Knowledge transfer is one of the processes involved in education and knowledge management. It also includes the transfer of skills. 

• Unplugged

· Context: 2010s, Program tested in Italy, Austria, Belgium, Greece, Germany, Spain, Sweden, and other countries.

·Objective: Reducing the use of addictive substances among adolescents

· Target: Students aged 11 to 14

·Main features: Classroom program delivered by a trained teacher, for young people aged 11 to 14, combining the transmission of information about various substances and the development of psychosocial skills. 12 one-hour sessions, at the rate of one session per week, using interactive methods, including three sessions focusing on psychoactive substances.

·Effectiveness/Results: Proven effectiveness in reducing consumption and experimentation with the 3 substances.

• The "Unplugged" program reduces the probability of having smoked a cigarette in the last 30 days. It also has a beneficial effect on the psychosocial determinants targeted by the program's activities (attitudes towards illicit drugs, psychosocial skills - notably the ability to resist peer pressure - and perceived peer consumption), and improves the school climate as perceived by students.
• The "Unplugged" program shows, in some cases, a greater effect on boys than on girls, as well as on regular (vs. occasional) consumption.

·Links to registers:

German register: https://www.gruene-liste-praevention.de/nano.cms/datenbank/programm/40

French register: https://portaildocumentaire.santepubliquefrance.fr/exl-php/navi/spf___internet_registre/notice/1 

English register: Unplugged - a Comprehensive Social Influence programme for schools: life skills training with correction of normative beliefs | www.emcdda.europa.eu

 

• Today I don’t smoke (Original French title: « Aujourd’hui je ne fume pas »)

· Context: France

· Objective: Give high schools the tools to monitor their smoking situation and reinforce a culture of smoking cessation.

· Target: Young people aged 12 to 25

· Main features: ​​​​​4 to 5 sessions a year in each school, combining in-class activities and free-access stands, with a focus on fun and conviviality, without fear-mongering.

·Effectiveness/Results: Changes observed: 10% of smokers actually quit, non-initiation among girls significantly reduced compared with results from high schools with no intervention.

·Link to register (French): https://portaildocumentaire.santepubliquefrance.fr/exl-php/navi/spf___internet_registre/notice/1

 

• Tabado

· Context: France

· Objective: Helping people to stop smoking in a population with a high smoking prevalence.

· Target: Young people aged 12 to 25

· Main features: Intervention set up in the school environment (as part of the school's strategy) by an outside consultant. This intervention comprises 3 stages: an information session per class, an individual consultation with a tobacco specialist and a sequence of follow-up sessions, in groups and individually.

·Effectiveness/Results: Changes observed: Doubled number of quits over 4 months. Over a 12-month follow-up, 17% of smokers in the intervention group had become abstinent, compared with 11.9% in the control group.

·Link to register (French): SpF - SPF : internet registre (santepubliquefrance.fr)

 

• Media Ready

· Context: Since 2012, United States

· Objective: Prevent and delay drug use (tobacco and alcohol) by learning to take a critical look at drug ads

· Target: Students aged 12 to 14

· Main features of the intervention: The Media Ready program includes 10 lessons for 12- to 14-year-olds.  Students use their skills to analyze and evaluate several ads for alcohol and tobacco products. Each lesson is scripted in a teacher's manual to facilitate program implementation. Lessons include interactive activities, hands-on exercises and small-group work. Important questions addressed in the program include: Is the message positive or negative? Who financed it? Who is the target audience? What has been omitted? ect. The program concludes with the creation of a media tool promoting drug-free consumption. 

· Effectiveness/Results: Promising intervention. Students in the intervention group reported less intention to use tobacco in the future, compared to students in the control group, at the 2-week follow-up. This program is more relevant for tobacco than alcohol (Kupersmidt, Scull, and Benson (2012)).

· Cost: The Media Ready Teacher's Kit costs $300.00. Media Ready Student workbooks cost $30.00 for a pack of 10.

· Link to register (English): https://crimesolutions.ojp.gov/ratedprograms/252

 

•  Project Towards No Tobacco Use (TNT)

·Context: Since 1993, United States

·Objective: Preventing and reducing tobacco consumption

· Target: Students aged 10 to 14

·Main features of the intervention: It's a comprehensive ten-day program with ten sessions covering, among other things, raising awareness of the health hazards of smoking, analyzing the representation of smoking by the media, celebrities and peers, developing skills to cope with the social pressure of smoking, assertiveness and refusal techniques, an in-class competition, homework and two follow-up booster sessions.

·Effectiveness/Results: Promising intervention, but more studies are needed. Current results show that the intervention appears to be more effective at age 15 than at age 13. Students in the TNT intervention group had a reduction in initial and weekly smokeless tobacco use, compared with the control group at one-year follow-up. (Sussman, 1993) Smokeless tobacco initiation was reduced by about 30%. Weekly or more frequent smoking was reduced by about 60%.

The intervention is cost effective.

·Cost: $45 per manual for teachers and $3.69 per manual for students. Training costs between $1,000 and $2,000

·Links to registers (English):

https://ebccp.cancercontrol.cancer.gov/programDetails.do?programId=116931

https://crimesolutions.ojp.gov/ratedprograms/78

https://www.wsipp.wa.gov/BenefitCost/Program/947

Link to the intervention website (English): https://tnt.usc.edu/

 

• Master Mind

· Context: United States 

· Objective: Develop self-regulation skills and reduce intentions to use alcohol or tobacco.

· Target: Students aged 9 to 11

· Main features of the intervention: 20-day educational program (15 minutes a day) taught by teachers, including breathing and mindfulness meditations

·Effectiveness/Results: Promising intervention but needs further study

·Link to register (English):  https://crimesolutions.ojp.gov/ratedprograms/618

 

• Media Detective

· Context: United States

· Objective: Reinforce students' ability to think critically about alcohol- and tobacco-related media messages

· Target: Students aged 7 to 13

· Main features of the intervention: Ten 45-minute lessons to learn how to deconstruct advertisements by looking for clues to the marketing levers used (product sold, target audience, methods used to attract the target, induced messages about what the product will bring and hidden information about the product's consequences).

· Cost: Media Detective educational kit $400.00 and $55.00 for 10 student workbooks (in English)

​​·Effectiveness/Results: Promising intervention but needs further study

·Link to register (English): https://crimesolutions.ojp.gov/ratedprograms/251

·Link to intervention website (English): https://irtinc.us/avada_portfolio/media-detective/

 

• Not-On-Tobacco Program (N-O-T)

· Context: United States

· Objective:   Promoting smoking cessation and reducing tobacco use among adolescent smokers

· Target: Daily smokers aged 14 to 19

· Main features of the intervention: 10 weekly sessions and 4 follow-up booster sessions by trained facilitators to reduce smoking. Intervention can be carried out in school or community environments.

·Effectiveness/Results: Promising intervention but lack of data

·Link to register (English): https://ebccp.cancercontrol.cancer.gov/programDetails.do?programId=269048

 

• Project SHOUT (Students Helping Others Understand Tobacco)

· Context: United States

· Objective:  Prevent smoking

· Target: Students aged 12 to 15

· Main features of the intervention: Ten sessions are held in the first year and eight in the second, during which a video on the consequences of smoking is shown, interactive activities are organized and refusal methods are taught.

·Effectiveness/Results: Promising but lacking in studies

·Link to register (English): https://ebccp.cancercontrol.cancer.gov/programDetails.do?programId=298450

 

• PEPITES

​​​​​​​​​​​​​​· Context: France

· Objective: Delay smoking initiation; reduce the transition to regular smoking

· Target: Young people and students aged 12 to 25

· Main features of the intervention: 45-minute teaching sessions led by professionals during school hours; practical experimentation in 4th and 3rd grade on measuring loss of taste due to smoking, using the electrogustometer tool to measure taste sensitivity.

·Effectiveness/Results: Requires further study

·Link to register (French):  https://portaildocumentaire.santepubliquefrance.fr/exl-php/navi/spf___internet_registre/notice/1

 

• Project EX-4

​​​​​​​​​​​​​​· Context: United States

· Objective: Promoting smoking cessation and prevention

· Target: Students aged 15 to 18

· Main features of the intervention: Eight 45-minute sessions over 6 weeks, in the classroom, to teach the target different mood and emotion management strategies to cope with nicotine withdrawal in particular.

This intervention is the adaptation of Project EX to the classroom context.

​​​·Effectiveness/Results: Unproven effectiveness due to lack of studies

·Link to register (English):​​​​https://ebccp.cancercontrol.cancer.gov/programDetails.do?programId=534937

 

• The Ringsted Experiment ​​​​​​​​​​​

· Context: Denmark

· Objective:​​​​​​ Raising awareness about smoking

· Target: Students aged 11 to 13

· Main features of the intervention: A single four-hour session with an instructor

·Effectiveness/Results: No proven effect on smoking

·Link to register (English): https://www.emcdda.europa.eu/best-practice/xchange/i%E2%80%99m-ok-when-i-say-no-way_en

 

•  Too Good for Drugs

· Context: United States

· Objective:   Reduce students' intention to use alcohol, tobacco and illegal drugs, while fostering pro-social attitudes, skills and behaviors.

· Target: Students aged 5 to 12 

· Main features of the intervention: Ten interactive lessons given by educators, adapted to each grade level, including knowledge of the consequences of consuming the products targeted by the program. Involvement of the family circle through homework assignments and newsletters.

·Effectiveness/Results: No proven effects

·Link to register (English): https://www.wsipp.wa.gov/BenefitCost/Program/413

https://crimesolutions.ojp.gov/ratedprograms/351#ii

·Link to intervention website (English): https://toogoodprograms.org/collections/too-good-for-drugs

 

• Youth advocacy & empowerment programs for tobacco prevention

· Context: United States

· Objective: Encourage high school students to advocate for environmental changes regarding the consumption of tobacco and other substances

· Target: Students aged 15 to 19

· Main features of the intervention: Weekly class sessions, a youth advocacy conference, and planning and implementation of community advocacy projects. The program was designed to modify social influences on smoking, build awareness among youth of environmental influences on smoking, and engage youth in modification of the environmental influences.

· Cost: $25 per participant

· Effectiveness/Results: Lack of efficacy studies

·Link to register (English):  https://www.wsipp.wa.gov/BenefitCost/Program/414

 

Competitions are group activities involving challenges and prizes for the winners. 

• Be smart don’t start

· Context: Initially introduced on a large scale in Germany in 1997, then rolled out in 7 European countries under the impetus of the European Union

· Objective: Delaying the first tobacco experiment

· Target: Students aged 11 to 14

· Main features of the intervention: Competition between different classes based on students' voluntary participation (90% of students must be in favor of taking part in the competition).  Every week between November and April, students declare whether or not they have smoked. If more than 10% of students in the class have smoked, the class is eliminated. Prizes are awarded at the end of the competition. The competition period is punctuated by learning sessions on the dangers of smoking and promoting the non-smoking lifestyle.

· Effectiveness/Results: Proven effectiveness in delaying experimentation and progression: students in the intervention group were less likely to smoke after taking part in the competition than students who did not. Participants were also less likely to progress from the "trial" stage to "regular" smoking.

· Cost: Low cost, digitally accessible media; studies have shown a positive cost-benefit ratio.

· Link to register (German): https://www.gruene-liste-praevention.de/nano.cms/datenbank/programm/48

· Link to website (German): https://www.besmart.info/

 

• Classroom-Centered Intervention to Reduce Risk of Substance Use

· Context: United States

· Objective: Reduce the risk of using various substances, including tobacco

· Target: Students aged 5 to 7

· Main features of the intervention: Based on the Good Behaviour Game, a competition that pits 3 groups within a class against each other, with points awarded (or withdrawn) for good behaviour. Points earned can then be exchanged for tangible rewards.

· Effectiveness/Results: Promising, some studies even show positive results 6 to 7 years after the intervention on the probability of smoking initiation.

· Link to register (English): https://crimesolutions.ojp.gov/ratedprograms/452#programcost

 

• Helder op school

· Context: Netherlands

· Objective: Preventing and delaying tobacco experimentation

· Target: Students aged 12 to 15

· Main features of the intervention: Competitions between schools with the participative 6-month no-smoking challenge.

· Effectiveness/Results: No information

· Link to register (Dutch): https://www.loketgezondleven.nl/interventies-zoeken#/InterventionDetails/1400113%0A%0A

 

• Life Skills Training (LST)

· Context: Program widely implemented in the United States since 1980 and more recently in Croatia, United Kingdom, Italy, Spain, Netherlands

· Objective: Reduce consumption of alcohol, tobacco and drugs, and the associated risks, including violence.

· Target: Students aged 11 to 14

· Main features of the intervention: A 3-year intervention, consisting of 24 to 30 teacher-led sessions, targeting the social and psychological factors associated with the initiation of risky behavior. These sessions are designed to develop social skills linked to substance use avoidance and general self-management.

· Effectiveness/Results: Effective intervention on smoking initiation, further studies recommended, cost-effective intervention.

· Cost: Between $100 and $500 per person

· Links to registers (English) : https://www.blueprintsprograms.org/programs/5999999/lifeskills-training-lst/print/

https://www.wsipp.wa.gov/BenefitCost/Program/37

https://www.emcdda.europa.eu/best-practice/xchange/life-skills-training-lombardy-lst-classroom-based-universal-prevention-programme-reduce-long-term-risk-alcohol-tobacco-and-drugs-middle-school_en

 

• Linking the Interests of Families and Teachers (LIFT)

· Context: 2010s, United States

· Objective: Preventing the development of aggressive and antisocial behavior in elementary school children.

· Target: Students aged 6 to 11

· Main features of the intervention:  Intervention consisting of classroom training on children's social skills, the Good Behaviour Game and parent management training.

· Effectiveness/Results: Effective intervention. Young people who participated in the LIFT program had lower levels of tobacco consumption over time, compared with control young people, at the 7-year follow-up.

· Link to register (English): https://crimesolutions.ojp.gov/ratedprograms/191#programcost

 

• Unplugged

· Context: 2010s, Program tested in Italy, Austria, Belgium, Greece, Germany, Spain, Sweden, and other countries.

·Objective: Reducing the use of addictive substances among adolescents

·Target: Students aged 11 to 14

·Main features: Classroom program delivered by a trained teacher, for young people aged 11 to 14, combining the transmission of information about various substances and the development of psychosocial skills. 12 one-hour sessions, at the rate of one session per week, using interactive methods, including three sessions focusing on psychoactive substances.

·Effectiveness/Results: Proven effectiveness in reducing consumption and experimentation with the 3 substances.

• The "Unplugged" program reduces the probability of having smoked a cigarette in the last 30 days. It also has a beneficial effect on the psychosocial determinants targeted by the program's activities (attitudes towards illicit drugs, psychosocial skills - notably the ability to resist peer pressure - and perceived peer consumption), and improves the school climate as perceived by students.

The "Unplugged" program shows, in some cases, a greater effect on boys than on girls, as well as on regular (vs. occasional) consumption.

·Links to registers:

German register: https://www.gruene-liste-praevention.de/nano.cms/datenbank/programm/40

French register: https://portaildocumentaire.santepubliquefrance.fr/exl-php/navi/spf___internet_registre/notice/1 

English register: Unplugged - a Comprehensive Social Influence programme for schools: life skills training with correction of normative beliefs | www.emcdda.europa.eu

 

• SMART Leaders (Skills, Mastery, and Resistance Training)

· Context: United States

· Objective: Reducing drug consumption.

· Target: Students aged 13 to 15.

· Main features of the intervention: Five classroom sessions with role-playing and videos on identifying and resisting peer pressure to use drugs, and three video sessions on resisting alcohol, drugs and early sexual activity.

· Effectiveness/Results: Promising but lacking in research.

· Link to register (English): https://crimesolutions.ojp.gov/ratedprograms/297#em

 

• Master Mind

· Context: United States 

· Objective: Develop self-regulation skills and reduce intentions to use alcohol or tobacco.

· Target: Students aged 9 to 11

· Main features of the intervention: 20-day educational program (15 minutes a day) taught by teachers, including breathing and mindfulness meditations

·Effectiveness/Results: Promising intervention but needs further study

·Link to register (English):  https://crimesolutions.ojp.gov/ratedprograms/618

 

• 1000 Schätze

· Context: Germany

· Objective: Promoting psycho-social skills to prevent drug addiction

· Target: First-year elementary school pupils

· Main features of the intervention: 10 modules taught in elementary school to promote psychosocial skills

· Cost: €100 per class per school year

· Effectiveness/Results: No proven efficacy on smoking

· Link to register (German): https://www.gruene-liste-praevention.de/nano.cms/datenbank/programm/143

· Link to program (German): http://www.1000schaetze.de/

https://www.kkh.de/leistungen/praevention-vorsorge/gesundheitsfoerderung-setting/1000-schaetze

 

• Helder op School: Fresh Start

· Context: Netherlands

· Objective: Prevent youth smoking and delay drug experimentation

· Target: Students aged 12 to 13

· Main features of the intervention: Behavioral training in four one-hour lessons and a two-hour evening for parents.

· Effectiveness/Results: Lack of studies

· Link to register (Dutch): https://www.loketgezondleven.nl/interventies-zoeken#/InterventionDetails/1900047

 

• Raising Healthy Children

· Context: United States

· Objective: Reduce the negative impact of students in the classroom

· Target: Students aged 5 to 18

· Main features of the intervention: Multidimensional programme with a component for teachers (a series of workshops to improve classroom management), a component for parents (workshops to help resolve problems at home), a component for children (summer camp for students with academic or behavioural problems). In addition, home services are offered to students with academic or behavioural problems.

· Cost: $200 per student

· Effectiveness/Results: No demonstrated effect on tobacco consumption

· Link to register (English): https://www.blueprintsprograms.org/programs/369999999/raising-healthy-children/

 

• Too good for violence

· Context: United States

· Objective: Improving student behaviour and reducing aggressiveness

· Target: Students aged 8 to 18

· Main features of the intervention: A programme offering age-appropriate lessons designed to encourage the development of peer bonds, conflict resolution skills and resistance to substance use.

· Cost: 100 and 700$ kits

· Effectiveness/Results: No proven effect on tobacco consumption

· Link to register (English): https://crimesolutions.ojp.gov/ratedprograms/240#summary

· Link to intervention website (English): https://toogoodprograms.org/collections/too-good-for-violence  

• A Stop Smoking in Schools Trial (ASSIST)

o   Context: It was first introduced in the UK in 2008, and has been widely disseminated since 2010. It has reached more than 160,000 pupils in total. In France, a trial was set up between 2016 and 2019 involving more than 4,000 pupils.

o   Objective: Promote non-smoking and inform about the risks of smoking

o   Target: Students aged 12 to 14

o   Main features of the intervention: A 10-week, 4-stage intervention to prevent daily smoking:

o   the school administers a questionnaire to the pupils to identify the most influential pupils who will become peer ambassadors. Subject to their agreement and that of their parents, external speakers (information on smoking, development of psychosocial skills, etc) train them for two days.

o   Trained peers can then influence their peers informally in everyday interactions.

o   trainers carry out 4 follow-up visits to answer questions and ensure that the programme is running well, and additional information on smoking is provided.

o   At the end of the intervention, a certificate is given to the student ambassadors.

o   Effectiveness/Results: Effective intervention.

§  In the UK, two years after the intervention, a difference of 2.1% in smoking prevalence was observed between schools that had benefited from the ASSIST programme and control schools.

§  Students in ASSIST schools reported a significant reduction in regular smoking at the 1-year follow-up (Campbell, 2008)

o   Cost: The implementation of the intervention is subject to obtaining a user licence. The average cost of the intervention is £27 per pupil and £4,700 per school.

o   Link to registers (English): https://www.blueprintsprograms.org/programs/485999999/a-stop-smoking-in-schools-trial-assist/

https://www.emcdda.europa.eu/best-practice/xchange/stop-smoking-schools-trial-assist_en

 

•    P2P "Acting through peers" (French title: « Agir par les pairs »)

o   Context: France, 2013

o   Objective: Prevent smoking among vocational secondary school students

o   Target: Students aged 15 to 19 in vocational secondary schools

o   Main features of the intervention: School-based actions on attitudes to smoking, social norms and behavioural control to prevent smoking among secondary school students. This intervention is based on an intervention designed by the students themselves, based on the theory of planned behaviour.

o   Effectiveness/Results: Significant results after 2 years: difference of 9.6 percentage points in the prevalence of daily smoking between secondary school students in the intervention group and secondary school students in the control group.

o   Link to the register (French): https://portaildocumentaire.santepubliquefrance.fr/exl-php/navi/spf___internet_registre/notice/1

 

• Model Smoking Prevention Program

o   Context: United States

o   Objective: Prevent tobacco consumption

o   Target: Students aged 9 to 13

o   Main features of the intervention: “Peer leaders” are trained by a teacher to disseminate information and support other students during collaborative sessions.

o    Cost: $10 per participant, a cost-effective programme with benefits of $1,165 per participant

o   Effectiveness/Results: Promising but lack of studies

o   Link to registers (English) : https://crimesolutions.ojp.gov/ratedprograms/331

https://www.wsipp.wa.gov/BenefitCost/Program/409

• Air it out

o   Context: End of the 2000s, United States

o   Objective: Promote smoking cessation and prevention

o   Target: Students aged 13 to 17

o   Main features of the intervention: Paediatric smoking prevention and cessation intervention by paediatric carers and older paid peer counsellors. The Air it Out intervention incorporates a patient-centred approach in which carers ask questions about smoking, advise cessation or continued abstinence and refer the patient to the peer counsellor to develop a personalised strategy for cessation or continued abstinence. The peer counsellors also conduct four 10-minute telephone calls at 2, 6, 12 and 21 weeks after the clinical visit.

o   Effectiveness/Results: Lack of studies. 2008 study by Pbert shows short-term efficacy (6 months) but no longer-term efficacy (12 months).

o    Link to the register (English): https://ebccp.cancercontrol.cancer.gov/programDetails.do?programId=984006

• Smoke-free school

o   Context: Since 2019, Netherlands

o   Objective: Make schools (including school grounds) smoke-free to prevent smoking and passive smoking among young people

o   Target: Students and educational staff in primary, secondary and vocational schools

o   Main features of the intervention: Internal communication campaign in schools using information panels

o   Effectiveness/Results: Promising intervention / This intervention contributes to a change in smoking behaviour by promoting non-smoking as a social norm.

o   Cost: The cost varies according to the size of the schools and the number of spaces for information panels.

o    Link to the register (Dutch): https://www.loketgezondleven.nl/interventies-zoeken#/InterventionDetails/1403354

• Positive Family Support (PFS)

o   Context: Since 2013, United States

o   Objective: Prevent the development of antisocial behavior and drug experimentation

o   Target: Young people aged 11 to 17

o   Main features of the intervention: Multi-modal programme (school and family-based) involving interventions with families and with young people only. Children receive six lessons in class dealing with the risks of problem behaviour and substance use. Each week, a parent-child interactive homework activity is assigned to emphasise family management and encourage the child to take responsibility for his or her own life.

o   Effectiveness/Results: Effective intervention / Students in the PFS intervention group were less likely to use tobacco than students in the control group.

o   Cost: The first year's training costs for Positive Family Support (PFS) in schools are around $20,000. For a school implementing the programme for 500 students, this would cost around $40 per student.

o   Link to the register (English): https://crimesolutions.ojp.gov/ratedprograms/289 

 

• Linking the Interests of Families and Teachers (LIFT)

o   Context: United States

o   Objective: Prevent the development of aggressive and antisocial behaviours

o   Target: Children aged 6 to 11

o   Main features of the intervention: Mixed method with actions in schools: training on psychosocial skills and the Good Behaviour  Game; training for parents

o   Effectiveness/Results: Effective, reduction in smoking initiation among young people exposed to the intervention

o   Link to the register (English): https://crimesolutions.ojp.gov/ratedprograms/191

 

• Family Check Up (FCU) for Adolescents

o   Context: United States

o   Objective: Reduce the increase in behaviour problems and substance abuse among teenagers.

o   Target: Young people aged 11 to 14

o   Main features of the intervention: A family behaviour training programme, Family Check-Up (FCU) is a brief intervention with families in three sessions: an initial interview, an assessment session and a feedback session based on motivational interviewing strategies. The programme can be adapted to include parent group meetings, individual family meetings and booster sessions.

o   Effectiveness/Results: Promising but lack of studies

o   Links to registers (English): https://crimesolutions.ojp.gov/ratedprograms/391

Blueprints Programs – Blueprints for Healthy Youth Development

o   Link to the programme (English):  https://www.nwpreventionscience.org/

 

• Family Matters

o   Context: United States

o   Objective: Prevent and reduce tobacco and alcohol consumption

o   Target: Young people aged 12 to 14

o   Main features of the intervention: Four booklets sent to families with family activities to prevent and reduce tobacco and alcohol consumption. Two weeks after each booklet is sent out, parents receive a telephone call from a health educator to encourage them to complete the activities.

o   Effectiveness/Results: No proven effects

o   Cost: 150 - $200 per family

o   Links to registers (English): https://ebccp.cancercontrol.cancer.gov/programDetails.do?programId=468157

https://www.wsipp.wa.gov/BenefitCost/Program/646

https://crimesolutions.ojp.gov/ratedprograms/75

 

• Programme Love and Boundaries

o   Context: Norway

o   Objective: Prevent early drug use by strengthening parenting skills and family relationships

o   Target: 12-13 year olds

o   Main features of the intervention: Norwegian adaptation of the American programme « Iowa Strengthening Families Program »: six children's group meetings during school hours; six parents' group meetings and two family meetings

o   Effectiveness/Results: No proven effects

o   Link to the programme (Norwegian): https://ungsinn.no/post_tiltak_arkiv/kjaerlighet-og-grenser-3-utg/ 

 

 

Project Clean Air-Safe Air (CASA)

o   Context: 2000s, United States

o   Objective: Reduce smoke exposure in Hispanic homes

o   Target: Hispanic families with at least one smoker and children aged 4 to 14

o   Main features of the intervention: Distribution of a comic book for young people aged 4 to 14 and two fotonovelas (storybooks with photographs) for adults to address the dangers of exposure to second-hand smoke in the home, promote the ban on smoking in the home and encourage smokers to quit. The CASA project documents can be distributed in paper format by bilingual (English and Spanish) health educators or electronically by organisations wishing to distribute them to large groups.

o   Effectiveness/Results: Promising but lack of studies / Average ambient nicotine concentrations decreased in households participating in the intervention (compared with baseline) at 6 and 12 months after the start of the intervention.

o   Link to the register (English): https://ebccp.cancercontrol.cancer.gov/programDetails.do?programId=23450627

Community environments correspond to more or less structured environments where there is a sense of belonging and strong communication dynamics. 

• Kentucky Adolescent Tobacco Prevention Project

o   Context: End of the 1990s, United States

o   Objective: Prevent tobacco use

o   Target: teenagers in rural communities with high tobacco production

o   Main features of the intervention: An intervention focusing on social influences, consisting of six sessions plus three booster sessions (each lasting between 45 and 60 minutes). The sessions cover topics such as learning to resist peer pressure, recognising and countering advertising appeals, and understanding the negative physical and social consequences of smoking. At the same time, peer leaders are trained.

o   Effectiveness/Results: Effective. The study showed lower cigarette consumption: one year after the booster sessions, the young people in the intervention group had consumed less tobacco in the previous 24 hours, 7 and 30 days than the young people in the control group (Noland, 1998).

o   Link to the register (English): https://ebccp.cancercontrol.cancer.gov/programDetails.do?programId=184343

 

• Communities that Care

o   Context: 2010s, United States

o   Objective: Raise awareness of risk factors in childhood to solve health problems

o   Target group: up to 24 years old – geographical community

o   Main features of the intervention: A prevention system that empowers communities to tackle adolescent health and behaviour problems by focusing on empirically identified risk and protective factors. The programme mobilises community leaders and a community prevention coalition to plan and implement a set of tested interventions aimed at reducing high risk factors and promoting protective factors within the community. Implementation is organised into five stages, each with its own set of ‘ reference points’ and ‘milestones’ to help guide and monitor progress. Technical assistance is provided to local coordinators and members of prevention coalitions through telephone calls, weekly emails and twice-yearly site visits.

o   Effectiveness/Results: Promising but lack of studies. Up to the age of 21, (ten years after the start of the study) participants had a higher probability of abstinence from different drugs (alcohol, tobacco and marijuana). (Oesterle et al., 2018)

o   Cost: Between $150 and $600 per person

o   Links to registers (English): https://www.wsipp.wa.gov/BenefitCost/Program/115

https://www.blueprintsprograms.org/programs/444999999/communities-that-care/

 

• Bicultural skills approach

o   Context: United States

o   Objective: Prevent substance use (including tobacco)

o   Target: Native American teenagers aged 9 to 11

o   Main features of the intervention: Programme focusing on the development of bicultural social skills. Intervention groups are led by two Amerindian counsellors and ten to fifteen sessions are given to prevent substance use. Families, schools, neighbours, law enforcement agencies and commercial facilities are included in a series of awareness-raising activities.

o   Cost: around $60 per participant

o   Effectiveness/Results: Promising intervention

o   Links to registers (English): https://crimesolutions.ojp.gov/ratedprograms/262#pd

https://www.wsipp.wa.gov/BenefitCost/Program/

 

• Not-On-Tobacco Program (N-O-T)

· Context: United States

· Objective:   Promote smoking cessation and reduce tobacco use among adolescent smokers

· Target: Daily smokers aged 14 to 19

· Main features of the intervention: 10 weekly sessions and 4 follow-up booster sessions by trained facilitators to reduce smoking. Intervention can be carried out in school or community environments.

·Effectiveness/Results: Promising intervention but lack of data

·Link to the register (English): https://ebccp.cancercontrol.cancer.gov/programDetails.do?programId=269048

 

• Project Clean Air-Safe Air (CASA)

o   Context: 2000s, United States

o   Objective: Reduce smoke exposure in Hispanic homes

o   Target: Hispanic families with at least one smoker and children aged 4 to 14

o   Main features of the intervention: Distribution of a comic book for young people aged 4 to 14 and two fotonovelas (storybooks with photographs) for adults to address the dangers of exposure to second-hand smoke in the home, promote the ban on smoking in the home and encourage smokers to quit. The CASA project documents can be distributed in paper format by bilingual (English and Spanish) health educators or electronically by organisations wishing to distribute them to large groups.

o   Effectiveness/Results: Promising but lack of studies / Average ambient nicotine concentrations decreased in households participating in the intervention (compared with baseline) at 6 and 12 months after the start of the intervention.

 

•     Keep safe

o   Context: United States, since 2011

o   Objective: Prevent delinquency and substance abuse by developing pro-social skills

o   Target: Girls aged 10 to 12 in foster care

o   Main features of the intervention: A multidimensional programme with a carer-led component, individual coaching and group training designed to develop positive peer relationships, increase self-confidence and reduce sensitivity to peer influence.

o   Effectiveness/Results: promising intervention, particularly on tobacco consumption.

o   Link to the register (English):  https://crimesolutions.ojp.gov/ratedprograms/372

 

• Sembrando Salud

o   Context: United States

o   Objective: Prevent tobacco and alcohol consumption

o   Target: Young people aged 11 to 16 from Hispanic communities

o   Main features of the intervention: 8-week programme for teenagers and their families, delivered by bilingual/bicultural students. Interactive teaching method to improve parent-child communication skills to encourage healthy decision-making about tobacco and alcohol.

o   Effectiveness/Results: No proven effects

o   Link to the register (English): https://crimesolutions.ojp.gov/ratedprograms/268

Link to the register (English): https://ebccp.cancercontrol.cancer.gov/programDetails.do?programId=23450627

 

•     Keep safe

o   Context: United States, since 2011

o   Objective: Prevent delinquency and substance abuse by developing pro-social skills

o   Target: Girls aged 10 to 12 in foster care

o   Main features of the intervention: A multidimensional programme with a carer-led component, individual coaching and group training designed to develop positive peer relationships, increase self-confidence and reduce sensitivity to peer influence.

o   Effectiveness/Results: promising intervention, particularly on tobacco consumption.

o   Link to the register (English):  https://crimesolutions.ojp.gov/ratedprograms/372

 

• Sembrando Salud

o   Context: United States

o   Objective: Prevent tobacco and alcohol consumption

o   Target: Young people aged 11 to 16 from Hispanic communities

o   Main features of the intervention: 8-week programme for teenagers and their families, delivered by bilingual/bicultural students. Interactive teaching method to improve parent-child communication skills to encourage healthy decision-making about tobacco and alcohol.

o   Effectiveness/Results: No proven effects

o   Link to the register (English): https://crimesolutions.ojp.gov/ratedprograms/268

• Spit Tobacco Intervention for Athletes

o   Context: Early 2000s, United States

o   Objective: prevent the use of chewing tobacco

o   Target: Young male athletes aged 13 to 20 (baseball in particular)

o   Main features of the intervention: The first part consists of a 50-minute interactive meeting that includes a video adapted for baseball athletes, graphic slides of facial disfigurement associated with oral cancer and its surgical treatment, and a small-group discussion on chewing tobacco advertisements aimed at young men. The second component is a medical component with an oral examination by a dentist. For tobacco users, the programme ends with a brief counselling session and a follow-up call.

o   Effectiveness/Results: Promising intervention. Two studies showed divergent results. One found no statistically significant effect on initiation of chewing tobacco (Walsh, 2003); the second found that athletes participating in the intervention were less likely than athletes in the control group to start using chewing tobacco (Gansky, 2005).

o Links to registers (English):  https://crimesolutions.ojp.gov/ratedprograms/293

 

https://ebccp.cancercontrol.cancer.gov/programDetails.do?programId=192009

 

 

• Smoke-free sport

o   Context: Netherlands

o   Objective: Prevent smoking by denormalizing it

o   Target: Children up to the age of 18 visiting a given sports club

o   Main features of the intervention: Make the sports club a non-smoking area, with signage to support this.

o   Effectiveness/Results: Promising intervention

o   Link to the register (Dutch): https://www.loketgezondleven.nl/interventies-zoeken#/InterventionDetails/1900018h

o   Link to the programme (Dutch): www.rookvrijegeneratie.nl/laat-het-zien/

•  A Smoking Prevention Interactive Experience (ASPIRE)

o   Context: 2010s, United States, website extended to Canada, China, Spain and India

o   Objective: Encourage teenagers to choose a smoke-free lifestyle

o   Target: Teenagers aged between 11 and 18

o   Main features of the intervention: Five learning modules to promote smoking prevention among non-smokers and smoking cessation among smokers. The online program lasts between 3.5 and 5 hours. Each module includes pre- and post-tests, quizzes and a satisfaction survey. A certificate is issued at the end of the program.

o   Effectiveness/Results: Promising intervention. At 18-month follow-up, students in the intervention group had higher decisional balance scores against smoking and lower temptation to smoke scores than students in the control group (Prokhorov, 2008).

o   Link to the register (English): https://ebccp.cancercontrol.cancer.gov/programDetails.do?programId=2440327

o   Link to the programme (English): https://www.mdanderson.org/about-md-anderson/community-services/aspire.html

 

• Juste be smokefree

o   Context: Germany

o   Objective: Preventing tobacco consumption

o   Target: Smokers and non-smokers aged 12 to 25

o   Main features of the intervention: Documents available on a cognitive-behavioral education and training website: information about the consequences of tobacco consumption, tools for analyzing one's smoking behavior and tips and resources for quitting smoking.

o   Effectiveness/Results: Lack of studies

o   Link to the register (German): https://www.gruene-liste-praevention.de/nano.cms/datenbank/programm/103

o   Link to the programme (German): https://www.justbesmokefree.de/

• The truth® Campaign

o   Context: 2000s, United States

o   Objective: Delay first experimentation with tobacco

o   Target: Young people aged 12 to 17

o   Main features of the intervention: Social marketing campaign, including TV ads that devalue smoking and show young people confronting the tobacco industry, promotional items (t-shirts, stickers), street marketing and a website. Truth® campaign messages focus on tobacco addiction, smoking-related death and disease, cigarette ingredients and the social consequences of smoking. Young ambassadors are also trained to promote the right attitude among their peers.

o   Effectiveness/Results: Effective. Exposure to the Truth® campaign is associated with a reduced risk of smoking initiation (Farrelly, 2009).

o   Cost: A total of $324 million was spent between 2000 and 2002 (including development, implementation and evaluation). However, it is estimated that the costs have been amortized and that at least $1.9 billion in medical expenses have been saved, making the campaign cost-effective.

o   Link to the register (English): https://crimesolutions.ojp.gov/ratedprograms/301

o   Link to the programme (English): https://www.thetruth.com/#hp-hero-nav-4