WTS database

Title	Pub Year Sort ascending	Author	SearchLink
Aptitude aÃ©robie sous-maximale et qualitÃ© de vie des fumeurs exclusifs de narguilÃ©	2010		Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Rev Mal Respir Periodical, Abbrev. Rev.Mal.Respir. Pub Date Free Form Volume 27 Issue 5 Start Page 489 Other Pages 95 Notes ID: 20569882 Place of Publication ISSN/ISBN Accession Number Language fr SubFile DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID Abstract BACKGROUND: It is well known that oxidative stress is increased significantly by regular water-pipe smoking (WPS). This could lead to muscle dysfunction and thus to impairments of exercise and quality of life (QOL). Considering the impressive number of WP smokers, we intend to investigate the potential effect of WPS on submaximal exercise capacity and QOL. AIMS: (1). To evaluate the submaximal exercise capacity by the 6-minutes walking test (6-MWT). (2). To compare the deficiency, incapacity and QOL data of exclusive WPS with those of two control groups (never smokers and exclusive cigarette smokers). (3). To determine the factors influencing the 6-minutes walk distance (6-MWD) of WPS subjects. METHODS: A multicentre study including 180 exclusive WPS > or =5 WP-year] men aged > or =40 years. Cigar or cigarette smoking, contraindications to the 6-MWT or cortico-steroid therapy will be exclusion criteria. QOL evaluation, spirometry, electrocardiogram and two 6-MWT will be performed. Signs of exercise impairment will be: 6-MWD or =5/10, haemoglobin saturation fall > or =5 points. Data from WPS subjects will be compared with those from 90 never smoking subjects and 90 exclusives cigarettes smokers. EXPECTED RESULTS: (1). WPS will affect significantly the submaximal exercise capacity. (2). Resting spirometric, 6-MWT and QOL data of exclusive WPS subjects will be significantly reduced compared to never smoking subjects. (3). The 6-MWD's of exclusive WPS subjects will be significantly influenced by cumulative WP consumption, by resting spirometric data, by obesity and by physical activity score. Descriptors Exercise Tolerance, Quality of Life, Smoking/physiopathology, Adult, Cross-Sectional Studies, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Multicenter Studies as Topic, Water Links http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rmr.2010.03.009 Book Title Database MEDLINE; http://www.globalhealthlibrary.net/ Publisher Data Source Authors Ben Saad,H., Babba,M., Boukamcha,R., Latiri,I., Knani,J., Slama,R., Bougmiza,I., Zbidi,A., Tabka,Z. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Reduction of secondhand tobacco smoke in public places following national smoke-free legislation in Uruguay	2010	Pan American Health Organization, 525 23rd Street, NW, Washington, DC 20037, USA. blancoad@paho.org	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Tobacco control Periodical, Abbrev. Tob.Control Pub Date Free Form Jun Volume 19 Issue 3 Start Page 231 Other Pages 234 Notes LR: 20151119; JID: 9209612; 0 (Air Pollutants); 0 (Tobacco Smoke Pollution); 6M3C89ZY6R (Nicotine); ppublish Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1468-3318; 0964-4563 Accession Number PMID: 20501496 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI 10.1136/tc.2009.034769 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 20501496 Abstract BACKGROUND: Smoke-free legislation eliminating tobacco smoke in all indoor public places and workplaces is the international standard to protect all people from exposure to secondhand smoke. Uruguay was the first country in the Americas and the first middle-income country in the world to enact a comprehensive smoke-free national legislation in March 2006. OBJECTIVE: To compare air nicotine concentrations measured in indoor public places and workplaces in Montevideo, Uruguay before (November 2002) and after (July 2007) the implementation of the national legislation. METHODS: Air nicotine concentrations were measured for 7-14 days using the same protocol in schools, a hospital, a local government building, an airport and restaurants and bars. A total of 100 and 103 nicotine samples were available in 2002 and 2007, respectively. RESULTS: Median (IQR) air nicotine concentrations in the study samples were 0.75 (0.2-1.54) microg/m(3) in 2002 compared to 0.07 (0.0-0.20) microg/m(3) in 2007. The overall nicotine reduction comparing locations sampled in 2007 to those sampled in 2002 was 91% (95% CI 85% to 94%) after adjustment for differences in room volume and ventilation. The greatest nicotine reduction was observed in schools (97% reduction), followed by the airport (94% reduction), the hospital (89% reduction), the local government building (86% reduction) and restaurants/bars (81% reduction). CONCLUSION: Exposure to secondhand smoke has decreased greatly in indoor public places and workplaces in Montevideo, Uruguay, after the implementation of a comprehensive national smoke-free legislation. These findings suggest that it is possible to successfully implement smoke-free legislations in low and middle-income countries. Descriptors Air Pollutants/analysis, Air Pollution, Indoor/analysis/legislation & jurisprudence, Inhalation Exposure/legislation & jurisprudence/prevention & control, Nicotine/analysis, Tobacco Smoke Pollution/analysis/legislation & jurisprudence, Uruguay, Workplace Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Blanco-Marquizo,A., Goja,B., Peruga,A., Jones,M. R., Yuan,J., Samet,J. M., Breysse,P. N., Navas-Acien,A. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Change in indoor particle levels after a smoking ban in Minnesota bars and restaurants	2010	Center for Energy and Environment, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA. dbohac@mncee.org	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full American Journal of Preventive Medicine Periodical, Abbrev. Am.J.Prev.Med. Pub Date Free Form Dec Volume 39 Issue 6 Suppl 1 Start Page S3 Other Pages 9 Notes CI: Copyright (c) 2010; JID: 8704773; 0 (Particulate Matter); 0 (Tobacco Smoke Pollution); 2010/04/19 [received]; 2010/08/13 [revised]; 2010/09/09 [accepted]; ppublish Place of Publication Netherlands ISSN/ISBN 1873-2607; 0749-3797 Accession Number PMID: 21074674 Language eng SubFile Evaluation Studies; Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI 10.1016/j.amepre.2010.09.012 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 21074674 Abstract BACKGROUND: Smoking bans in bars and restaurants have been shown to improve worker health and reduce hospital admissions for acute myocardial infarction. Several studies have also reported improved indoor air quality, although these studies generally used single visits before and after a ban for a convenience sample of venues. PURPOSE: The primary objective of this study was to provide detailed time-of-day and day-of-week secondhand smoke-exposure data for representative bars and restaurants in Minnesota. METHODS: This study improved on previous approaches by using a statistically representative sample of three venue types (drinking places, limited-service restaurants, and full-service restaurants), conducting repeat visits to the same venue prior to the ban, and matching the day of week and time of day for the before- and after-ban monitoring. The repeat visits included laser photometer fine particulate (PM(2).(5)) concentration measurements, lit cigarette counts, and customer counts for 19 drinking places, eight limited-service restaurants, and 35 full-service restaurants in the Minneapolis/St. Paul metropolitan area. The more rigorous design of this study provides improved confidence in the findings and reduces the likelihood of systematic bias. RESULTS: The median reduction in PM(2).(5) was greater than 95% for all three venue types. Examination of data from repeated visits shows that making only one pre-ban visit to each venue would greatly increase the range of computed percentage reductions and lower the statistical power of pre-post tests. Variations in PM(2).(5) concentrations were found based on time of day and day of week when monitoring occurred. CONCLUSIONS: These comprehensive measurements confirm that smoking bans provide significant reductions in SHS constituents, protecting customers and workers from PM(2).(5) in bars and restaurants. Descriptors Air Pollution, Indoor/analysis/legislation & jurisprudence/prevention & control, Humans, Minnesota, Particulate Matter/analysis, Restaurants/classification/legislation & jurisprudence/statistics & numerical data, Sampling Studies, Smoking/legislation & jurisprudence/prevention & control, Tobacco Smoke Pollution/legislation & jurisprudence/prevention & control Links Book Title Database Publisher American Journal of Preventive Medicine Data Source Authors Bohac,D. L., Hewett,M. J., Kapphahn,K. I., Grimsrud,D. T., Apte,M. G., Gundel,L. A. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Effect of in-water oxygen prebreathing at different depths on decompression-induced bubble formation and platelet activation	2010	Department of Basic and Applied Medical Sciences, Ud'A Chieti-Pescara, Italy.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md.: 1985) Periodical, Abbrev. J.Appl.Physiol.(1985) Pub Date Free Form May Volume 108 Issue 5 Start Page 1077 Other Pages 1083 Notes LR: 20131121; JID: 8502536; 0 (ITGB3 protein, human); 0 (Integrin beta3); 0 (P-Selectin); 0 (Platelet Membrane Glycoprotein IIb); S88TT14065 (Oxygen); 2010/02/25 [aheadofprint]; ppublish Place of Publication United States ISSN/ISBN 1522-1601; 0161-7567 Accession Number PMID: 20185629 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI 10.1152/japplphysiol.01058.2009 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 20185629 Abstract Effect of in-water oxygen prebreathing at different depths on decompression-induced bubble formation and platelet activation in scuba divers was evaluated. Six volunteers participated in four diving protocols, with 2 wk of recovery between dives. On dive 1, before diving, all divers breathed normally for 20 min at the surface of the sea (Air). On dive 2, before diving, all divers breathed 100% oxygen for 20 min at the surface of the sea [normobaric oxygenation (NBO)]. On dive 3, before diving, all divers breathed 100% O2 for 20 min at 6 m of seawater [msw; hyperbaric oxygenation (HBO) 1.6 atmospheres absolute (ATA)]. On dive 4, before diving, all divers breathed 100% O2 for 20 min at 12 msw (HBO 2.2 ATA). Then they dove to 30 msw (4 ATA) for 20 min breathing air from scuba. After each dive, blood samples were collected as soon as the divers surfaced. Bubbles were measured at 20 and 50 min after decompression and converted to bubble count estimate (BCE) and numeric bubble grade (NBG). BCE and NBG were significantly lower in NBO than in Air [0.142+/-0.034 vs. 0.191+/-0.066 (P<0.05) and 1.61+/-0.25 vs. 1.89+/-0.31 (P<0.05), respectively] at 20 min, but not at 50 min. HBO at 1.6 ATA and 2.2 ATA has a similar significant effect of reducing BCE and NBG. BCE was 0.067+/-0.026 and 0.040+/-0.018 at 20 min and 0.030+/-0.022 and 0.020+/-0.020 at 50 min. NBG was 1.11+/-0.17 and 0.92+/-0.16 at 20 min and 0.83+/-0.18 and 0.75+/-0.16 at 50 min. Prebreathing NBO and HBO significantly alleviated decompression-induced platelet activation. Activation of CD62p was 3.0+/-0.4, 13.5+/-1.3, 10.7+/-0.9, 4.5+/-0.7, and 7.6+/-0.8% for baseline, Air, NBO, HBO at 1.6 ATA, and HBO at 2.2 ATA, respectively. The data show that prebreathing oxygen, more effective with HBO than NBO, decreases air bubbles and platelet activation and, therefore, may be beneficial in reducing the development of decompression sickness. Descriptors Administration, Inhalation, Adult, Decompression/adverse effects, Decompression Sickness/blood/physiopathology/prevention & control/ultrasonography, Diving, Embolism, Air/blood/physiopathology/prevention & control/ultrasonography, Humans, Hyperbaric Oxygenation, Immersion, Inhalation, Integrin beta3/blood, Male, Middle Aged, Oxygen/administration & dosage, P-Selectin/blood, Platelet Activation, Platelet Membrane Glycoprotein IIb/blood, Time Factors, Ultrasonography, Doppler, Young Adult Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Bosco,G., Yang,Z. J., Di Tano,G., Camporesi,E. M., Faralli,F., Savini,F., Landolfi,A., Doria,C., Fano,G. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20100225 PMCID Editors
An atypical cause of alkali chemical burn: a case report	2010		Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Ann Burns Fire Disasters Periodical, Abbrev. Pub Date Free Form Volume 23 Issue 4 Start Page 216 Other Pages 8 Notes ID: 21991229 Place of Publication ISSN/ISBN Accession Number Language en SubFile DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID Abstract It has already been reported that wet ash turns into a strong alkali agent, which can cause full-thickness skin burns. A case is presented which has the particularity of sustained, self-inflicted contact with wet ash. The coal used was the self-igniting type normally used for burning scented weed or for smoking the hubbly bubbly or shisha pipe. Descriptors Links http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3188272/?tool=pubmed Book Title Database MEDLINE; http://www.globalhealthlibrary.net/ Publisher Data Source Authors Boutefnouchet,T., Moiemen,N., Papini,R. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Prenatal environmental tobacco smoke exposure and early childhood body mass index	2010	Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Paediatric and perinatal epidemiology Periodical, Abbrev. Paediatr.Perinat.Epidemiol. Pub Date Free Form Nov Volume 24 Issue 6 Start Page 524 Other Pages 534 Notes LR: 20151119; CI: (c) 2010; GR: P01 ES011261/ES/NIEHS NIH HHS/United States; GR: P30 ES010126/ES/NIEHS NIH HHS/United States; GR: P30ES10126/ES/NIEHS NIH HHS/United States; GR: R01 ES014575/ES/NIEHS NIH HHS/United States; GR: R24 HD050924/HD/NICHD NIH HHS Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1365-3016; 0269-5022 Accession Number PMID: 20955230 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.; IM DOI 10.1111/j.1365-3016.2010.01146.x [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 20955230 Abstract Maternal smoking during pregnancy is associated with increased risk of childhood overweight body mass index (BMI). Less is known about the association between prenatal secondhand tobacco smoke (SHS) exposure and childhood BMI. We followed 292 mother-child dyads from early pregnancy to 3 years of age. Prenatal tobacco smoke exposure during pregnancy was quantified using self-report and serum cotinine biomarkers. We used linear mixed models to estimate the association between tobacco smoke exposure and BMI at birth, 4 weeks, and 1, 2 and 3 years. During pregnancy, 15% of women reported SHS exposure and 12% reported active smoking, but 51% of women had cotinine levels consistent with SHS exposure and 10% had cotinine concentrations indicative of active smoking. After adjustment for confounders, children born to active smokers (self-report or serum cotinine) had higher BMI at 2 and 3 years of age, compared with unexposed children. Children born to women with prenatal serum cotinine concentrations indicative of SHS exposure had higher BMI at 2 (mean difference [MD] 0.3 [95% confidence interval -0.1, 0.7]) and 3 (MD 0.4 [0, 0.8]) years compared with unexposed children. Using self-reported prenatal exposure resulted in non-differential exposure misclassification of SHS exposures that attenuated the association between SHS exposure and BMI compared with serum cotinine concentrations. These findings suggest active and secondhand prenatal tobacco smoke exposure may be related to an important public health problem in childhood and later life. In addition, accurate quantification of prenatal secondhand tobacco smoke exposures is essential to obtaining valid estimates. Descriptors Adult, Anthropometry/methods, Biomarkers/blood, Body Height, Body Mass Index, Body Weight, Confounding Factors (Epidemiology), Cotinine/blood, Environmental Monitoring/methods, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Infant, Newborn, Maternal Exposure, Pregnancy, Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects, Smoking/blood, Tobacco Smoke Pollution Links Book Title Database Publisher Blackwell Publishing Ltd Data Source Authors Braun,J. M., Daniels,J. L., Poole,C., Olshan,A. F., Hornung,R., Bernert,J. T., Khoury,J., Needham,L. L., Barr,D. B., Lanphear,B. P. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20100816 PMCID PMC3509191 Editors
Secondhand smoke drift: examining the influence of indoor smoking bans on indoor and outdoor air quality at pubs and bars	2010	Centre for Behavioural Research in Cancer, Cancer Council Victoria, 1 Rathdowne Street, Carlton Vic 3053, Australia.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco Periodical, Abbrev. Nicotine Tob.Res. Pub Date Free Form Mar Volume 12 Issue 3 Start Page 271 Other Pages 277 Notes JID: 9815751; 0 (Tobacco Smoke Pollution); 2010/01/22 [aheadofprint]; ppublish Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1469-994X; 1462-2203 Accession Number PMID: 20097839 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI 10.1093/ntr/ntp204 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 20097839 Abstract INTRODUCTION: This study aimed to examine the influence of indoor smoking bans on indoor and outdoor air quality at pubs and bars and to assess whether secondhand tobacco smoke (SHS) drifts from outdoor smoking areas to adjacent indoor areas. METHODS: Data were covertly collected from a convenience sample of 19 pubs and bars that had at least 1 indoor area with an adjacent semi-enclosed outdoor eating/drinking area. Using TSI SidePak Personal Aerosol Monitors, concentrations of SHS (PM(2.5)) were measured concurrently in indoor and outdoor areas before and after implementation of the indoor smoking ban. Information was collected about the number of patrons and lit cigarettes and about the enclosure of outdoor areas. RESULTS: Indoor PM(2.5) concentrations reduced by 65.5% from pre-ban to post-ban (95% CI 32.6%-82.3%, p = .004). Outdoor exposure to PM(2.5) also reduced from pre-ban to post-ban by 38.8% (95% CI 3.2%-61.3%, p = .037). At post-ban, indoor concentrations of PM(2.5) were positively associated with outdoor concentrations. After adjustment for covariates, a 100% increase in geometric mean (GM) outdoor PM(2.5) was associated with a 36.1% (95% CI 2.4%-80.9%) increase in GM indoor PM(2.5) exposure (p = .035). DISCUSSION: Indoor smoking bans are an effective means of improving indoor and outdoor air quality in pubs and bars, although the air quality of smoke-free indoor areas may be compromised by smoking in adjacent outdoor areas. These findings require consideration in efforts to ensure adequate protection of the health of employees and patrons at hospitality venues. Descriptors Air Movements, Air Pollution, Indoor/prevention & control, Environmental Monitoring/methods, Humans, Public Policy, Tobacco Smoke Pollution/legislation & jurisprudence, Ventilation, Victoria Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Brennan,E., Cameron,M., Warne,C., Durkin,S., Borland,R., Travers,M. J., Hyland,A., Wakefield,M. A. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20100122 PMCID Editors
Nicotine receptor partial agonists for smoking cessation	2010	Department of Primary Health Care, University of Oxford, Rosemary Rue Building, Old Road Campus, Oxford, UK, OX3 7LF.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full The Cochrane database of systematic reviews Periodical, Abbrev. Cochrane Database Syst.Rev. Pub Date Free Form 8-Dec Volume (12):CD006103. doi Issue 12 Start Page CD006103 Other Pages Notes LR: 20151119; JID: 100909747; 0 (Alkaloids); 0 (Azocines); 0 (Benzazepines); 0 (Nicotinic Agonists); 0 (Quinolizines); 0 (Quinoxalines); 01ZG3TPX31 (Bupropion); 53S5U404NU (cytisine); 6M3C89ZY6R (Nicotine); W6HS99O8ZO (Varenicline); CIN: Evid Based Med. 2 Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1469-493X; 1361-6137 Accession Number PMID: 21154363 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Meta-Analysis; Review; IM DOI 10.1002/14651858.CD006103.pub4 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 21154363 Abstract BACKGROUND: Nicotine receptor partial agonists may help people to stop smoking by a combination of maintaining moderate levels of dopamine to counteract withdrawal symptoms (acting as an agonist) and reducing smoking satisfaction (acting as an antagonist). Varenicline was developed as a nicotine receptor partial agonist from cytisine, a drug widely used in central and eastern Europe for smoking cessation. The first trial reports of varenicline were released in 2006, and further trials have now been published or are currently underway. OBJECTIVES: The primary objective of this review is to assess the efficacy and tolerability of nicotine receptor partial agonists, including varenicline and cytisine, for smoking cessation. SEARCH STRATEGY: We searched the Cochrane Tobacco Addiction Group's specialised register for trials, using the terms ('varenicline' or 'cytisine' or 'Tabex' or 'nicotine receptor partial agonist') and 'smoking' in the title or abstract, or as keywords. We also searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycINFO and CINAHL using MeSH terms and free text, and we contacted authors of trial reports for additional information where necessary. The latest search was in September 2010. SELECTION CRITERIA: We included randomized controlled trials which compared the treatment drug with placebo. We also included comparisons with bupropion and nicotine patches where available. We excluded trials which did not report a minimum follow-up period of six months from start of treatment. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: We extracted data on the type of participants, the dose and duration of treatment, the outcome measures, the randomization procedure, concealment of allocation, and completeness of follow up.The main outcome measured was abstinence from smoking after at least six months from the beginning of treatment. We used the most rigorous definition of abstinence, and preferred biochemically validated rates where they were reported. Where appropriate we performed meta-analysis to produce a risk ratio, using the Mantel-Haenszel fixed-effect model. MAIN RESULTS: We found 11 trials of varenicline compared with placebo for smoking cessation; three of these included a bupropion experimental arm. We also found one relapse prevention trial, comparing varenicline with placebo, and two open-label trials comparing varenicline with nicotine replacement therapy (NRT). We also include one trial in which all the participants were given varenicline, but received behavioural support either online or by phone calls, or by both methods. This trial is not included in the analyses, but contributes to the data on safety and tolerability. The included studies covered >10,300 participants, 6892 of whom used varenicline. We identified one trial of cytisine (Tabex) for inclusion.The pooled risk ratio (RR) (10 trials, 4443 people, excluding one trial evaluating long term safety) for continuous abstinence at six months or longer for varenicline at standard dosage versus placebo was 2.31 (95% confidence interval [CI] 2.01 to 2.66). Varenicline at lower or variable doses was also shown to be effective, with an RR of 2.09 (95% CI 1.56 to 2.78; 4 trials, 1272 people). The pooled RR for varenicline versus bupropion at one year was 1.52 (95% CI 1.22 to 1.88; 3 trials, 1622 people). The RR for varenicline versus NRT for point prevalence abstinence at 24 weeks was 1.13 (95% CI 0.94 to 1.35; 2 trials, 778 people). The two trials which tested the use of varenicline beyond the 12-week standard regimen found the drug to be well-tolerated during long-term use. The main adverse effect of varenicline was nausea, which was mostly at mild to moderate levels and usually subsided over time. Post-marketing safety data raised questions about a possible association between varenicline and depressed mood, agitation, and suicidal behaviour or ideation. The labelling of varenicline was amended in 2008, and the manufacturers produced a Medication Gu Descriptors Alkaloids/therapeutic use, Azocines/therapeutic use, Benzazepines/adverse effects/therapeutic use, Bupropion/therapeutic use, Humans, Nicotine/adverse effects/antagonists & inhibitors, Nicotinic Agonists/adverse effects/therapeutic use, Quinolizines/therapeutic use, Quinoxalines/adverse effects/therapeutic use, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Smoking/drug therapy, Smoking Cessation/methods, Substance Withdrawal Syndrome/prevention & control, Varenicline Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Cahill,K., Stead,L. F., Lancaster,T. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20101208 PMCID Editors
Secondhand smoke exposure (PM2.5) in outdoor dining areas and its correlates	2010	Cancer Council Victoria, Carlton, Australia.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Tobacco control Periodical, Abbrev. Tob.Control Pub Date Free Form Feb Volume 19 Issue 1 Start Page 19 Other Pages 23 Notes JID: 9209612; 0 (Particulate Matter); 0 (Tobacco Smoke Pollution); 2009/10/21 [aheadofprint]; ppublish Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1468-3318; 0964-4563 Accession Number PMID: 19850553 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI 10.1136/tc.2009.030544 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 19850553 Abstract BACKGROUND: This study assessed the magnitude of secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure when people smoke in outdoor dining areas and explored conditions influencing exposure levels. METHODS: Data were gathered from 69 outdoor dining areas in Melbourne, Australia, during April/May 2007. Sitting at tables within 1 metre of an active smoker, the authors measured the concentration of particulate pollution (PM(2.5)) using TSI SidePak Personal Aerosol Monitors. PM(2.5) data were recorded by the monitor at 30-second intervals, and data were collected over an average of 25.8 minutes per venue. Information was collected about the presence of overhead coverings and the number of patrons and lit cigarettes. RESULTS: The average background level of PM(2.5) was 8.4 microg/m(3) (geometric mean (GM)=6.1 microg/m(3)), increasing to an average of 17.6 microg/m(3) (GM=12.7 microg/m(3)) over the observational period and 27.3 microg/m(3) (GM=17.6 microg/m(3)) during the time that cigarettes were actively smoked near the monitor. There was substantial variation in exposure levels, with a maximum peak concentration of 483.9 microg/m(3) when there were lit cigarettes close to the monitor. Average exposure levels increased by around 30% for every additional active smoker within 1 metre of the monitor. Being situated under an overhead cover increased average exposure by around 50%. CONCLUSIONS: When individuals sit in outdoor dining venues where smokers are present it is possible that they will be exposed to substantial SHS levels. Significant increases in exposure were observed when monitors were located under overhead covers, and as the number of nearby smokers increased. The role of outdoor smoking restrictions in minimising exposure to SHS must be considered. Descriptors Environmental Exposure/analysis, Environmental Monitoring/methods, Humans, Inhalation Exposure/analysis, Particulate Matter/analysis, Restaurants, Tobacco Smoke Pollution/analysis, Victoria Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Cameron,M., Brennan,E., Durkin,S., Borland,R., Travers,M. J., Hyland,A., Spittal,M. J., Wakefield,M. A. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20091021 PMCID Editors
A pilot randomized study of smokeless tobacco use among smokers not interested in quitting: changes in smoking behavior and readiness to quit	2010	Department of Psychiatry, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, 86 Jonathan Lucas Street, P.O. Box 250955, Charleston, SC 29425, USA. carpente@musc.edu	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco Periodical, Abbrev. Nicotine Tob.Res. Pub Date Free Form Feb Volume 12 Issue 2 Start Page 136 Other Pages 143 Notes LR: 20151119; GR: K12 DA000357/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States; GR: K12 DA000357/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States; GR: K23 DA020482/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States; GR: UL1 RR029882/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/United States; JID: 9815751; 6M3C89ZY6R (Nicotine); OID: NLM: PM Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1469-994X; 1462-2203 Accession Number PMID: 20053788 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Randomized Controlled Trial; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; IM DOI 10.1093/ntr/ntp186 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 20053788 Abstract INTRODUCTION: Several prior studies suggest that smokeless tobacco use results in less carcinogenic risk than does cigarette smoking. Whether smokers will use smokeless tobacco is unclear, as is the impact of such use on long-term smoking behavior and cessation. It is equally plausible that smokeless tobacco use among smokers could either (a) increase total tobacco exposure and undermine motivation to quit or (b) decrease overall tobacco exposure, motivate smokers to quit, and enhance cessation. Either outcome is of major public health significance. METHODS: In this small (N = 31), short-term (2 week) pilot study, smokers uninterested in quitting were randomized to (a) receive Ariva or Stonewall (both spitless and smokeless tobacco lozenges) or (b) continue smoking conventional cigarettes. RESULTS: Ariva/Stonewall use led to a significant reduction (40%, 95% CI: 24%-55%) in cigarettes per day, no significant increases in total tobacco use (cigarettes + Ariva/Stonewall; p > .05), and significant increases in two measures of readiness to quit, either in the next month (p < .001) or within the next 6 months (p = .04), as well as significant increases in self-efficacy to quit smoking (p < .001). No such changes were found among smokers maintained on conventional cigarettes. DISCUSSION: These results suggest no deleterious effect on short-term smoking and quitting behavior among smokers who use smokeless tobacco. More broadly, this study suggests a strong need for a large prospective randomized clinical trial to more accurately assess the long-term viability of smokeless tobacco use as a method for cessation induction among unmotivated smokers. Descriptors Adult, Behavior, Addictive/drug therapy/prevention & control, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Female, Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Nicotine/administration & dosage, Pilot Projects, Self Efficacy, Smoking/drug therapy, Smoking Cessation/methods, Substance Withdrawal Syndrome/prevention & control, Tobacco Use Disorder/drug therapy, Tobacco, Smokeless Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Carpenter,M. J., Gray,K. M. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20100106 PMCID PMC2816197 Editors

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