An integrated water supply, sanitation and hygiene (WSH) education intervention project was run by the International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, over the period 1983-87. In the intervention area the project provided handpumps, pit latrines, and hygiene education to about 800 households. The control population did not receive any interventions, but had access to the usual government and private WSH facilities. After 1987 no external support was provided to maintain these provisions. A cross-sectional follow-up survey, which was carried out in 1992, involved about 500 randomly selected households from the intervention and control areas. In 1992 about 82% of the pumps were still in good functional condition and of these, 94% had been functioning well in 1987. Fewer latrines were functional in 1992 (64%) than at the end of 1987 (93%). In the former intervention area about 84% of the adults were using sanitary latrines in 1992 compared with only 7% in the control area. Knowledge related to disease transmission, however, was poor and similar in both areas. People claimed that they used the WSH facilities to improve the quality of their lives. The prevalence of diarrhoeal diseases in the 1992 survey among the control population was about twice that among those in the intervention area.; PIP: This study presents the findings of a 1992 follow-up survey to determine the behavioral and health benefits of the Mirzapur Handpump Project during 1984-92. The project was part of an integrated water supply, sanitation, and hygiene (WSH) education intervention project run by the International Center for Diarrheal Disease Research in Bangladesh. The project was implemented during 1984-87 in five villages in Mirzapur subdistrict among 880 households with 148 improved handpumps, one twin pit latrine for almost every household, and extensive hygiene education. The control area included 750 households with about 42 handpumps. Local women participated in selecting installation sites, maintaining tubewells and latrines, and collecting data. The last program repairs were made in 1987. Findings from the 1992 survey reveal that the percentage of working pumps declined from 100% to 82% during 1987-92. 75% of respondents believed that maintenance was shared by users. The remaining 25% in the intervention area and all in the control area claimed that repair was taken care of by the owners. 84% used tubewell water because of the improved quality. Use of sanitary latrines was the same over time. Use was 83% in the intervention area and only 8% in the control area. There was a decline in the percentage of proper functioning latrines from 98% in 1987 to 64% in 1993. Hygiene practices remained poor in 1993, but still higher than in the control area. Knowledge of the transmission of diarrhea was poor in 1992 and similar in control and intervention areas. Diarrheal morbidity in the previous 24 hours was significantly lower in the intervention area. Findings indicate improvement in health practices but little understanding of WSH practices and improved health. The monitoring measures were useful in determining project sustainability. Descriptors Adolescent, Adult, Cross-Sectional Studies, Diarrhea/prevention & control, Female, Health Education, Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice, Humans, Hygiene/standards, Male, Quality of Life, Sampling Studies, Sanitation/standards, Water Supply/standards, Asia, Bangladesh, Demographic Factors, Developing Countries, Education, Environment, Follow-up Studies, Health, Hygiene, Natural Resources, Organization And Administration, Population, Population Characteristics, Population Education, Program Evaluation, Program Sustainability, Programs, Public Health, Research Methodology, Research Report, Rural Population, Sanitation, Southern Asia, Studies, Surveys, Water Supply Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Hoque,B. A., Juncker,T., Sack,R. B., Ali,M., Aziz,K. M. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID PMC2486877 Editors
Assessment of air quality in Stockholm by personal monitoring of nonsmokers for respirable suspended particles and environmental tobacco smoke	1996	Corning Hazleton (Europe), Harrogate North Yorkshire, England.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Scandinavian journal of work, environment & health Periodical, Abbrev. Scand.J.Work Environ.Health Pub Date Free Form Volume 22 Suppl 1 Issue Start Page 1 Other Pages 24 Notes LR: 20131121; JID: 7511540; 0 (Air Pollutants); 0 (Tobacco Smoke Pollution); K5161X06LL (Cotinine); ppublish Place of Publication FINLAND ISSN/ISBN 0355-3140; 0355-3140 Accession Number PMID: 8817762 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI 125 [pii] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 8817762 Abstract Exposure to respirable suspended particles (RSP) from all sources and environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) was assessed for 190 nonsmokers in Stockholm during 1994. Each subject wore a personal monitor for 24-h, provided saliva samples for cotinine analysis, and completed a detailed questionnaire about air quality and life-style. The subjects consisted of housewives and househusbands in one main group and working men and women in the second. The housewives and househusbands wore a single monitor throughout the 24-h period and the working subjects wore one monitor at work and a separate monitor while not at work. The geodemographic distribution of the recruited subjects accurately reflected the population of Stockholm. For most of the subjects, exposure to ETS and nicotine was at or below the limits of quantification (LOQ). This finding was supported by the fact that about 80% of the recruited subjects claimed that their exposure to ETS was "none" or "low". The concentration of RSP was found to be highest (median 39 micrograms.m-3) in homes where smoking occurred and below the LOQ in the workplace irrespective of its smoking status. These levels are at the lowest end of typical indoor air levels for RSP. For the housewives and househusbands living in smoking homes (nonsmoking homes in parentheses), the median exposure levels were 39 micrograms.m-3 (18 micrograms.m-3) for RSP, 17 micrograms . m-3 (0.12 micrograms . m-3) for ETS particles, and 1.1 micrograms.m-3 (0.05 micrograms.m-3) for nicotine. Both the pre- and postmonitoring continine saliva levels measured for these housewives and househusbands were 2.9 ng.ml-1 (pre-0.56 ng.ml-1, post-0.41 ng.ml-1). The highest exposure levels were recorded for the housewives and househusbands in the age range of 35-49 years. For the working subjects, the exposure measured in smoking workplaces (nonsmoking workplaces in parentheses) gave median levels of 16 micrograms.m-3 (16 micrograms.m-3) for RSP, 1.1 micrograms.m-3) for ETS particles and 0.2 micrograms.m-3 (0.15 microgram.m-3) for nicotine. Similarly measured exposures at home (nonsmoking homes in parentheses), including all other locations outside the workplace, gave median levels of 24 micrograms.m-3 (19 micrograms.m-3) for RSP, 1.4 micrograms. m-3 (0.2 microgram.m-3) for ETS particles, and 0.15 microgram.m-3 (0.07 microgram.m-3) for nicotine. Overall, the exposure levels of ETS due to living with smokers in Stockholm was found to be much lower than similar exposures measured previously in the United Kingdom and the United States. Over 70% of all the nicotine measurements and 60% of all the ETS measurements were below the LOQ. When the median values for nicotine and ETS particles are converted to cigarette equivalents, Stockholm housewives and househusbands living with smokers would receive 6-9 cigarette equivalents per year, working nonsmokers living with smokers would receive 0.6-0.7 cigarette equivalents at home, and nonsmokers working with smokers would be exposed to 0.1-0.2 cigarette equivalent at work. The exposures were therefore up to six times greater at home than in workplaces where smoking was occurring. Although all the subjects were recruited as nonsmokers on the basis of their self-reported nonsmoking status, saliva continine measurements were used for confirmation. Subjects with continine levels below 25 ng.ml-1 were considered to be nonsmokers although the selection of a threshold level within the range of 10-50 ng.ml-1 was not considered to be critical. With a threshold of 25 ng.ml-1, between 2.7% and 5.3% were later shown to be misclassified as nonsmokers, depending on the definition of misclassification used. During the study period the air quality in Stockholm could be described according a British nomenclature as "very good" for the majority of the time. The daily average at no time fell below "good," and the maximum hourly nitrogen dioxide level was 111 micrograms.m-3 (inner c Descriptors Adult, Aged, Air Pollutants/analysis, Air Pollution, Indoor/analysis/statistics & numerical data, Cotinine/analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Saliva/chemistry, Sweden, Tobacco Smoke Pollution/statistics & numerical data Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Phillips,K., Bentley,M. C., Howard,D. A., Alvan,G. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Groundwater as source of contamination for water supply in rapidly growing megacities of Asia: Case of Karachi, Pakistan	1996	Rahman, A.-U., Department of Geography, National University of Singapore, Kent Ridge 0511, Singapore	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Generic Periodical, Full Water Science and Technology Periodical, Abbrev. WATER SCI. TECHNOL. Pub Date Free Form 1996/ Volume 34 Issue 7-8 -8 pt 4 Start Page 285 Other Pages 292 Notes Place of Publication ISSN/ISBN 0273-1223 Accession Number Language SubFile DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID Abstract The development of essential services including water and sanitation in many megacities of the economically developing countries of Asia cannot keep pace with their rapidly growing population and accompanying urban and industrial development. The inadequate water supply and poor sanitation services lead to contamination of their water supply through the input of sewage water into groundwater. This paper examines the problem of contamination of water supply in Karachi, the largest city in Pakistan with a population of over 12 million and growing at 6 percent per annum. The paper presents the data on water quality from various sources, mainly municipal water supply, vendors and well water; the three major sources of water for domestic use in Karachi. Except municipal water from some areas and during certain periods, water from most other sources contains coliform bacteria, and in many cases faecal coliform, in amounts several magnitudes higher than any standards permit. Many samples have also been found to contain heavy metals including chromium, lead, nickel and arsenic in amounts excessive of permitted standards. The probable sources of contaminants for the various types of water (piped, vendors, wells) indicate that groundwater may be the main contributor. The very source of this groundwater is predominantly from sewage. The paper also evaluates the solutions that are being practised, proposed or may be feasible, as well as those that are evolving. Descriptors arsenic, chromium, drinking water, ground water, heavy metal, lead, nickel, coliform bacterium, conference paper, developing country, Pakistan, sanitation, sewage, water contamination, water quality, water supply Links Book Title Database Embase Publisher Data Source Embase Authors Rahman,A. -U Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Smoking behaviour and attitudes among adult Saudi nationals in Riyadh City, Saudi Arabia	1996	Department of Community Health Sciences, College Of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Tobacco control Periodical, Abbrev. Tob.Control Pub Date Free Form Autumn Volume 5 Issue 3 Start Page 215 Other Pages 219 Notes LR: 20081120; JID: 9209612; OID: NLM: PMC1759520; ppublish Place of Publication ENGLAND ISSN/ISBN 0964-4563; 0964-4563 Accession Number PMID: 9035357 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 9035357 Abstract OBJECTIVE: To measure the smoking behaviour and attitudes among Saudi adults residing in Riyadh City, the capital of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. DESIGN: Cross-sectional survey. SETTING AND SUBJECTS: Primary health care centres (PHCCs) in Riyadh City were selected by stratified random sampling. Subjects resident in each PHCC catchment area were selected by systematic sampling from their records in the PHCCs; 1534 adults aged 15 years and older were interviewed during January to April 1994. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Self-reported smoking prevalence; age of smoking initiation; daily cigarette consumption; duration of smoking; reasons for smoking, not smoking, and quitting smoking; intentions to smoke in the future; and attitudes toward various tobacco control measures. RESULTS: 25.3% of respondents were current smokers, 10.2% were ex-smokers, and 64.5% had never smoked. About 79% of all smokers started smoking between the ages of 15 and 30 years, and 19.5% before age 15. Significantly higher smoking prevalence and daily cigarette consumption were associated with being male, single, and being more highly educated. Relief of psychological tension, boredom, and imitating others were the most important reasons for smoking, whereas health and religious considerations were the most important reasons for not smoking among never-smokers, for quitting among ex-smokers, and for attempting to quit or thinking about quitting among current smokers. About 90% of all subjects thought that they would not smoke in the future. Physicians and religious men were identified as the most effective anti-smoking advocates by a much higher proportion of respondents (44%) than nurses, health educators, and teachers (each less than 5%). Health and religious education were generally cited as more effective in deterring smoking than tobacco control laws and policies. CONCLUSIONS: Cigarette smoking is prevalent among Saudi adults in Riyadh, particularly males, most of whom begin to smoke rather early in life and continue for many years. Health and religious education should be the cornerstone for any organised tobacco control activities, which are urgently needed to combat the expected future epidemic of smoking-related health problems. Descriptors Adolescent, Adult, Age of Onset, Attitude to Health, Female, Humans, Incidence, Male, Middle Aged, Random Allocation, Saudi Arabia/epidemiology, Smoking/epidemiology/prevention & control Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Saeed,A. A., Khoja,T. A., Khan,S. B. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID PMC1759520 Editors
Regional distribution of lead in human milk from Egypt	1996	Saleh, M.A., Environ. Chemistry Toxicology Lab., Department of Chemistry, Texas Southern University, Houston, TX 77004, United States	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Chemosphere Periodical, Abbrev. Chemosphere Pub Date Free Form / Volume 32 Issue 9 Start Page 1859 Other Pages 1867 Notes Place of Publication ISSN/ISBN 0045-6535 Accession Number Language SubFile DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID Abstract Bioaccumulation of lead during chronic exposure and its mobilization and secretion with mother's milk constitute a serious health hazard to the newly born children. Lead levels in human breast milk of 120 Egyptian women representing 20 different governorates throughout Egypt were determined using a graphite furnace Atomic Absorption spectrometer. According to the daily permissible intake (DPI) value established by the WHO of 5.0 Î¼g/kg/d in mother's milk, the mean values of lead were around the permissible level in most of the Egyptian govemorates. However, lead levels in mother's milk from Alexandria, Assiut and Cairo were significantly higher than the permissible value. Higher lead levels in mother's milk from these governorates may be attributed to heavy automobile traffic using leaded gasoline in addition to the use of lead water pipelines in these areas. Descriptors lead, article, atomic absorption spectrometry, bioaccumulation, breast milk, Egypt, exhaust gas, geographic distribution, health hazard, human, long term exposure, maximum permissible dose, pipeline, traffic, urban area Links Book Title Database Embase; MEDLINE Publisher Data Source Embase Authors Saleh,M. A., Ragab,A. A., Kamel,A., Jones,J., El-Sebae,A. K. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Environmental tobacco smoke, wheezing, and asthma in children in 24 communities	1996	Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine Periodical, Abbrev. Am.J.Respir.Crit.Care Med. Pub Date Free Form Jan Volume 153 Issue 1 Start Page 218 Other Pages 224 Notes LR: 20071114; GR: ES-0002/ES/NIEHS NIH HHS/United States; GR: ES-04595/ES/NIEHS NIH HHS/United States; GR: ES-07069/ES/NIEHS NIH HHS/United States; JID: 9421642; 0 (Tobacco Smoke Pollution); ppublish Place of Publication UNITED STATES ISSN/ISBN 1073-449X; 1073-449X Accession Number PMID: 8542119 Language eng SubFile Comparative Study; Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.; AIM; IM DOI 10.1164/ajrccm.153.1.8542119 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 8542119 Abstract The association of exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) at home with asthma and several measures of wheeze was examined among 11,534 children aged 8 to 11 yr in 24 communities in the United States and Canada in 1988 through 1990. Information on the child's respiratory symptoms in the past year and history of exposure to ETS was provided by the child's mother on a questionnaire. After adjusting for potential confounders, children currently exposed to ETS were at greater risk of wheezing with colds (odds ratio [OR] = 1.7; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 1.4 to 1.9), going to a hospital emergency room for wheeze (OR = 1.6; 95% CI, 1.2 to 2.2), and having persistent wheeze (OR = 1.4; 95% CI, 1.1 to 1.8). The relative odds of these symptoms increased with exposure level, and there was no evidence of a difference in the association with smoking by mother, father, or other adults. In contrast to wheeze symptoms, active doctor-diagnosed asthma and asthma medication use were not significantly associated with ETS exposure at home, possibly reflecting underdiagnosis of asthma, reporting bias, or smoking cessation by parents whose child is labeled asthmatic. We conclude that exposure to ETS is associated with wheezing symptoms, medical therapy for wheezing, and wheezing-related emergency department visits in U.S. and Canadian children. Descriptors Adult, Asthma/diagnosis/epidemiology/etiology, Canada/epidemiology, Child, Common Cold/etiology, Confidence Intervals, Emergencies, Female, Humans, Male, Odds Ratio, Respiratory Sounds, Risk Factors, Smoking/epidemiology, Smoking Cessation, Tobacco Smoke Pollution/adverse effects, United States/epidemiology Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Cunningham,J., O'Connor,G. T., Dockery,D. W., Speizer,F. E. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Medicinal plants of Cariris Velhos, Paraiba, Part II: Subclass Magnoliidae, Caryophyllidae, Dilleniidae and Rosidae	1996	De Fatima Agra, M., Lab. de Tecnologia Farmaceutica, Universidade Federal de Paraiba, 58.051-970 Joao Pessoa, PB, Brazil	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Revista Brasileira de Farmacia Periodical, Abbrev. REV.BRAS.FARM. Pub Date Free Form 1996/ Volume 77 Issue 3 Start Page 97 Other Pages 102 Notes Place of Publication ISSN/ISBN 0370-372X Accession Number Language SubFile DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID Abstract The present work is a ethnomedicinal survey of the plant species of the Rosidae, Dilleniidae, Caryophyllidae and Magnoliidae subclass found in the 'Cariris Velhos'. The information collected was obtained by interviewing the 'raizeiros' and vendors of medicinal plants, and also includes a bibliographic and herbaria (JPB, EAN, IPA) survey. The voucher specimens are deposited in the JPB Herbarium. A list of the 101 plant species and their ethnomedicinal uses are presented. The subclass Rosideae is predominant with 61 species, (ca. 60%). More popular references of several species including Amburana caerensis (Fr. Allemao) A.C. Smith., Ziziphus joazeiro Mart., Bauhinia cheilanta (Bong.) Steud., Myracrodruon urundeuva Fr. Allemao and Syderoxylon obtusifolium (Roemer and Schultes) Penn. are cited. Descriptors unindexed drug, article, ethnopharmacology, medicinal plant, phytochemistry, phytotherapy Links Book Title Plantas medicinais nos Cariris Velhos, Paraiba, Parte II: Subclasses Magnoliidae, Caryophyllidae, Dilleniidae e Rosidae Database Embase Publisher Data Source Embase Authors De Fatima Agra,M., Locatelli,E., Rocha,E. A., Baracho,G. S., Formiga,S. C. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors

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