WTS database

Title	Pub Year Sort ascending	Author	SearchLink
Characterisation and biochemical properties of predominant lactic acid bacteria from fermenting cassava for selection as starter cultures	2007	Federal Research Centre for Nutrition and Food, Institute of Hygiene and Toxicology, Haid-und Neu-Strasse 9, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full International journal of food microbiology Periodical, Abbrev. Int.J.Food Microbiol. Pub Date Free Form 20-Mar Volume 114 Issue 3 Start Page 342 Other Pages 351 Notes JID: 8412849; 0 (DNA, Ribosomal); 0 (RNA, Ribosomal, 16S); 2006/05/05 [received]; 2006/09/22 [revised]; 2006/09/30 [accepted]; 2006/12/26 [aheadofprint]; ppublish Place of Publication Netherlands ISSN/ISBN 0168-1605; 0168-1605 Accession Number PMID: 17188771 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI S0168-1605(06)00577-0 [pii] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 17188771 Abstract A total of 375 lactic acid bacteria were isolated from fermenting cassava in South Africa, Benin, Kenya and Germany, and were characterised by phenotypic and genotypic tests. These could be divided into five main groups comprising strains of facultatively heterofermentative rods, obligately heterofermentative rods, heterofermentative cocci, homofermentative cocci and obligately homofermentative rods, in decreasing order of predominance. Most of the facultatively heterofermentative rods were identified by phenotypic tests as presumptive Lactobacillus plantarum-group strains, which also comprised the most predominant bacteria (54.4% of strains) isolated in the study. The next predominant group of lactic acid bacteria (14.1% of total isolates) consisted of obligately heterofermentative rods belonging either to the genus Lactobacillus or Weissella, followed by the heterofermentative cocci (13.9% of isolates) belonging to the genera Weissella or Leuconostoc. Homofermentative cocci were also isolated (13.3% of isolates). Biochemical properties such as production of alpha-amylase, beta-glucosidase, tannase, antimicrobials (presumptive bacteriocin and H(2)O(2)-production), acidification and fermentation of the indigestible sugars raffinose and stachyose, were evaluated in vitro for selection of potential starter strains. A total of 32 strains with one or more desirable biochemical properties were pre-selected and identified using rep-PCR fingerprinting in combination with 16S rRNA sequencing of representative rep-PCR cluster isolates. Of these strains, 18 were identified as L. plantarum, four as Lactobacillus pentosus, two each as Leuconostoc fallax, Weissella paramesenteroides and Lactobacillus fermentum, one each as Leuconostoc mesenteroides subsp. mesenteroides and Weissella cibaria, while two remained unidentified but could be assigned to the L. plantarum-group. These strains were further investigated for clonal relationships, using RAPD-PCR with three primers, and of the 32 a total of 16 strains were finally selected for the development as starter cultures for Gari production. Descriptors DNA, Ribosomal/analysis, Fermentation, Food Microbiology, Genotype, Lactobacillus/classification/isolation & purification, Lactobacillus plantarum/classification/isolation & purification, Leuconostoc/classification/isolation & purification, Manihot/metabolism/microbiology, Molecular Sequence Data, Phenotype, Phylogeny, RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics, Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA Technique Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Kostinek,M., Specht,I., Edward,V. A., Pinto,C., Egounlety,M., Sossa,C., Mbugua,S., Dortu,C., Thonart,P., Taljaard,L., Mengu,M., Franz,C. M., Holzapfel,W. H. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20061226 PMCID Editors
The effect of different etching times of acidulated phosphate fluoride gel on the shear bond strength of high-leucite ceramics bonded to composite resin	2007	Division of Crown and Bridge, Department of Conservative Dentistry, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand. boonlert.k@psu.ac.th	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full The Journal of prosthetic dentistry Periodical, Abbrev. J.Prosthet.Dent. Pub Date Free Form Jul Volume 98 Issue 1 Start Page 17 Other Pages 23 Notes LR: 20151119; JID: 0376364; 0 (Aluminum Silicates); 0 (Composite Resins); 0 (Dental Materials); 0 (Filtek Z250); 0 (Gels); 0 (IPS-Empress ceramic); 0 (Resin Cements); 0 (Scotchbond Multi-Purpose Plus); 0 (Silanes); 12001-21-7 (Dental Porcelain); 1302-34-7 Place of Publication United States ISSN/ISBN 0022-3913; 0022-3913 Accession Number PMID: 17631170 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; D; IM DOI S0022-3913(07)60033-X [pii] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 17631170 Abstract STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: A 10-minute treatment with acidulated phosphate fluoride (APF) gel has been used as an alternative in ceramic surface etching before repairing with composite resin. However, the optimal etching time for APF gel is still unknown. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to determine the in vitro shear bond strengths of composite resin on high-leucite ceramics after APF gel treatment over different time periods. MATERIAL AND METHODS: One hundred and twenty high-leucite ceramic (Empress 1) specimens (12 mm in diameter and 1.5 mm thick) were prepared and divided into 12 groups (n=10). Ten experimental groups were surface treated with 1.23% APF gel, each group receiving 1 to 10 minutes of etching time in 1 minute increments. One group was treated with 9.6% hydrofluoric acid for 4 minutes and the final group received no treatment and served as a control. The surface condition of the treated specimens was analyzed under a scanning electron microscope (SEM). All specimens received a silane application and were bonded to a composite resin Filtek (Z250) cylinder with an adhesive system (Scotchbond Multi-Purpose Plus adhesive) and then stored in 100% humidity at 37 degrees C for 24 hours before shear bond strength testing in a universal testing machine. Mean bond strengths (MPa) were analyzed with 1-way ANOVA and the Tukey HSD test (alpha=.05). RESULTS: Hydrofluoric acid etching produced the highest mean shear bond strength (SD) between composite resin and the ceramic (17.64 (1.48) MPa). Overall, APF gel etching produced lower bond strengths. No significant difference in mean bond strength (SD) was observed between etching with hydrofluoric acid and etching with APF gel for 7 to 10 minutes (15.21 (1.93) to 17.33 (1.43)). The lowest mean shear bond strengths (SD) were recorded in the untreated group (7.61 (1.03) MPa) (P<.05). CONCLUSIONS: Within the limitations of this study, shear bond strength values between composite resin and high-leucite ceramics after etching with 1.23% APF gel for 7 to 10 minutes were not significantly different than that after etching with 9.6% hydrofluoric acid for 4 minutes. Descriptors Acid Etching, Dental/methods, Acidulated Phosphate Fluoride/chemistry, Aluminum Silicates/chemistry, Ceramics/chemistry, Composite Resins/chemistry, Dental Bonding, Dental Materials/chemistry, Dental Porcelain/chemistry, Gels, Humans, Humidity, Hydrofluoric Acid/chemistry, Materials Testing, Microscopy, Electron, Scanning, Resin Cements/chemistry, Shear Strength, Silanes/chemistry, Stress, Mechanical, Surface Properties, Temperature, Time Factors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Kukiattrakoon,B., Thammasitboon,K. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Harm perception of nicotine products in college freshmen	2007		Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Nicotine Tob Res Periodical, Abbrev. Nicotine Tob.Res. Pub Date Free Form Volume 9 Issue 9 Start Page 977 Other Pages 82 Notes ID: 17763115 Place of Publication ISSN/ISBN Accession Number Language en SubFile DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID Abstract This study examined the association of sociodemographic characteristics and smoking behaviors (i.e., cigarette, cigar, and waterpipe) with nicotine product harm perception in college freshmen. Students were asked to compare the perceived harmfulness of 11 nicotine-delivering products with that of a regular cigarette. Data were from a cross-sectional Internet survey conducted during the spring 2004 semester at a private university (N = 411). Binomial logistic regression was used to determine the association between sociodemographic and behavioral factors with nicotine product harm perception. A statistically significant association was found between nicotine product harm perception and sex, race, income, citizenship, and smoking behavior (p< or =.05). Regarding the three medicinal nicotine replacement therapies, 19.6% of respondents incorrectly perceived the nicotine patch to be as harmful as or more harmful than a regular cigarette; corresponding values were 24.1% for nicotine gum and 52.9% for nicotine inhaler. Respondents incorrectly perceived the following smoked tobacco products to be less harmful than regular cigarettes: ultra-light cigarettes (40.4%), waterpipe (37%), light cigarettes (35.2%), cigarillos (17.4%), and cigars (16.9%). Regarding smokeless nicotine products, 89.3% of respondents incorrectly perceived dip and chew to be as harmful as or more harmful than regular cigarettes; corresponding values were 36.2% for nicotine lollipops and 35.2% for nicotine water. Our findings reveal misperceptions about nicotine product harmfulness and underscore the importance of developing a science base to inform policies and educate consumers about these products. Descriptors Health Education/methods, Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice, Smoking Cessation/methods, Smoking/epidemiology, Students/statistics & numerical data, Adult, Advertising as Topic, Baltimore/epidemiology, Behavior, Addictive/psychology, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Health Behavior, Humans, Male, Regression Analysis, Risk Factors, Smoking/psychology, Smoking Cessation/statistics & numerical data, Students/psychology, Questionnaires, Tobacco Use Disorder/prevention & control Links http://pesquisa.bvsalud.org/ghl/resource/en/mdl-17763115 Book Title Database MEDLINE; http://www.globalhealthlibrary.net/ Publisher Data Source Authors Smith,Stephanie Y., Curbow,Barbara, Stillman,Frances A. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Determination of volatile organic compounds pollution sources in Malaysian drinking water using multivariate analysis	2007	Soh, S.-C., School of Science and Mathematics, INTI College Malaysia, 71800 Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Environmental monitoring and assessment Periodical, Abbrev. Environ.Monit.Assess. Pub Date Free Form / Volume 124 Issue 3-Jan Start Page 39 Other Pages 50 Notes Place of Publication ISSN/ISBN 0167-6369; 1573-2959 Accession Number Language SubFile DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID Abstract A field investigation was conducted at all water treatment plants throughout 11 states and Federal Territory in Peninsular Malaysia. The sampling points in this study include treatment plant operation, service reservoir outlet and auxiliary outlet point at the water pipelines. Analysis was performed by solid phase micro-extraction technique with a 100 Î¼m polydimethylsiloxane fibre using gas chromatography with mass spectrometry detection to analyse 54 volatile organic compounds (VOCs) of different chemical families in drinking water. The concentration of VOCs ranged from undetectable to 230.2 Î¼g/l. Among all of the VOCs species, chloroform has the highest concentration and was detected in all drinking water samples. Average concentrations of total trihalomethanes (THMs) were almost similar among all states which were in the range of 28.4-33.0 Î¼g/l. Apart from THMs, other abundant compounds detected were cis and trans -1,2-dichloroethylene, trichloroethylene, 1,2-dibromoethane, benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, chlorobenzene, 1,4-dichlorobenzene and 1,2-dichloro-benzene. Principal component analysis (PCA) with the aid of varimax rotation, and parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC) method were used to statistically verify the correlation between VOCs and the source of pollution. The multivariate analysis pointed out that the maintenance of auxiliary pipelines in the distribution systems is vital as it can become significant point source pollution to Malaysian drinking water. Â© Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2006. Descriptors 1,2 dibromoethane, 1,2 dichlorobenzene, 1,2 dichloroethylene, 1,4 dichlorobenzene, benzene, chlorobenzene, chloroform, dimeticone, drinking water, ethylbenzene, toluene, trichloroethylene, trihalomethane, volatile organic compound, article, concentration (parameters), controlled study, correlation analysis, factorial analysis, gas chromatography, Malaysia, mass spectrometry, multivariate analysis, pipeline, principal component analysis, reservoir, solid phase microextraction, varimax rotation, waste water treatment plant, water analysis, water pollution, water sampling Links Book Title Database Embase; MEDLINE Publisher Data Source Embase Authors Soh,S. -C, Abdullah,P. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Studies on commuters' exposure to BTEX in passenger cars in Kolkata, India	2007	Department of Chemistry, University College of Science Technology and Agriculture, 92, A. P. C. Road, Kolkata 700 009, India.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full The Science of the total environment Periodical, Abbrev. Sci.Total Environ. Pub Date Free Form 1-Jan Volume 372 Issue 3-Feb Start Page 426 Other Pages 432 Notes LR: 20131121; JID: 0330500; 0 (Air Pollutants); 0 (Benzene Derivatives); 0 (Petroleum); 0 (Vehicle Emissions); 0 (Xylenes); 3FPU23BG52 (Toluene); J64922108F (Benzene); 2006/04/28 [received]; 2006/09/07 [revised]; 2006/09/19 [accepted]; 2006/11/17 [aheadof Place of Publication Netherlands ISSN/ISBN 0048-9697; 0048-9697 Accession Number PMID: 17113131 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI S0048-9697(06)00736-4 [pii] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 17113131 Abstract Commuters' exposure to volatile organic compounds (VOCs) especially BTEX travelling in passenger cars in Kolkata, India were quantified in Phase I (2001-2002) and Phase II (2003-2004). Monitoring was made inside and in the immediate outside of passenger cars fitted with and without catalytic converters using different types of fuels, along two congested urban routes. During Phase I of the study, the benzene content in gasoline was 5% and the mean concentration of in-vehicle benzene in cars without catalytic converter was found to be as high as 721.2 microg/m3. In Phase II when the benzene content was reduced to <3% and with modified engine type, the mean in-vehicle benzene concentration was reduced to 112.4 microg/m3. The in-vehicle concentration varied with engine type and age of the vehicle. Roadside ambient mean concentration of benzene was 214.8 microg/m3 and 30.8 microg/m3 in Phase I and Phase II respectively. Descriptors Air Pollutants/analysis, Air Pollution, Indoor, Analysis of Variance, Automobiles, Benzene/analysis, Benzene Derivatives/analysis, Cities, Environmental Exposure, Humans, India, Petroleum, Toluene/analysis, Vehicle Emissions/analysis, Volatilization, Xylenes/analysis Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Som,D., Dutta,C., Chatterjee,A., Mallick,D., Jana,T. K., Sen,S. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20061117 PMCID Editors
Interventions to reduce harm from continued tobacco use	2007	Oxford University, Department of Primary Health Care, Old Road Campus, Headington, Oxford, UK, OX3 7LF. lindsay.stead@dphpc.ox.ac.uk	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full The Cochrane database of systematic reviews Periodical, Abbrev. Cochrane Database Syst.Rev. Pub Date Free Form 18-Jul Volume -3 Issue 3 Start Page CD005231 Other Pages Notes LR: 20151119; JID: 100909747; 0 (Biomarkers); 0 (Nicotinic Agonists); 01ZG3TPX31 (Bupropion); 6M3C89ZY6R (Nicotine); 7U1EE4V452 (Carbon Monoxide); K5161X06LL (Cotinine); RF: 72; epublish Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1469-493X; 1361-6137 Accession Number PMID: 17636791 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Meta-Analysis; Review; IM DOI 10.1002/14651858.CD005231.pub2 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 17636791 Abstract BACKGROUND: It may be reasonable to try to reduce the harm from continued smoking amongst smokers unable or unwilling to quit. Possible approaches to reduce the exposure to toxins from smoking include reducing the amount of tobacco used, and using less toxic products. The interventions evaluated in controlled trials have predominantly attempted to reduce the number of cigarettes smoked. OBJECTIVES: To assess the effect of interventions intended to reduce the harm from smoking on the following: biomarkers of damage caused by tobacco, biomarkers of tobacco exposure, number of cigarettes smoked, quitting, and long-term health status. SEARCH STRATEGY: We searched the Cochrane Tobacco Addiction Group Specialised Register using free text and MeSH terms for harm reduction, smoking reduction and cigarette reduction. The initial search was in March 2006, updated in March 2007. SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomized or quasi-randomized controlled trials of interventions in tobacco users to reduce amount smoked, or to reduce harm from smoking by means other than cessation. Outcomes were change in cigarette consumption, markers of cigarette exposure and any markers of damage or benefit to health, measured at least six months from the start of the intervention. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: We pooled trials with similar interventions and outcomes using a fixed-effect model. Other studies were summarised narratively. MAIN RESULTS: The 13 included trials all evaluated interventions to help smokers cut down the amount smoked. Self-reported reduction in cigarettes per day (CPD) was validated by reduction in carbon monoxide (CO) levels. Most trials tested nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) to assist reduction. No eligible studies evaluated the use of potentially reduced-exposure products. In a pooled analysis of eight trials, NRT significantly increased the odds of reducing CPD by 50% or more for people using nicotine gum or inhaler or a choice of product compared to placebo (n=3273, odds ratio [OR] 2.02, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.55 to 2.62). Where average changes from baseline were compared for different measures, CO and cotinine consistently showed smaller reductions than CPD. Whilst the effect for NRT was significant, small numbers of people in either treatment or control group successfully sustained a reduction of 50% or more. Use of NRT also significantly increased the odds of quitting (OR 1.90, 95% CI 1.46 to 2.47). One trial of bupropion failed to detect an effect on reduction or cessation. Four trials of different types of advice and instructions on reducing CPD did not provide clear evidence. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: There is insufficient evidence about long-term benefit to give firm support the use of interventions intended to help smokers reduce but not quit tobacco use. Some people who do not wish to quit can be helped to cut down the number of cigarettes smoked and reduce their carbon monoxide levels by using nicotine gum or nicotine inhaler. Because the long-term health benefit of a reduction in smoking rate is unclear this application of NRT is more appropriately used as a precursor to quitting. Descriptors Biomarkers/blood, Bupropion/therapeutic use, Carbon Monoxide/blood, Cotinine/blood, Humans, Nicotine/therapeutic use, Nicotinic Agonists/therapeutic use, Smoking/adverse effects/blood/prevention & control, Smoking Cessation/methods Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Stead,L. F., Lancaster,T. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20070718 PMCID Editors
Cigarette and nargileh smoking practices among school students in Beirut, Lebanon	2007	Tamim, H., School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Ont., Canada	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full American Journal of Health Behavior Periodical, Abbrev. Am.J.Health Behav. Pub Date Free Form / Volume 31 Issue 1 Start Page 56 Other Pages 63 Notes Place of Publication ISSN/ISBN 1087-3244 Accession Number Language SubFile DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID Abstract Objectives: To determine the prevalence and predictors of smoking nargileh and/or cigarettes among school students in Greater Beirut, Lebanon. Methods: A proportionate random sample of 2443 students from 13 public and private schools was selected and asked to complete self-administered anonymous questionnaires. Results: The prevalence of smoking cigarettes only, nargileh only, and both was 2.5%, 25.6%, and 6.3%, respectively. Stepwise regression analyses revealed that the predictors of smoking for either type are different, whereby nargileh smoking is more culturally accepted than cigarette smoking. Conclusions: Design interventions to increase awareness towards the hazards of the misconceived harmless effects of nargileh smoking. Descriptors adolescent, article, comparative study, cross-sectional study, cultural factor, ethnology, female, health behavior, health survey, human, Lebanon, lifestyle, male, questionnaire, smoking, social behavior, social psychology, statistics, student, tobacco dependence Links Book Title Database MEDLINE Publisher Data Source Embase Authors Tamim,H., Al-Sahab,B., Akkary,G., Ghanem,M., Tamim,N., El Roueiheb,Z., Kanj,M., Afifi,R. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Perceived risk of harm from cigarettes or smokeless tobacco among U.S. high school seniors	2007	University of Florida, Department of Community Dentistry and Behavioral Science, Gainesville, FL 32610-3628, USA. stomar@dental.ufl.edu	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco Periodical, Abbrev. Nicotine Tob.Res. Pub Date Free Form Nov Volume 9 Issue 11 Start Page 1191 Other Pages 1196 Notes JID: 9815751; ppublish Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1462-2203; 1462-2203 Accession Number PMID: 17978994 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI 783695759 [pii] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 17978994 Abstract This study examined perceived risk of harm from smoking or ST use in a U.S. nationally representative sample of high school seniors and examined its association with current smoking status. Data were derived from the Monitoring the Future project for 1999 through 2003 (n = 11,093). We used multiple logistic regression analysis to examine the association between comparative perceived risk of harm of smoking and ST use with current smoking status, while adjusting for sex, race, and perceived risk of harm from smoking. In 1999-2003, 74.0% of high school seniors perceived great risk of harm from smoking and 44.9% perceived great risk from using ST. Perceived risk varied by smoking intensity: 80.3% of non-smokers perceived great risk of harm from smoking, compared to 49.7% of students who smoked about one-half pack per day and 36.1% of pack-a-day smokers. Overall, 52.7% perceived equal risk of harm from using either product, 41.3% perceived greater risk from cigarettes, and 6.1% perceived a greater risk from using ST. Adjusting for sex and race, high school seniors who perceived that smoking conveyed a greater risk for harm than did using smokeless tobacco were significantly more likely to be smokers than were those who perceived equal risk from the products (odds ratio [OR] = 1.43; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.29-1.60). Those who perceived that using smokeless tobacco was riskier than smoking were even more likely to be current smokers (OR = 2.43; 95% CI 1.96-3.01). Effective methods for communicating accurate health risks to young people are needed. Descriptors Adolescent, Adolescent Behavior/psychology, Confidence Intervals, Female, Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice, Humans, Male, Odds Ratio, Peer Group, Risk Factors, Smoking/epidemiology/psychology, Smoking Cessation/psychology, Students/psychology/statistics & numerical data, Tobacco Use Disorder/epidemiology/psychology, Tobacco, Smokeless, United States/epidemiology Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Tomar,S. L., Hatsukami,D. K. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Relationships of Indoor, Outdoor, and Personal Air (RIOPA): part II. Analyses of concentrations of particulate matter species	2007	Department of Environmental Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA. turpin@envsci.rutgers.edu	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Research report (Health Effects Institute) Periodical, Abbrev. Res.Rep.Health Eff.Inst. Pub Date Free Form Aug Volume (130 Pt 2) Issue 130 Pt 2 Start Page 1 Other Pages 77; discussion 79-92 Notes LR: 20151119; GR: P30 ES005022/ES/NIEHS NIH HHS/United States; JID: 8812230; 0 (Air Pollutants); 0 (Organic Chemicals); 0 (Particulate Matter); ppublish Place of Publication United States ISSN/ISBN 1041-5505; 1041-5505 Accession Number PMID: 18064946 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.; IM DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 18064946 Abstract During the study Relationships of Indoor, Outdoor, and Personal Air (RIOPA), 48-hour integrated indoor, outdoor, and personal air samples were collected between summer 1999 and spring 2001 in three different areas of the United States: Elizabeth NJ, Houston TX, and Los Angeles County CA. Air samples suitable for analyzing particulate matter 2.5 microm or smaller in aerodynamic diameter (PM2.5) were collected in 219 homes (twice in 169 homes). Indoor and outdoor air samples suitable for gas-phase and particle-phase organic analyses were collected in 152 homes (twice in 132 homes). Samples or subsets of samples were analyzed for PM2.5 mass, organic functional groups, elements, organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC), gas-phase and particle-phase polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and chlordanes. Air exchange rate (AER), temperature, and relative humidity were measured for each residence; questionnaire data and time-activity information were collected from the participants. Median indoor, outdoor, and personal PM2.5 mass concentrations were 14.4, 15.5, and 31.4 microg/m3, respectively. Personal PM2.5 concentrations were significantly higher and more variable than indoor and outdoor concentrations. Several approaches were applied to quantify indoor PM2.5 of ambient (outdoor) and nonambient (indoor) origin, some using PM2.5 mass concentrations and others using PM2.5 species concentrations. PM of outdoor origin was estimated in three ways using increasingly accurate assumptions. Comparing estimates from the three approaches enabled us to quantify several types of errors that may be introduced when central-site PM concentrations are used as surrogate estimates for PM exposure. Estimates made using individual measurements produced broader distributions and higher means than those made using a single infiltration factor for all homes and days. The best estimate (produced by the robust regression approach) of the mean contribution of outdoor PM2.5 to the indoor mass concentration was 73% and to personal exposure was 26%. Possible implications of exposure error for epidemiologic assessments of PM are discussed below. Organic particulate matter was the major constituent of PM2.5 generated indoors. After correcting for artifacts, it constituted 48%, 55%, and 61% of PM2.5 mass inside study homes in Los Angeles, Elizabeth, and Houston, respectively. At least 40% but probably closer to 75% of this organic matter, on average, was emitted or formed indoors. Functional group analysis provided some insights into the composition and properties of the indoor-generated organic PM2.5. Chlordane, a very minor but mutagenic semivolatile organic mixture previously used as a termiticide, was found to be mostly of indoor origin. High emission rates were most frequently found in homes built from 1945 to 1959. Analysis of the change in gas-particle partitioning during transport of outdoor PAHs to indoor environments illustrated that chemical thermodynamics can alter the concentration and composition of outdoor PM as it is transported indoors. (This has been previously noted for nitrate [Lunden et al 2003].) In epidemiologic studies that rely on central-site monitoring data, such transformations may result in measurement error, and this possibility warrants further investigation. Descriptors* Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Air Pollutants/analysis, Air Pollution, Indoor/analysis, Child, Environmental Monitoring, Female, Humans, Inhalation Exposure/analysis, Los Angeles, Male, Middle Aged, New Jersey, Organic Chemicals/analysis, Particle Size, Particulate Matter/analysis, Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared, Surveys and Questionnaires, Texas, Urban Health Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Turpin,B. J., Weisel,C. P., Morandi,M., Colome,S., Stock,T., Eisenreich,S., Buckley,B. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Exposure to fine and ultrafine particles from secondhand smoke in public places before and after the smoking ban, Italy 2005	2007	University of Rome La Sapienza, 5 Ple Aldo Moro, 00185 Rome, Italy. pasquale.valente@iss.it	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Tobacco control Periodical, Abbrev. Tob.Control Pub Date Free Form Oct Volume 16 Issue 5 Start Page 312 Other Pages 317 Notes LR: 20151119; JID: 9209612; 0 (Biomarkers); 0 (Particulate Matter); 0 (Tobacco Smoke Pollution); K5161X06LL (Cotinine); OID: NLM: PMC2598558; ppublish Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1468-3318; 0964-4563 Accession Number PMID: 17897989 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; IM DOI 16/5/312 [pii] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 17897989 Abstract BACKGROUND: A smoking ban in all indoor public places was enforced in Italy on 10 January 2005. METHODS: We compared indoor air quality before and after the smoking ban by monitoring the indoor concentrations of fine (<2.5 microm diameter, PM2.5) and ultrafine particulate matter (<0.1 microm diameter, UFP). PM2.5 and ultrafine particles were measured in 40 public places (14 bars, six fast food restaurants, eight restaurants, six game rooms, six pubs) in Rome, before and after the introduction of the law banning smoking (after 3 and 12 months). Measurements were taken using real time particle monitors (DustTRAK Mod. 8520 TSI; Ultra-fine Particles Counter-TRAK Model 8525 TSI). The PM2.5 data were scaled using a correction equation derived from a comparison with the reference method (gravimetric measurement). The study was completed by measuring urinary cotinine, and pre-law and post-law enforcement among non-smoking employees at these establishments RESULTS: In the post-law period, PM2.5 decreased significantly from a mean concentration of 119.3 microg/m3 to 38.2 microg/m3 after 3 months (p<0.005), and then to 43.3 microg/m3 a year later (p<0.01). The UFP concentrations also decreased significantly from 76,956 particles/cm3 to 38,079 particles/cm3 (p<0.0001) and then to 51,692 particles/cm3 (p<0.01). Similarly, the concentration of urinary cotinine among non-smoking workers decreased from 17.8 ng/ml to 5.5 ng/ml (p<0.0001) and then to 3.7 ng/ml (p<0.0001). CONCLUSION: The application of the smoking ban led to a considerable reduction in the exposure to indoor fine and ultrafine particles in hospitality venues, confirmed by a contemporaneous reduction of urinary cotinine. Descriptors Adult, Air Pollution, Indoor/analysis, Biomarkers/urine, Cotinine/urine, Environmental Exposure/analysis, Environmental Monitoring/methods, Female, Humans, Italy, Male, Occupational Exposure/analysis, Particulate Matter/analysis, Public Facilities, Restaurants/legislation & jurisprudence, Smoking/legislation & jurisprudence/prevention & control, Tobacco Smoke Pollution/analysis/legislation & jurisprudence/prevention & control Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Valente,P., Forastiere,F., Bacosi,A., Cattani,G., Di Carlo,S., Ferri,M., Figa-Talamanca,I., Marconi,A., Paoletti,L., Perucci,C., Zuccaro,P. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID PMC2598558 Editors

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