WTS database

Title	Pub Year Sort ascending	Author	SearchLink
Most smokeless tobacco use is not a causal gateway to cigarettes: using order of product use to evaluate causation in a national US sample	2003	Department of Biobehavioral Health, Pennsylvania State University, PA, USA. ltk1@psu.edu	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Addiction (Abingdon, England) Periodical, Abbrev. Addiction Pub Date Free Form Aug Volume 98 Issue 8 Start Page 1077 Other Pages 1085 Notes LR: 20041117; JID: 9304118; CIN: Addiction. 2004 Feb;99(2):260-2; author reply 262-4. PMID: 14756720; ppublish Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 0965-2140; 0965-2140 Accession Number PMID: 12873242 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; IM DOI 460 [pii] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 12873242 Abstract AIMS: To evaluate non-causal and causal patterns of smokeless tobacco (SLT) and cigarette use; to assess the prevalence of 'non-gateway' and possible 'gateway' patterns of SLT use. DESIGN AND SETTING: Data from the Cancer Control Supplement to the 1987 National Health Interview Survey, a representative survey of non-institutionalized adults in the United States. From reported age at first use, participants were categorized by type and sequence of tobacco product use. SUDAAN 8.0.1 was used for statistical analyses. PARTICIPANTS: Males aged 18-34 (n = 3454), weighted to provide estimates of the US population. A subsample of males aged 23-34 (n = 2614) was analyzed to minimize the possibility of future product switching. MEASUREMENTS: Smoking status, smokeless tobacco (snuff, chewing tobacco, both) use status, age at regular use of cigarettes, age at first use of smokeless tobacco. FINDINGS: Of those 23-34-year-olds who had ever used SLT with or without cigarettes, 77.2% (95% CI: 71.3, 83.3) were classifiable as non-gateway users in that 35.0% (95% CI: 29.9, 40.1) had only used SLT and 42.2% (95% CI: 36.8, 47.7) had used cigarettes first. Cigarette use in younger cohorts was less common, despite increased SLT use. Those who used cigarettes before moist snuff were 2.1 times more likely to have quit smoking (95% CI 1.21,6.39) than cigarette-only users. CONCLUSIONS: The large majority of SLT users are non-gateway users. Causal gateway effects should be of minor concern for policy. SLT may be more likely to prevent smoking than cause it. Descriptors Adolescent, Adult, Cohort Studies, Humans, Male, Smoking/psychology, Smoking Cessation/psychology, Sweden, Tobacco Use Disorder/etiology, Tobacco, Smokeless, United States Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Kozlowski,L. T., O'Connor,R. J., Edwards,B. Q., Flaherty,B. P. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Characteristics of users of cigars, bidis, and kreteks and the relationship to cigarette use	2003	Social Science Research and Evaluation, Inc., Brookline, MA 02446, USA. ssoldz@bgsp.edu	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Preventive medicine Periodical, Abbrev. Prev.Med. Pub Date Free Form Sep Volume 37 Issue 3 Start Page 250 Other Pages 258 Notes LR: 20151119; JID: 0322116; ppublish Place of Publication United States ISSN/ISBN 0091-7435; 0091-7435 Accession Number PMID: 12914831 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.; IM DOI S009174350300121X [pii] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 12914831 Abstract BACKGROUND: In the 1990s, youth use of alternative tobacco products including cigars, bidis, and kreteks increased. This article discusses the prevalence of youth use of cigars, bidis, and kreteks, and characteristics of users. METHODS: The Cigar Use Reasons Evaluation (CURE)-a questionnaire assessing alternative tobacco use and associated attitudes and behaviors-was administered to middle and high school students from 12 school districts across Massachusetts. RESULTS: Males were more likely to use all forms of alternative tobacco and females more likely to smoke cigarettes. Hispanics were less likely to smoke kreteks or use smokeless tobacco. Urban students were more likely to smoke bidis or use smokeless tobacco than suburban or rural youth. Most smokeless and alternative tobacco users were lifetime cigarette smokers. There was, however, a significant group of cigar smokers, associated with higher parental education, who were not current cigarette smokers. CONCLUSIONS: Use of alternative tobacco poses a risk to the success of tobacco control efforts. While many alternative tobacco users smoke cigarettes, some alternative tobacco users are current cigarette smokers. Cigar use thus constitutes a potential serious risk for youth who otherwise might not be exposed to tobacco. Descriptors Adolescent, Age Factors, Female, Humans, Male, Massachusetts/epidemiology, Multivariate Analysis, Prevalence, Sex Factors, Smoking/epidemiology/ethnology, Surveys and Questionnaires, Syzygium Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Soldz,S., Huyser,D. J., Dorsey,E. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Influence of an optically thick water layer on the bond-strength of composite resin to dental enamel after IR laser ablation	2003	Department of Preventive and Restorative Dental Sciences, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143-0758, USA.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Lasers in surgery and medicine Periodical, Abbrev. Lasers Surg.Med. Pub Date Free Form Volume 33 Issue 4 Start Page 264 Other Pages 269 Notes LR: 20141120; CI: Copyright 2003; GR: 1R01 DE 14554/DE/NIDCR NIH HHS/United States; JID: 8007168; 0 (Composite Resins); 059QF0KO0R (Water); ppublish Place of Publication United States ISSN/ISBN 0196-8092; 0196-8092 Accession Number PMID: 14571452 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.; IM DOI 10.1002/lsm.10229 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 14571452 Abstract BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Several studies of hard tissue ablation with Er:YAG lasers have shown that the addition of an optically thick water layer ( approximately 1 mm) added to the surface of dental enamel before each incident laser pulse, profoundly influences the rate and efficiency of ablation and the resulting surface morphology. The objective of this study was the determination of laser parameters which result in clinically useful bond strengths without the need for phosphoric acid etching. The hypothesis to be tested was that laser irradiation through a relatively thick layer of water would result in a surface to which composite could be bonded with bond strength similar to surfaces etched with phosphoric acid. This hypothesis is predicated on the assumption that the water prevents the formation of non-apatite calcium phosphate phases on the enamel surface. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this study, a calibrated syringe pump and a motion control system were used to uniformly treat flat enamel surfaces using free-running Er:YAG laser pulses with and without water, and 9.6 mum CO(2) laser pulses on a dry surface for comparison. The rate of water delivery that resulted in the most efficient ablation was determined by profiling the resulting laser incisions using optical coherence tomography. In addition, enamel surfaces of 5 x 5 mm(2) were uniformly treated and the resulting surface morphology was examined using synchrotron radiation-fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (SR-FTIR), and optical and electron microscopy. The influence of the modified surface morphology on the adhesion of composite resin was investigated. RESULTS: The shear-bond strength of composite bonded to enamel surfaces irradiated at intensities clinically relevant for caries removal approached values measured for conventional acid etching when the water delivery rate was optimized. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates that composite restorative materials can be directly bonded to laser prepared surfaces without the necessity of further surface preparation and acid etching and that the addition of a thick water layer ( approximately 1 mm) prevents the formation of undesirable CaP phases that compromise adhesion to restorative materials. 2003. Descriptors Animals, Biomechanical Phenomena, Cattle, Composite Resins/radiation effects, Dental Bonding, Dental Enamel/radiation effects, In Vitro Techniques, Lasers, Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared, Water Links Book Title Database Publisher Wiley-Liss, Inc Data Source Authors Staninec,M., Xie,J., Le,C. Q., Fried,D. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
On-line monitoring of biofilm formation in a brewery water pipeline system with a fibre optical device	2003	Tamachkiarow, A., Institute for Interfacial Biotechnol, University of Duisburg, D-47057 Duisburg, Germany	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Generic Periodical, Full Water Science and Technology Periodical, Abbrev. Water Sci. Technol. Pub Date Free Form 2003/ Volume 47 Issue 5 Start Page 19 Other Pages 24 Notes Place of Publication ISSN/ISBN 0273-1223 Accession Number Language SubFile DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID Abstract Any advanced anti-fouling strategy must be based on early warning systems which allow for timely, precisely directed and optimized countermeasures. Such systems must be able to detect biofilm growth on representative surfaces. In order to meet this requirement, a fibre optical device (FOS) has been developed. It is based on light which is scattered by objects deposited on the tip of an optical fibre. A receiving fibre collects the signal and forwards it to a detection and quantification unit. Both the sending and the receiving fibre are mounted in a measuring head which is integrated evenly on the inner surface of a water pipeline at representative sites. This device was applied to a water system of a brewery in order to put its reliability to test under practical conditions. The FOS detected the build-up of a deposit which was identified independently as consisting of microorganisms, i.e., a biofilm. A stable, well detectable and reproducible signal could be obtained above a colonization of 105 cells cm-2. Adjustment of the sensitivity of the amplifier allowed for detection of biofilms up to 1010 cells cm-2. Cleaning countermeasures could be detected clearly by a decrease of backscattered light intensity. The system proved to be suitable for on-line, non-destructive, real-time and automatic monitoring for a period of almost two years, and thus, provides an important constituent for an advanced anti-fouling strategy. Descriptors amplifier, bacterial colonization, biofilm, cleaning, conference paper, fiber optic biosensor, light intensity, light scattering, microorganism detection, nonhuman, online monitoring, pipeline, reliability, reproducibility, sensitivity and specificity, signal processing Links Book Title Database Embase; MEDLINE Publisher Data Source Embase Authors Tamachkiarow,A., Flemming,H. -C Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
A recent outbreak of cholera due to Vibrio cholerae O1 Ogawa in & around Chandigarh, North India	2003	Sharma, M., Department of Medical Microbiology, Postgrad. Inst. of Med. Educ./Res., Chandigarh 160012, India	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Indian Journal of Medical Research Periodical, Abbrev. Indian J.Med.Res. Pub Date Free Form / Volume 117 Issue JUNE Start Page 243 Other Pages 246 Notes Place of Publication ISSN/ISBN 0971-5916 Accession Number Language SubFile DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID Abstract An outbreak of cholera caused by Vibrio cholerae O1 Ogawa occurred in and around Chandigarh during July 22-31, 2002. Of the 303 patients admitted to two hospitals, 82 were confirmed by culture. Two rehabilitation colonies located at the periphery of Chandigarh were mainly affected. The isolates were biotyped as Eltor and were susceptible to many antibiotics. Thirty one (35.2%) of 88 water samples showed evidence of faecal contamination. The survey of the area revealed sewage contamination of the drinking water supply. The outbreak was controlled by providing safe drinking water to the people and correcting the defects in the sewage and water pipelines. Descriptors amoxicillin, antibiotic agent, cefalexin, cefotaxime, chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, cotrimoxazole, doxycycline, furazolidone, gentamicin, nalidixic acid, tetracycline, adolescent, adult, antibiotic resistance, antibiotic sensitivity, article, bacterial strain, bacterium colony, bacterium contamination, bacterium culture, bacterium isolate, child, cholera, controlled study, dehydration, diarrhea, epidemic, feces culture, female, hospital admission, human, in vitro study, India, major clinical study, male, nonhuman, oral rehydration therapy, pipeline, safety, sewage disposal, Vibrio cholerae, vomiting, water supply Links Book Title Database Embase; MEDLINE Publisher Data Source Embase Authors Taneja,N., Kaur,J., Sharma,K., Singh,M., Kalra,J. K., Sharma,N. M., Sharma,M. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Is use of smokeless tobacco a risk factor for cigarette smoking? The U.S. experience	2003	University of Florida College of Dentistry, Division of Public Health Services and Research, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA. stomar@dental.ufl.edu	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco Periodical, Abbrev. Nicotine Tob.Res. Pub Date Free Form Aug Volume 5 Issue 4 Start Page 561 Other Pages 569 Notes LR: 20041117; JID: 9815751; CIN: Nicotine Tob Res. 2003 Aug;5(4):535-43. PMID: 12959791; ppublish Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1462-2203; 1462-2203 Accession Number PMID: 12959794 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; IM DOI JN4WYKHFM8W793FV [pii] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 12959794 Abstract Some researchers are promoting the use of smokeless tobacco as safer than cigarette smoking and as a possible method for quitting smoking, but smokeless tobacco might be a gateway drug that leads to smoking, and the availability and marketing of smokeless tobacco may keep smokers from quitting. This study assessed 4-year initiation rates of smokeless tobacco use and cigarette smoking in relation to each other and examined switching between the products. Data were from the 1989 Teenage Attitudes and Practices Survey and its 1993 follow-up study, comprising a nationally representative U.S. cohort of 7,960 people aged 11-19 years at baseline. Analyses were limited to males with complete data on smoking and smokeless tobacco use at both interviews (n=3,996). Young males who were not smokers in 1989 but regularly used smokeless tobacco were more than three times as likely as never users to be current smokers 4 years later (23.9% vs. 7.6%), adjusted OR=3.45 (95% CI=1.84-6.47). In contrast, 2.4% of current smokers and 1.5% of never smokers at baseline became current regular smokeless tobacco users by follow-up. More than 80% of baseline current smokers were still smokers 4 years later, and more than 40% of baseline current regular smokeless tobacco users became smokers either in addition to or in place of smokeless tobacco use. It appears that smokeless tobacco may be a starter product for subsequent smoking among young U.S. males but may have little effect on quitting smoking. Descriptors Adolescent, Adolescent Behavior, Adult, Attitude, Child, Cohort Studies, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Health Surveys, Humans, Male, Odds Ratio, Risk Factors, Sex Factors, Smoking/psychology, Smoking Cessation/psychology, Tobacco, Smokeless, United States Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Tomar,S. L. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Bond strengths of porcelain laminate veneers to tooth surfaces prepared with acid and Er,Cr:YSGG laser etching	2003	Department of Prosthodontics, Selcuk University, Konya, Turkey. asli_u@hotmail.com	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full The Journal of prosthetic dentistry Periodical, Abbrev. J.Prosthet.Dent. Pub Date Free Form Jul Volume 90 Issue 1 Start Page 24 Other Pages 30 Notes LR: 20121115; JID: 0376364; 0 (Aluminum Silicates); 0 (IPS-Empress ceramic); 0 (Maleates); 0 (Phosphoric Acids); 0 (Resin Cements); 12001-21-7 (Dental Porcelain); 179240-22-3 (Variolink); 91XW058U2C (maleic acid); ppublish Place of Publication United States ISSN/ISBN 0022-3913; 0022-3913 Accession Number PMID: 12869971 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; D; IM DOI 10.1016/S002239130300235X [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 12869971 Abstract STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: The erbium, chromium: yttrium, scandium, gallium, garnet (Er,Cr:YSGG) hydrokinetic laser system has been successful in the ablation of dental tissues. It has been reported that this system is also useful for preparing tooth surfaces for adhesion, but results to date have been controversial. PURPOSE: This in vitro study evaluated the bond strengths of porcelain laminate veneers to tooth surfaces after etching with acid and Er,Cr:YSGG laser conditioning. Material and method Forty extracted caries- and restoration-free human maxillary central incisors were used. The teeth were sectioned 2 mm below the cementoenamel junction. The crowns were embedded in autopolymerizing acrylic resin with the labial surfaces facing up. The labial surfaces were prepared with.05 mm reduction to receive porcelain veneers. The teeth were divided into 4 groups of 10 specimens. Thirty specimens received 1 of the following surface treatments before the bonding of IPS Empress 2 laminate veneers: (1) laser radiation from an Er,Cr:YSGG laser unit; (2) 37% orthophosphoric acid; and (3) 10% maleic acid. Ten specimens received no surface treatment and served as the control group. The veneers were bonded with dual-polymerizing resin, Variolink II. One microtensile specimen from each of the cervical and incisal thirds measuring 1.2 x 1.2 mm was prepared with a slow-speed diamond saw sectioning machine with a diamond-rim blade. These specimens were attached to opposing arms of the microtensile testing device with cyanoacrylate adhesive and fractured under tension at a crosshead speed of 1 mm/min, and the maximum load at fracture (Kg) was recorded. The data were analyzed with a 2-way analysis of variance and Tukey HSD tests (alpha=.05). RESULTS: No statistically significant differences were found among the bond strengths of veneers bonded to tooth surfaces etched with Er,Cr:YSGG laser (12.1 +/- 4.4 MPa), 37% orthophosphoric acid (13 +/- 6.5 MPa), and 10% maleic acid (10.6 +/- 5.6 MPa). The control group demonstrated the lowest bond strength values in all test groups. Statistically significant differences were found between the bond strengths of cervical and incisal sections (P<.001). CONCLUSION: In vitro microtensile bond strengths of porcelain laminate veneers bonded to tooth surfaces that were laser-etched showed results similar to orthophosphoric acid or maleic acid etched tooth surfaces. Descriptors Acid Etching, Dental, Aluminum Silicates/chemistry, Analysis of Variance, Dental Bonding, Dental Enamel/ultrastructure, Dental Porcelain/chemistry, Dental Veneers, Humans, Lasers, Maleates/chemistry, Materials Testing, Microscopy, Electron, Scanning, Phosphoric Acids/chemistry, Resin Cements/chemistry, Stress, Mechanical, Surface Properties, Tensile Strength, Tooth Preparation/methods Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Usumez,A., Aykent,F. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
[Water-pipe tobacco smoking among school children in Israel: frequencies, habits, and attitudes]	2003		Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Harefuah Periodical, Abbrev. Harefuah Pub Date Free Form Volume 142 Issue 11 Start Page 736 Other Pages 41, 807 Notes ID: 14631902 Place of Publication ISSN/ISBN Accession Number Language he SubFile DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID Abstract BACKGROUND: Tobacco smoking via a water-pipe (Nargile) is a new phenomena among school children in Israel in recent years. Water-pipe tobacco has the potential for nicotine addiction, for other smoking-related damages and for drug abuse. GOALS: Our primary goal was to characterize the frequencies of water-pipe smoking among school children in Israel, its distribution according to age, gender, habits and attitudes. The secondary goal was to compare its use to cigarette smoking among these school children. METHODS: A self-reported questionnaire was distributed among 388 school children (ages 12-18 years old) in grades A, and C, of middle schools and grade B of high schools in a central region of Israel. The questionnaires were answered unanimously and the process was conducted in classes by the school teacher and by nursing school students. RESULTS: Among all school children in this study, 41% smoke a water-pipe at various frequencies. Of all the children, 22% smoke at least every weekend. Water-pipe smoking was 3 times more frequent than cigarette smoking and was almost equally distributed among both genders, but girls were heavier smokers than boys, of either water pipe or cigarette smoking. Six percent of water-pipe smokers add psychoactive drugs or alcohol to the tobacco. The main reasons for water-pipe smoking were the pleasure achieved and the intimacy that it adds to the youngsters' meetings. Ninety percent of all the school children believe that water-pipe smoking is not healthy, but at least 50% believes it is less harmful than cigarettes. According to school children that smoke water-pipes at least every weekend, 40% of their parents are current or ex-smokers of water-pipes, in contrast with 10% of parents to non-smoking children and about a quarter of the children who smoke also do so together with their parents. CONCLUSIONS: Tobacco smoking via water-pipes is a very common phenomena among middle and high school children in Israel. Girls are heavier smokers and adding drugs or alcohol to water-pipe tobacco is a fact. School children and their parents perceive that tobacco smoking via water-pipe is much safer than cigarette smoking. These alarming findings call upon the need for aggressive intervention by the Ministries of Education and Health, as well as the Anti-Drug Authority. More rigorous efforts should be implemented in terms of education and dissemination of the data regarding known hazards among schoolteachers, parents and school children. Further research is also necessary in order to prevent other ominous and camouflaged modalities of nicotine addiction at an early age. Descriptors Smoking/epidemiology, Adolescent, Attitude to Health, Child, Female, Health Education, Humans, Incidence, Israel/epidemiology, Male, Nicotine, Sex Characteristics, Students, Nursing, Substance-Related Disorders/epidemiology, Substance-Related Disorders/prevention & control, Questionnaires, Water Links http://pesquisa.bvsalud.org/ghl/resource/en/mdl-14631902 Book Title Database MEDLINE; http://www.globalhealthlibrary.net/ Publisher Data Source Authors Varsano,Shabtai, Ganz,Irit, Eldor,Naomi, Garenkin,Mila Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Determination of tar, nicotine, and carbon monoxide yields in the smoke of bidi cigarettes	2003	Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Environmental Health, Division of Laboratory Sciences, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA. cow1@cdc.gov	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco Periodical, Abbrev. Nicotine Tob.Res. Pub Date Free Form Oct Volume 5 Issue 5 Start Page 747 Other Pages 753 Notes LR: 20151119; JID: 9815751; 0 (Ganglionic Stimulants); 0 (Tars); 0 (tobacco tar); 6M3C89ZY6R (Nicotine); 7U1EE4V452 (Carbon Monoxide); ppublish Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1462-2203; 1462-2203 Accession Number PMID: 14577991 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.; IM DOI 9BPW5L3F08F69X0V [pii] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 14577991 Abstract A survey of the nicotine, tar, and carbon monoxide (CO) levels in mainstream smoke from 21 brands of bidi cigarettes and five brands of traditional cigarettes was conducted using a variation of the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) standardized cigarette smoking machine method. The primary difference between this method and the FTC method was a reduction of the 60-s puff interval to 15 s. The shorter puff interval was required to prevent the bidi cigarettes from self-extinguishing and may represent a closer approximation to human usage. The goal of this study was to evaluate the smoke-delivery potential for tar, nicotine, and CO in mainstream smoke from bidi cigarettes compared with traditional domestic cigarettes smoked under identical conditions. Approximately half of the bidi brands examined were marketed as filtered varieties. Unlike traditional cigarettes, the filtered and unfiltered bidi brands yielded comparable smoke deliveries. Thus, a filtered bidi cigarette brand does not provide any harm-reduction benefit that might result from a reduction in levels of tar, nicotine, and CO compared with an unfiltered variety. Our findings indicate that bidi cigarettes can deliver high levels of tar (77.9+/-9.5 mg/bidi), nicotine (2.7+/-.4 mg/bidi), and CO (39.2+/-5.7 mg/bidi). In comparison, traditional cigarettes smoked using the bidi cigarette protocol have lower tar and CO yields, but have nicotine deliveries comparable with bidi cigarettes. Descriptors Carbon Monoxide/analysis, Consumer Product Safety, Data Collection, Filtration, Ganglionic Stimulants/analysis, Humans, India, Nicotine/analysis, Product Surveillance, Postmarketing, Smoking/adverse effects, Tars/analysis, Tobacco/chemistry, United States Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Watson,C. H., Polzin,G. M., Calafat,A. M., Ashley,D. L. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Irradiation of dental enamel with Q-switched lambda = 355-nm laser pulses: surface morphology, fluoride adsorption, and adhesion to composite resin	2003	Department of Growth and Development, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, USA.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Lasers in surgery and medicine Periodical, Abbrev. Lasers Surg.Med. Pub Date Free Form Volume 32 Issue 4 Start Page 310 Other Pages 317 Notes LR: 20071115; CI: Copyright 2003; GR: R01-DE14554/DE/NIDCR NIH HHS/United States; JID: 8007168; 0 (Composite Resins); 0 (Fluorides, Topical); ppublish Place of Publication United States ISSN/ISBN 0196-8092; 0196-8092 Accession Number PMID: 12696100 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.; IM DOI 10.1002/lsm.10162 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 12696100 Abstract BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Lasers can be used to modify the chemical composition of dental enamel to increase the bond strength to restorative materials and to render the mineral phase more resistant to acid dissolution. Previous studies have suggested a synergistic relationship between CO(2) laser irradiation and fluoride treatment on increased resistance to acid dissolution. In this study a near-UV laser operating with lambda = 355-nm laser pulses of 3-5 nanoseconds duration was used to modify the surface morphology of dental enamel to increase the bond strength to restorative materials and increase the uptake of topical fluoride to render the surface more resistant to acid dissolution. We hypothesize that the short UV laser pulses are primarily absorbed by protein and lipid localized between the enamel prisms resulting in removal of intact mineral effectively etching the surface without thermal modification of the mineral phase. Such modification is likely to increase the permeability of the enamel surface and the subsequent absorption of fluoride. In addition, there is an increase in surface roughness without the formation of a layer of loosely adherent, thermally modified enamel that increases the bond strength to composite restorative materials. STUDY DESIGN/MATERIALS AND METHODS: The surfaces of blocks of bovine enamel, 5 x 5 mm(2), were uniformly irradiated by 355-nm laser pulses and subsequently bonded to composite. The shear bond test was used to assess the bond strength of non-irradiated blocks (negative control), acid etched blocks (positive control), and laser irradiated blocks. The resistance to acid dissolution was evaluated using controlled surface dissolution experiments on irradiated samples, irradiated samples exposed to topical fluoride, and non-irradiated control samples with and without fluoride. RESULTS: The laser surface treatments significantly increased the shear-bond strength of enamel to composite, to a level exceeding 20 MPa which was significantly more than the non-irradiated control samples and significantly less than the acid etch. Laser irradiation alone and topical fluoride application alone did not significantly increase the resistance to acid dissolution. The laser treatment followed by topical application of fluoride significantly increased the resistance to acid dissolution to a level of over 50% versus the control samples. CONCLUSIONS: We present a novel method for increasing bond strength to restorative materials and enhancing fluoride delivery to enamel surfaces and shed some light on the underlying mechanisms of caries inhibition via laser treatment and topical application of fluoride. Descriptors Animals, Cattle, Composite Resins, Dental Bonding, Dental Enamel/radiation effects/ultrastructure, Fluorides, Topical, Laser Therapy, Microscopy, Electron, Scanning, Surface Properties Links Book Title Database Publisher Wiley-Liss, Inc Data Source Authors Wheeler,C. R., Fried,D., Featherstone,J. D., Watanabe,L. G., Le,C. Q. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors

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