WTS database

Title	Pub Year Sort ascending	Author	SearchLink
Role for cell density in antifungal drug resistance in Candida albicans biofilms	2007	Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy Periodical, Abbrev. Antimicrob.Agents Chemother. Pub Date Free Form Jul Volume 51 Issue 7 Start Page 2454 Other Pages 2463 Notes LR: 20140907; GR: 1R01 DE14029/DE/NIDCR NIH HHS/United States; JID: 0315061; 0 (Antifungal Agents); 0 (Fungal Proteins); 7XU7A7DROE (Amphotericin B); 8VZV102JFY (Fluconazole); OID: NLM: PMC1913227; 2007/05/14 [aheadofprint]; ppublish Place of Publication United States ISSN/ISBN 0066-4804; 0066-4804 Accession Number PMID: 17502416 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; IM DOI AAC.01237-06 [pii] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 17502416 Abstract Biofilms of Candida albicans are less susceptible to many antifungal drugs than are planktonic yeast cells. We investigated the contribution of cell density to biofilm phenotypic resistance. Planktonic yeast cells in RPMI 1640 were susceptible to azole-class drugs, amphotericin B, and caspofungin at 1 x 10(3) cells/ml (standard conditions) using the XTT [2,3-bis(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium-5-carboxanilide sodium salt] assay. As reported by others, as the cell concentration increased to 1 x 10(8) cells/ml, resistance was observed with 10- to 20-fold-greater MICs. Biofilms that formed in microtiter plate wells, like high-density planktonic organisms, were resistant to drugs. When biofilms were resuspended before testing, phenotypic resistance remained, but organisms, when diluted to 1 x 10(3) cells/ml, were susceptible. Drug-containing medium recovered from high-cell-density tests inhibited low-cell-density organisms. A fluconazole-resistant strain showed greater resistance at high planktonic cell density, in biofilm, and in resuspended biofilm than did low-density planktonic or biofilm organisms. A strain lacking drug efflux pumps CDR1, CDR2, and MDR1, while susceptible at a low azole concentration, was resistant at high cell density and in biofilm. A strain lacking CHK1 that fails to respond to the quorum-sensing molecule farnesol had the same response as did the wild type. FK506, reported to abrogate tolerance to azole drugs at low cell density, had no effect on tolerance at high cell density and in biofilm. These observations suggested that cell density has a role in the phenotypic resistance of biofilm, that neither the drug efflux pumps tested nor quorum sensing through Chk1p contributes to resistance, and that azole drug tolerance at high cell density differs mechanistically from tolerance at low cell density. Descriptors Amphotericin B/pharmacology, Antifungal Agents/pharmacology, Biofilms/drug effects/growth & development, Candida albicans/drug effects/physiology, Drug Resistance, Fungal/genetics, Fluconazole/pharmacology, Fungal Proteins/physiology, Microbial Sensitivity Tests Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Perumal,P., Mekala,S., Chaffin,W. L. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20070514 PMCID PMC1913227 Editors
DNA fingerprinting of lactic acid bacteria in sauerkraut fermentations	2007	USDA-ARS, Department of Food Science, 322 Schaub Hall, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7624, USA.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Applied and Environmental Microbiology Periodical, Abbrev. Appl.Environ.Microbiol. Pub Date Free Form Dec Volume 73 Issue 23 Start Page 7697 Other Pages 7702 Notes LR: 20140904; JID: 7605801; 0 (DNA, Bacterial); 0 (RNA, Ribosomal, 16S); 33X04XA5AT (Lactic Acid); OID: NLM: PMC2168044; 2007/10/05 [aheadofprint]; ppublish Place of Publication United States ISSN/ISBN 1098-5336; 0099-2240 Accession Number PMID: 17921264 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI AEM.01342-07 [pii] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 17921264 Abstract Previous studies using traditional biochemical identification methods to study the ecology of commercial sauerkraut fermentations revealed that four species of lactic acid bacteria, Leuconostoc mesenteroides, Lactobacillus plantarum, Pediococcus pentosaceus, and Lactobacillus brevis, were the primary microorganisms in these fermentations. In this study, 686 isolates were collected from four commercial fermentations and analyzed by DNA fingerprinting. The results indicate that the species of lactic acid bacteria present in sauerkraut fermentations are more diverse than previously reported and include Leuconostoc citreum, Leuconostoc argentinum, Lactobacillus paraplantarum, Lactobacillus coryniformis, and Weissella sp. The newly identified species Leuconostoc fallax was also found. Unexpectedly, only two isolates of P. pentosaceus and 15 isolates of L. brevis were recovered during this study. A better understanding of the microbiota may aid in the development of low-salt fermentations, which may have altered microflora and altered sensory characteristics. Descriptors DNA Fingerprinting/methods, DNA, Bacterial/genetics, Fermentation, Food Microbiology, Lactic Acid/metabolism, Lactobacillus/classification/genetics/metabolism, Leuconostoc/classification/genetics/metabolism, Pediococcus/classification/genetics/metabolism, Phylogeny, Polymerase Chain Reaction, RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Plengvidhya,V., Breidt,F.,Jr, Lu,Z., Fleming,H. P. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20071005 PMCID PMC2168044 Editors
Indoor air pollution caused by cigarette smoke in public places in Portugal	2007	Instituto de Educacao e Psicologia, Universidade do Minho, Braga, Portugal. precioso@iep.uminho.pt	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Revista de saude publica Periodical, Abbrev. Rev.Saude Publica Pub Date Free Form Oct Volume 41 Issue 5 Start Page 808 Other Pages 813 Notes LR: 20151119; JID: 0135043; 0 (Tobacco Smoke Pollution); 6M3C89ZY6R (Nicotine); 2006/12/04 [received]; 2007/05/08 [accepted]; ppublish Place of Publication Brazil ISSN/ISBN 0034-8910; 0034-8910 Accession Number PMID: 17923902 Language por SubFile English Abstract; Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI S0034-89102007000500015 [pii] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 17923902 Abstract OBJECTIVE: There have been few studies investigating the level of cigarette smoke pollution to which people in several public and private places are exposed. The purpose of this study was to quantify the level of air pollution produced by cigarette smoking in workplaces and leisure settings. METHODS: The study was carried out in Braga, Portugal, in 2005. Nicotine content in indoor air was measured using passive monitors containing a 37-mm diameter filter inside treated with sodium bisulphate. The monitors were installed in predefined public workplaces and leisure settings. Median nicotine content was estimated for each place studied. RESULTS: Nicotine was detected in 85% of the samples. Extremely high air contamination levels were found in discos with a median of 82.26 microg/m3, ranging between 5.79 and 106.31 microg/m3. Workplaces of public administration and university buildings showed the lowest nicotine content. CONCLUSIONS: The study findings confirm the need to promote the implementation of smoke-free policies in workplaces and leisure settings to protect workers' health and as a reinforcing measure of an environment which facilitates smokers to quit smoking. Descriptors Air Pollution, Indoor/analysis, Environmental Exposure/analysis, Humans, Leisure Activities, Nicotine/analysis, Portugal, Private Sector, Public Facilities, Public Sector, Tobacco Smoke Pollution/analysis, Universities, Workplace Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Precioso,J., Lopez,M. J., Calheiros,J. M., Macedo,M., Ariza,C., Sanchez,F., Schiaffino,A., Fernandez,E., Nebot,M. Original/Translated Title Poluicao do ar interior provocada pelo fumo do cigarro em locais publicos de Portugal URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
The oral health status of postpartum mothers in South-East Hungary	2007	Department of Dentistry and Oral Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, 6720 Szeged, Tisza L. krt. 64., Hungary. radnai@stoma.szote.u-szeged.hu	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Community dental health Periodical, Abbrev. Community Dent.Health Pub Date Free Form Jun Volume 24 Issue 2 Start Page 111 Other Pages 116 Notes JID: 8411261; ppublish Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 0265-539X; 0265-539X Accession Number PMID: 17615827 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; D; IM DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 17615827 Abstract OBJECTIVES: This study was carried out to assess the oral health status of new mothers, following not more than three days post-delivery, in South-East Hungary. An additional aim was to examine the effect of socioeconomic status on the oral health of the 169 women who volunteered, all of whom were healthy. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Socioeconomic data were collected via a questionnaire, and patients were examined according to WHO guidelines. The state of the periodontium was described by examining the plaque, calculus, probing depth and bleeding on probing. The mean age of the women was 27.5 yrs, representing all educational levels and professional categories of the country. RESULTS: The mean DMFT was 12.57, and the mean DMFS was 26.26. The plaque index was 0.68, the calculus frequency 20.22%, the mean probing depth 1.65mm and bleeding on probing occurred in 36.27% of teeth. Regression analyses demonstrated that caries levels were mostly related to age and plaque scores, while the state of the periodontium was mostly related to educational level, age and profession. The number of pregnancies had no significant influence on the caries nor on the periodontal status of these women. CONCLUSIONS: It was concluded that the oral health status of these mothers was mainly age- and socioeconomically-related, and that the dental needs of women during pregnancy must be emphasized, both to the dental profession and to the patients themselves. Descriptors Adolescent, Adult, Age Factors, Cross-Sectional Studies, DMF Index, Dental Calculus/classification, Dental Care, Dental Plaque/classification, Dental Plaque Index, Educational Status, Female, Gingival Hemorrhage/classification, Health Status, Humans, Hungary, Occupations, Oral Health, Parity, Periodontal Index, Periodontal Pocket/classification, Postpartum Period, Pregnancy, Social Class Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Radnai,M., Gorzo,I., Nagy,E., Urban,E., Eller,J., Novak,T., Pal,A. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Adolescent to emerging adulthood smoking trajectories: when do smoking trajectories diverge, and do they predict early adulthood nicotine dependence?	2007	University of Southern California, Alhambra, CA, USA. nriggs@usc.edu	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco Periodical, Abbrev. Nicotine Tob.Res. Pub Date Free Form Nov Volume 9 Issue 11 Start Page 1147 Other Pages 1154 Notes LR: 20151119; GR: CA09492/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States; GR: DA10366-06-A1/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States; JID: 9815751; ppublish Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1462-2203; 1462-2203 Accession Number PMID: 17978988 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; IM DOI 783690551 [pii] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 17978988 Abstract This study evaluated the adolescent tobacco-use trajectories that predict nicotine dependence in early adulthood and when these trajectories start to diverge. As part of a follow-up to a large prevention trial, the present study evaluated 1,017 individuals from early adolescence (age 12) to early adulthood (age 28). Participants were recruited from eight middle schools in Kansas City, Missouri. Students were entering 6th grade or 7th grade at baseline. Smoking was evaluated at baseline, 6 months, at annual follow-ups through high school, and every 18 months thereafter until age 28. The study goals were to determine (a) whether distinct weekly tobacco-use trajectories could be identified between early adolescence and emerging adulthood (ages 12-24); (b) when during development these trajectories diverged; and (c) which trajectories could predict nicotine dependence in early adulthood (ages 26-28). A four-trajectory mixed model (abstainers, low users, late stable users, and early stable users) demonstrated the best fit to the data. Membership in increasingly high-use trajectories placed participants at greater relative risk for becoming nicotine dependent than did membership in lower-use trajectories. General linear models showed greater weekly cigarette consumption for early stable users as early as the first wave of data collection (age 12) and significant differences among all other trajectories by age 15. The findings support the implementation of smoking prevention programs early in middle or junior high school and suggest that adolescents who are already smoking at least two cigarettes per week by age 12 may benefit from additional addiction prevention efforts. Descriptors Adolescent, Adolescent Behavior/psychology, Adult, Behavior, Addictive/epidemiology/prevention & control, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Health Behavior, Humans, Linear Models, Male, Missouri/epidemiology, Peer Group, Smoking/epidemiology/prevention & control, Students/psychology/statistics & numerical data, Surveys and Questionnaires, Tobacco Use Disorder/epidemiology/prevention & control Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Riggs,N. R., Chou,C. P., Li,C., Pentz,M. A. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Interventions for smoking cessation in hospitalised patients	2007	Massachusetts General Hospital, General Internal Medicine Unit, S50-9, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA. nrigotti@partners.org	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full The Cochrane database of systematic reviews Periodical, Abbrev. Cochrane Database Syst.Rev. Pub Date Free Form 18-Jul Volume -3 Issue 3 Start Page CD001837 Other Pages Notes LR: 20130628; JID: 100909747; CIN: Evid Based Nurs. 2008 Jan;11(1):18. PMID: 18192523; UIN: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;5:CD001837. PMID: 22592676; RF: 94; epublish Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1469-493X; 1361-6137 Accession Number PMID: 17636688 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Review; IM DOI 10.1002/14651858.CD001837.pub2 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 17636688 Abstract BACKGROUND: An admission to hospital provides an opportunity to help people stop smoking. Individuals may be more open to help at a time of perceived vulnerability, and may find it easier to quit in an environment where smoking is restricted or prohibited. Initiating smoking cessation services during hospitalisation may help more people to make and sustain a quit attempt. OBJECTIVES: To determine the effectiveness of interventions for smoking cessation that are initiated for hospitalised patients. SEARCH STRATEGY: We searched the Cochrane Tobacco Addiction Group register which includes papers identified from CENTRAL, MEDLINE, EMBASE and PSYCINFO in January 2007, and CINAHL in August 2006 for studies of interventions for smoking cessation in hospitalised patients, using terms including (hospital and patient) or hospitali or inpatient* or admission* or admitted. SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomized and quasi-randomized trials of behavioural, pharmacological or multicomponent interventions to help patients stop smoking, conducted with hospitalised patients who were current smokers or recent quitters (defined as having quit more than one month before hospital admission). The intervention had to start in the hospital but could continue after hospital discharge. We excluded studies of patients admitted for psychiatric disorders or substance abuse, studies that did not report abstinence rates and studies with follow up of less than six months. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two authors extracted data independently for each paper, with disagreements resolved by consensus. MAIN RESULTS: Thirty-three trials met the inclusion criteria. Intensive counselling interventions that began during the hospital stay and continued with supportive contacts for at least one month after discharge increased smoking cessation rates after discharge (Odds Ratio (OR) 1.65, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.44 to 1.90; 17 trials). No statistically significant benefit was found for less intensive counselling interventions. The one study that tested a single brief (<=15 minutes) in-hospital intervention did not find it to be effective (OR 1.16, 95% CI 0.80 to 1.67). Counselling of longer duration during the hospital stay was not associated with a higher quit rate (OR 1.08, 95% CI 0.89 to 1.29, eight trials). Even counselling that began in the hospital but had less than one month of supportive contact after discharge did not show significant benefit (OR 1.09, 95% CI 0.91 to 1.31, six trials). Adding nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) did not produce a statistically significant increase in cessation over what was achieved by intensive counselling alone (OR 1.47, 95% CI 0.92 to 2.35, five studies). The one study that tested the effect of adding bupropion to intensive counselling had a similar nonsignificant effect (OR 1.56, 95% CI 0.79 to 3.06). A similar pattern of results was observed in smokers admitted to hospital because of cardiovascular disease (CVD). In this subgroup, intensive intervention with follow-up support increased the odds of smoking cessation (OR 1.81, 95% CI 1.54 to 2.15, 11 trials), but less intensive interventions did not. One trial of intensive intervention including counselling and pharmacotherapy for smokers admitted with CVD assessed clinical and health care utilization endpoints, and found significant reductions in all-cause mortality and hospital readmission rates over a two-year follow-up period. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: High intensity behavioural interventions that begin during a hospital stay and include at least one month of supportive contact after discharge promote smoking cessation among hospitalised patients. These interventions are effective regardless of the patient's admitting diagnosis. lnterventions of lower intensity or shorter duration have not been shown to be effective in this setting. There is insufficient direct evidence to conclude that adding NRT or bupropion to intensive counselling increases cessation rates over Descriptors Hospitalization, Humans, Patient Education as Topic, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Sensitivity and Specificity, Smoking/prevention & control, Smoking Cessation/methods Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Rigotti,N. A., Munafo,M. R., Stead,L. F. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20070718 PMCID Editors
Isolation of Legionella species/serogroups from water cooling systems compared with potable water systems in Spanish healthcare facilities	2007	Preventive Medicine Department, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full The Journal of hospital infection Periodical, Abbrev. J.Hosp.Infect. Pub Date Free Form Dec Volume 67 Issue 4 Start Page 360 Other Pages 366 Notes JID: 8007166; 2007/04/17 [received]; 2007/07/26 [accepted]; 2007/10/10 [aheadofprint]; ppublish Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 0195-6701; 0195-6701 Accession Number PMID: 17931746 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; IM DOI S0195-6701(07)00258-7 [pii] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 17931746 Abstract Surveillance of Legionella spp. in hospital water systems was performed in forty-four inpatient healthcare facilities in Spain during 2005-2006. A total of 2,341 samples were collected: 470 from cooling systems (cooling towers) and 1,871 from potable water systems. The latter included 211 from cold-water tanks and 260 from hot-water tanks, totalling 471 from central water reservoirs 136 from showers, 1,172 from unfiltered taps and 92 from filtered taps, totalling 1,400 from peripheral points. Temperature, chlorine levels and the presence of Legionella spp. were determined. In all, 373 (15.9%) samples yielded Legionella spp. Significantly higher isolation rates were obtained from cooling towers (23.8%) versus cold- and hot-water tanks (approximately 4.7%), due to the significantly higher number of samples positive for serogroup 1 (19.4 vs 0.9-3.5%). In potable water systems, no differences were found between central water tanks and showers, but significant differences in isolation rates between central water tanks and unfiltered taps were observed (4.7 vs 19.6%) due to differences in non-serogroup 1 L. pneumophila. Filters significantly decreased isolation rates of these serotypes (11 vs 0%). Some seasonal differences were noted, with higher isolation rates in summer for legionella serogroup 1 in cooling systems and for L. pneumophila serogroups 2-14 in potable water systems. In regression models, higher temperatures were associated with colonisation in cooling systems, while lower chlorine levels were associated with colonisation in potable water systems. Descriptors Air Conditioning/instrumentation, Equipment Contamination/statistics & numerical data, Health Facilities/statistics & numerical data, Humans, Legionella pneumophila/classification/isolation & purification, Seasons, Serotyping, Spain/epidemiology, Water Microbiology, Water Purification, Water Supply/analysis/statistics & numerical data Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Rivera,J. M., Aguilar,L., Granizo,J. J., Vos-Arenilla,A., Gimenez,M. J., Aguiar,J. M., Prieto,J. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20071010 PMCID Editors
Analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water and beverages using membrane-assisted solvent extraction in combination with large volume injection-gas chromatography-mass spectrometric detection	2007	Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Permoserstrasse 15, D-04318 Leipzig, Germany. rosario.rodriguez@ufz.de	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Journal of chromatography.A Periodical, Abbrev. J.Chromatogr.A Pub Date Free Form 7-Sep Volume 1163 Issue 2-Jan Start Page 288 Other Pages 297 Notes LR: 20131121; JID: 9318488; 0 (Polycyclic Hydrocarbons, Aromatic); 0 (Solvents); 059QF0KO0R (Water); 2007/02/22 [received]; 2007/05/31 [revised]; 2007/06/19 [accepted]; 2007/06/26 [aheadofprint]; ppublish Place of Publication Netherlands ISSN/ISBN 0021-9673; 0021-9673 Accession Number PMID: 17631299 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI S0021-9673(07)01102-8 [pii] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 17631299 Abstract Membrane-assisted solvent extraction (MASE) in combination with large volume injection-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (LVI-GC-MS) was applied for the determination of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in aqueous samples. The MASE conditions were optimized for achieving high enrichment of the analytes from aqueous samples, in terms of extraction conditions (shaking speed, extraction temperature and time), extraction solvent and composition (ionic strength, sample pH and presence of organic solvent). Parameters like linearity and reproducibility of the procedure were determined. The extraction efficiency was above 65% for all the analytes and the relative standard deviation (RSD) for five consecutive extractions ranged from 6 to 18%. At optimized conditions detection limits at the ng/L level were achieved. The effectiveness of the method was tested by analyzing real samples, such as river water, apple juice, red wine and milk. Descriptors Beverages/analysis, Chemical Fractionation/methods, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry/methods, Polycyclic Hydrocarbons, Aromatic/analysis/chemistry, Reproducibility of Results, Solvents/chemistry, Water/chemistry Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Rodil,R., Schellin,M., Popp,P. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20070626 PMCID Editors
Effects of phosphoric acid pretreatment and substitution of bonding resin on bonding effectiveness of self-etching systems to enamel	2007	Department of Dental Materials and Operative Dentistry, University of Oeste de Santa Catarina, Joacaba, SC, Brazil.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full The journal of adhesive dentistry Periodical, Abbrev. J.Adhes.Dent. Pub Date Free Form Dec Volume 9 Issue 6 Start Page 537 Other Pages 545 Notes LR: 20121115; JID: 100888552; 0 (Clearfil SE Bond); 0 (Composite Resins); 0 (Dentin-Bonding Agents); 0 (Filtek Z250); 0 (Phosphoric Acids); 0 (Prompt L-Pop); 0 (Resin Cements); 0 (Scotchbond Multi-Purpose); 0 (Tyrian SPE); E4GA8884NN (phosphoric acid); pp Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1461-5185; 1461-5185 Accession Number PMID: 18265711 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; D DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 18265711 Abstract PURPOSE: To examine the etching efficacy of three self-etching systems to unconditioned enamel and to phosphoric-acid conditioned enamel using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and to investigate the microtensile bond strength (muTBS) of three self-etching adhesives to unconditioned enamel used according to the manufacturers' instructions, on phosphoric-acid conditioned enamel, and when their different adhesives were replaced with a control resin after etching. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Clearfil SE Bond (CSE), Tyrian SPE/One-Step Plus (TY), and Adper Prompt L-Pop (AD) were employed. Scotchbond Multi-Purpose Plus (SBMP), an etch-and-rinse adhesive, was used as control. For muTBS evaluation, the buccal or lingual mid-coronal enamel of 30 molars was used. In the first group, self-etching adhesives were applied conventionally, according to manufacturers' directions (group C). A second group of specimens was etched with 35% phosphoric acid before application of the self-etching adhesives (group PA), and the third group of specimens was etched with the self-etching adhesives, rinsed, but bonded using a control bonding resin (group CR). Following restoration with Z250, they were sectioned into beams (0.8 mm2), and stressed to failure. Data were subjected to two-way ANOVA and Tukey's test. The etching efficacy of the self-etching adhesives, phosphoric acid, and prior phosphoric acid + SE application was evaluated under SEM. RESULTS: All self-etching adhesives applied as recommended by the manufacturers showed lower muTBS values than those obtained in PA and CR groups, although this difference was only significant for TY and AD. The means of all self-etching adhesives under PA and CR groups were similar to SBMP. The enamel conditioned with self-etching adhesive showed a less distinct pattern. CSE exhibited the mildest etching pattern. All self-etching adhesives applied after phosphoric acid exhibited a more retentive etching pattern. CONCLUSION: The bond strength values of low-pH self-etching adhesives can be improved by the adjunctive use of phosphoric acid or replacement of the bonding resin. Descriptors Acid Etching, Dental, Composite Resins/chemistry, Dental Bonding, Dental Enamel/ultrastructure, Dentin-Bonding Agents/chemistry, Humans, Materials Testing, Microscopy, Electron, Scanning, Phosphoric Acids/chemistry, Resin Cements/chemistry, Stress, Mechanical, Surface Properties, Tensile Strength Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Rotta,M., Bresciani,P., Moura,S. K., Grande,R. H., Hilgert,L. A., Baratieri,L. N., Loguercio,A. D., Reis,A. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Correlates of cigarette smoking among male college students in Karachi, Pakistan	2007	Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Department of Community Health Sciences, Aga Khan University, Stadium Road, PO Box 3500, Karachi, Pakistan. shafquat.rozi@aku.edu	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full BMC public health Periodical, Abbrev. BMC Public Health Pub Date Free Form 1-Nov Volume 7 Issue Start Page 312 Other Pages Notes LR: 20151119; JID: 100968562; OID: NLM: PMC2222162; 2007/04/16 [received]; 2007/11/01 [accepted]; 2007/11/01 [aheadofprint]; epublish Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1471-2458; 1471-2458 Accession Number PMID: 17976241 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI 1471-2458-7-312 [pii] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 17976241 Abstract BACKGROUND: About 1.3 billion people are regular smokers world wide and every day between 8,200 and 9,900 young people start to smoke, risking rapid addiction to nicotine. Transition from high school to college is a critical period to adopt healthy habits and life style. Therefore, it is important to understand the factors that might influence their smoking habit. Our study aims to assess the influence of factors that encourage college students to smoke cigarettes. METHODS: The data used in this survey were obtained from a representative sample of registered colleges of Karachi. A random sample of 576 male college students of ages ranging from 15-30 years was interviewed using a questionnaire administered by survey officers, by applying multi stage cluster sampling during the academic year 2004-2005. RESULTS: In this study, we found 26.7% of students had ever tried smoking, whereas 24%(95% CI: 21.0%-28.0%) of college students reported current smoking (that is whether one had smoked a cigarette in past 30 days). Among different age groups, prevalence of current smoking was 19.2% in 15-17 years, 26.5% in 18-20 years and 65% in 21 years and above. After adjusting for age of respondent, students in public schools were more likely to smoke as compared to students in private schools (adjusted OR = 2.3; 95% CI: 1.3-4.2). Students whose friends are smokers were 5 times more likely to smoke compared to those whose friends are non-smokers (adjusted OR = 4.8; 95%CI: 3.1 - 7.4). Those students having fathers with no formal schooling were more likely to smoke (adjusted OR = 2.2; 95% CI: 1.1-4.2) as compared to those whose fathers had some degree of education. Students having non-working mothers were more likely to smoke as compared to students with working mothers (adjusted OR = 2.8; 95% CI: 0.9-9.1). Students belonging to Bin Qasim (adjusted OR = 2.1; 95% C.I: 1.1-4.1) and Gadap town (adjusted OR = 2.1; 95%C.I) were more likely to smoke as compared to students residing in other towns. CONCLUSION: This study shows that smoking is strongly associated with age, which may suggest social tolerance to smoking in this setting and that social and educational variables appear to play a significant role in smoking among college students. Our study suggests that such factors should be taken into account when designing effective tobacco control programs among college students. This is an effort which has been done to reduce tobacco consumption among college students and introduce awareness programs to amend their health risk behavior. Descriptors Adolescent, Adult, Age Factors, Habits, Health Surveys, Humans, Life Style, Male, Pakistan/epidemiology, Prevalence, Risk Factors, Risk-Taking, Smoking/epidemiology/prevention & control/psychology, Smoking Cessation, Students/psychology/statistics & numerical data, Surveys and Questionnaires, Universities Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Rozi,S., Butt,Z. A., Akhtar,S. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20071101 PMCID PMC2222162 Editors

E-mail