WTS database

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Determination of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylenes in indoor air at environmental levels using diffusive samplers in combination with headspace solid-phase microextraction and high-resolution gas chromatography-flame ionization detection	1998	Medizinisches Institut fur Umwelthygiene, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Dusseldorf, Germany.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Journal of chromatography.A Periodical, Abbrev. J.Chromatogr.A Pub Date Free Form 27-Nov Volume 826 Issue 2 Start Page 191 Other Pages 200 Notes LR: 20131121; JID: 9318488; 0 (Air Pollutants); 0 (Benzene Derivatives); 0 (Indicators and Reagents); 0 (Xylenes); 16291-96-6 (Charcoal); 3FPU23BG52 (Toluene); J64922108F (Benzene); L5I45M5G0O (ethylbenzene); S54S8B99E8 (Carbon Disulfide); Y4S76JWI15 (Met Place of Publication NETHERLANDS ISSN/ISBN 0021-9673; 0021-9673 Accession Number PMID: 9871339 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; IM DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 9871339 Abstract An improved analytical method for passive air sampling is presented based on a combination of commercially available diffusive samplers with headspace solid-phase microextraction and high-resolution gas chromatography with flame ionization detection (HRGC-FID). This procedure is targeted for short-term BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and o-, m- and p-xylenes) determinations at environmental concentrations and can be applied for sampling intervals between 30 min and 24 h. The analytes are adsorbed onto the charcoal pad of a passive sampler and then extracted with carbon disulphide-methanol. After removal of the carbon disulphide by xanthation, the BTEXs are enriched on a Carboxen SPME fiber, thermally desorbed and analysed by HRGC-FID. Detection limits for a sampling interval of 2 h are between 0.4 and 2 micrograms/m3, within-series precision ranges between 6.6 and 12.8%, day-to-day precision is between 11.1 and 15.2%. The results obtained with this procedure are validated by comparison with active sampling. Detection limits and a further reduction of the sampling time are limited by blanks of the chemicals and the diffusive samplers. Procedures to eliminate these blanks are described in detail. Applications such as the determination of BTEXs in indoor air inside buildings, inside a train and a car are presented, indicating the usefulness of the described procedure for short-term measurements of environmental BTEX concentrations. An advantage of passive samplers is the storage stability for at least six months, which is essential for its use in large epidemiological studies. Descriptors Adsorption, Air Pollutants/analysis, Air Pollution, Indoor/prevention & control, Benzene/analysis, Benzene Derivatives/analysis, Carbon Disulfide, Charcoal, Chromatography, Gas/methods, Environmental Monitoring, Indicators and Reagents, Methanol, Sensitivity and Specificity, Time Factors, Toluene/analysis, Xylenes/analysis Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Elke,K., Jermann,E., Begerow,J., Dunemann,L. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Determination of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylenes in air by solid phase micro-extraction/gas chromatography/mass spectrometry	2004	Laboratoire de Radiochimie, Sciences Analytiques et Environnement, Faculte des Sciences, Universite de Nice-Sophia Antipolis, Parc Valrose, 06108 Nice, France.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry Periodical, Abbrev. Anal.Bioanal Chem. Pub Date Free Form Nov Volume 380 Issue 6-May Start Page 824 Other Pages 830 Notes LR: 20160512; JID: 101134327; 0 (Air Pollutants); 0 (Benzene Derivatives); 0 (Xylenes); 3FPU23BG52 (Toluene); J64922108F (Benzene); L5I45M5G0O (ethylbenzene); ppublish Place of Publication Germany ISSN/ISBN 1618-2642; 1618-2642 Accession Number PMID: 15517200 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI 10.1007/s00216-004-2837-1 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 15517200 Abstract The aim of the study was to analyse BTEX compounds (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylenes) in air by solid phase micro-extraction/gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (SPME/GC/MS), and this article presents the features of the calibration method proposed. Examples of real-world air analysis are given. Standard gaseous mixtures of BTEX in air were generated by dynamic dilution. SPME sampling was carried out under non-equilibrium conditions using a Carboxen/PDMS fibre exposed for 30 min to standard gas mixtures or to ambient air. The behaviour of the analytical response was studied from 0 to 65 microg/m3 by adding increasing amounts of BTEX to the air matrix. Detection limits range from 0.05 to 0.1 microg/m3 for benzene, depending on the fibre. Inter-fibre relative standard deviations (reproducibility) are larger than 18%, although the repeatability for an individual fibre is better than 10%. Therefore, each fibre should be considered to be a particular sampling device, and characterised individually depending on the required accuracy. Sampling indoor and outdoor air by SPME appears to be a suitable short-delay diagnostic method for volatile organic compounds, taking advantage of short sampling time and simplicity. Descriptors Air Pollutants/analysis, Benzene/analysis, Benzene Derivatives/analysis, Calibration, Environmental Monitoring, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry/methods, Time Factors, Toluene/analysis, Xylenes/analysis Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Tumbiolo,S., Gal,J. F., Maria,P. C., Zerbinati,O. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Determination of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water using fluorinated polyaniline-based solid-phase microextraction coupled with gas chromatography	2012	State key Laboratory of Pollutant Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210046, China.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Environmental monitoring and assessment Periodical, Abbrev. Environ.Monit.Assess. Pub Date Free Form Jul Volume 184 Issue 7 Start Page 4345 Other Pages 4353 Notes JID: 8508350; 0 (Aniline Compounds); 0 (Polycyclic Hydrocarbons, Aromatic); 0 (Water Pollutants, Chemical); 0 (polyaniline); 2011/01/24 [received]; 2011/07/15 [accepted]; 2011/08/06 [aheadofprint]; ppublish Place of Publication Netherlands ISSN/ISBN 1573-2959; 0167-6369 Accession Number PMID: 21822575 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI 10.1007/s10661-011-2268-3 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 21822575 Abstract The study on the performance of a fluorinated polyaniline (PANI) as a fiber coating for solid-phase microextraction (SPME) had been reported and 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were selected to evaluate the performance of this fiber. Various parameters including sample volume, extraction temperature, time of desorption and extraction, pH and ionic strength were investigated intensively. A direct comparison between PANI-SPME fiber and commercial fiber was conducted. The results showed that the PANI-SPME coating had high affinity towards target compounds and the proposed method was successfully applied for the detection of real samples: rainfall and Taihu Lake water collected from Southern China. The whole PANI-SPME-GC method offers acceptable accuracy, precision and sensitivity and low detection limits, which is applicable to monitor trace levels of PAHs in real water bodies. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Li,Y., Wang,Y., Zhang,J., Sun,C. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20110806 PMCID Editors
Determination of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in environmental water samples by solid-phase extraction using multi-walled carbon nanotubes as adsorbent coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry	2010	Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering of Shandong Province, Institute of Environment & Municipal Engineering, Qingdao Technological University, Qingdao 266033, China. majiping2001@yahoo.com.cn	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Journal of chromatography.A Periodical, Abbrev. J.Chromatogr.A Pub Date Free Form 20-Aug Volume 1217 Issue 34 Start Page 5462 Other Pages 5469 Notes LR: 20131121; CI: Copyright 2010; JID: 9318488; 0 (Hexanes); 0 (Nanotubes, Carbon); 0 (Polycyclic Hydrocarbons, Aromatic); 0 (Water Pollutants, Chemical); 059QF0KO0R (Water); 2DDG612ED8 (n-hexane); 2010/02/11 [received]; 2010/06/16 [revised]; 2010/06/23 [ Place of Publication Netherlands ISSN/ISBN 1873-3778; 0021-9673 Accession Number PMID: 20630533 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.06.060 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 20630533 Abstract A solid-phase extraction (SPE) using multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) as adsorbent coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method was developed for the determination of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in environmental water samples. Several condition parameters, such as extraction adsorbents, elution solvents and volumes, and sample loading flow rate and volume were optimized to obtain high SPE recoveries and extraction efficiency. 150mg MWCNTs as sorbent presented high extraction efficiency of 16 PAHs due to the large specific surface area and high adsorption capacity of MWCNTs compared with the commercial C18 column (250mg/2mL). The calibration curves of 16 PAHs extracted were linear in the range of 20-5000ngL(-1), with the correlation coefficients (r(2)) between 0.9848 and 0.9991. The method attained good precisions (relative standard deviation, RSD) from 1.2% to 12.1% for standard PAHs aqueous solutions; method recoveries ranged in 76.0-125.5%, 74.5-127.0%, and 70.0-122.0% for real spiked samples from river water, tap water and seawater, respectively. Limits of detection (LODs, S/N=3) of the method were determined from 2.0 to 8.5ngL(-1). The optimized method was successfully applied to the determination of 16 PAHs in real environmental water samples. Descriptors Adsorption, Fresh Water/chemistry, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry/methods, Hexanes/chemistry, Linear Models, Nanotubes, Carbon/chemistry, Polycyclic Hydrocarbons, Aromatic/analysis, Reproducibility of Results, Seawater/chemistry, Sensitivity and Specificity, Solid Phase Extraction/methods, Water/chemistry, Water Pollutants, Chemical/analysis Links Book Title Database Publisher Elsevier B.V Data Source Authors Ma,J., Xiao,R., Li,J., Yu,J., Zhang,Y., Chen,L. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20100626 PMCID Editors
Determinants of waterpipe use amongst adolescents in Northern Sweden: a survey of use pattern, risk perception, and environmental factors	2015	Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden. rathi.ramji@pubcare.uu.se.; Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden. judy.arnetz@hc.msu.edu.; Department of Family Medicine,	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full BMC research notes Periodical, Abbrev. BMC Res.Notes Pub Date Free Form 15-Sep Volume 8 Issue Start Page 441 Other Pages 015-1413-4 Notes LR: 20150918; JID: 101462768; OID: NLM: PMC4570251; 2014/10/07 [received]; 2015/09/07 [accepted]; 2015/09/15 [aheadofprint]; epublish Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1756-0500; 1756-0500 Accession Number PMID: 26374502 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI 10.1186/s13104-015-1413-4 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 26374502 Abstract BACKGROUND: Determinants of waterpipe use in adolescents are believed to differ from those for other tobacco products, but there is a lack of studies of possible social, cultural, or psychological aspects of waterpipe use in this population. This study applied a socioecological model to explore waterpipe use, and its relationship to other tobacco use in Swedish adolescents. METHODS: A total of 106 adolescents who attended an urban high-school in northern Sweden responded to an anonymous questionnaire. Prevalence rates for waterpipe use were examined in relation to socio-demographics, peer pressure, sensation seeking behavior, harm perception, environmental factors, and depression. RESULTS: Thirty-three percent reported ever having smoked waterpipe (ever use), with 30% having done so during the last 30 days (current use). Among waterpipe ever users, 60% had ever smoked cigarettes in comparison to 32% of non-waterpipe smokers (95% confidence interval 1.4-7.9). The odds of having ever smoked waterpipe were three times higher among male high school seniors as well as students with lower grades. Waterpipe ever users had three times higher odds of having higher levels of sensation-seeking (95% confidence interval 1.2-9.5) and scored high on the depression scales (95% confidence interval 1.6-6.8) than non-users. The odds of waterpipe ever use were four times higher for those who perceived waterpipe products to have pleasant smell compared to cigarettes (95% confidence interval 1.7-9.8). Waterpipe ever users were twice as likely to have seen waterpipe use on television compared to non-users (95% confidence interval 1.1-5.7). The odds of having friends who smoked regularly was eight times higher for waterpipe ever users than non-users (95% confidence interval 2.1-31.2). CONCLUSION: The current study reports a high use of waterpipe in a select group of students in northern Sweden. The study adds the importance of looking at socioecological determinants of use, including peer pressure and exposure to media marketing, as well as mental health among users. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Ramji,R., Arnetz,J., Nilsson,M., Jamil,H., Norstrom,F., Maziak,W., Wiklund,Y., Arnetz,B. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20150915 PMCID PMC4570251 Editors
Determinants of waterpipe smoking initiation among school children in Irbid, Jordan: a 4-year longitudinal analysis	2014	Department of Epidemiology, Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th Street, AHC II - Room 595-1, Miami, FL 33099, USA. Electronic address: kscot005@fiu.edu.; Department of Health Promotion an	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Drug and alcohol dependence Periodical, Abbrev. Drug Alcohol Depend. Pub Date Free Form 1-Sep Volume 142 Issue Start Page 307 Other Pages 313 Notes LR: 20151119; CI: Copyright (c) 2014; GR: R01 DA024876/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States; GR: R01 DA024876/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States; GR: R01 DA035160/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States; GR: R01 DA035160/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States; JID: 7513587; NIHMS612962 Place of Publication Ireland ISSN/ISBN 1879-0046; 0376-8716 Accession Number PMID: 25060962 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; IM DOI 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.06.038 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 25060962 Abstract OBJECTIVE: Guided by the Attitude-Social influence-self Efficacy (ASE) theory, this study identified predictors of waterpipe (WP) smoking initiation in a WP naive cohort of Jordanian school children. METHODS: A school-based cohort of all 7th grade students (N=1781) in 19 of 60 schools in Irbid, Jordan, was followed from 2008 to 2011. Generalized linear mixed modeling was used to examine predictors of WP initiation among WP-naive students (N=1243). RESULTS: During the 3-year study, WP initiation was documented in 39% of boys and 28% of girls. Prior cigarette smoking (boys: odds ratio 7.41; 95% confidence interval 4.05-12.92 and girls: 8.48; 4.34-16.56) and low WP refusal self-efficacy (boys: 26.67; 13.80-51.53 and girls: 11.49; 6.42-20.55) were strongly predictive of initiating WP. Boys were also more likely to initiate WP smoking if they had siblings (2.30; 1.14-4.64) or teachers (2.07; 1.12-3.84) who smoked and girls if they had friends (2.96; 1.59-5.54) who smoked. CONCLUSION: There is a sizeable incidence of WP initiation among students of both sexes. These findings will help in designing culturally responsive prevention interventions against WP smoking. Gender-specific factors, refusal skills, and cigarette smoking need to be important components of such initiatives. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Elsevier Ireland Ltd Data Source Authors McKelvey,K., Attonito,J., Madhivanan,P., Jaber,R., Yi,Q., Mzayek,F., Maziak,W. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20140709 PMCID PMC4138134 Editors
Determinants of tobacco use among youths in Isfahan, Iran	2007	Kelishadi, R., Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Center (WHO - Collaborating Center in EMR), Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full International Journal of Public Health Periodical, Abbrev. Int.J.Public Health Pub Date Free Form / Volume 52 Issue 3 Start Page 173 Other Pages 179 Notes Place of Publication ISSN/ISBN 1661-8556; 1420-911X Accession Number Language SubFile DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID Abstract Objective: To determine potential factors that may result in motivating the youths to adopt smoking behaviour Method: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 210 smoking and 217 non-smoking youths, aged 12-20 years. Results: The average age of starting cigarette and water pipe smoking was 14.5 Â± 2.4 and 11.2 Â± 1.5 years, respectively. The first experience with water pipe occurred mostly in the traditional teahouses for girls (54.8 %), and in family parties (48.2 %) for boys. In both genders, the first place of cigarette smoking was at friends' parties (56.8 % for boys, and 52.1 % for girls) and then followed by traditional teahouses (43.2 % for boys, and 47.9 % for girls). The most common reasons youths have picked up cigarette smoking were mainly to attract attention from friends, family inattention and poverty. Meanwhile, nearly all water pipe smokers reported using it for fun. The strongest predictors of smoking among boys were respectively father's occupation, having a smoking mother, and the number of smoking peers, whereas among girls, these factors were respectively having a smoking mother, frequenting traditional teahouses, and the number of smoking peers. Lower education of fathers and divorce among parents increased the probability of smoking in both genders, especially girls. School/ work failure, as well as troubled relationship with parents and siblings were the other significant predictors of smoking in both genders, notably in girls. Conclusion: Public health control measures should be adopted not only to curtail cigarette use, but also to address water-pipe use. Preventive measures should be regarded as a high priority for socio-economically disadvantaged families. Â© BirkhÃ¤user Verlag, Basel 2007. Descriptors academic failure, adolescent, adult, article, child behavior, child parent relation, smoking, controlled study, divorce, educational status, family relation, female, gender bias, human, Iran, male, maternal smoking, motivation, peer group, poverty, priority journal, probability, public health, risk factor, school child, sibling relation, smoking cessation program Links Book Title Database Embase; MEDLINE Publisher Data Source Embase Authors Kelishadi,R., Mokhtari,M. R., Tavasoli,A. A., Khosravi,A., Ahangar-Nazari,I., Sabet,B., Kazemi,A., Amini,A. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Determinants of nonmedical use, abuse or dependence on prescription drugs, and use of substance abuse treatment	2013	Department of Clinical Sciences and Administration, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, 1441 Moursund St, Houston, TX 77030, USA. v.bali4u@gmail.com	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Research in social & administrative pharmacy : RSAP Periodical, Abbrev. Res.Social Adm.Pharm. Pub Date Free Form May-Jun Volume 9 Issue 3 Start Page 276 Other Pages 287 Notes LR: 20150312; CI: Copyright (c) 2013; JID: 101231974; 0 (Prescription Drugs); EIN: Res Social Adm Pharm. 2013 Jul-Aug;9(4):495; 2011/09/18 [received]; 2012/04/15 [revised]; 2012/04/16 [accepted]; 2012/06/23 [aheadofprint]; ppublish Place of Publication United States ISSN/ISBN 1934-8150; 1551-7411 Accession Number PMID: 22727534 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; IM DOI 10.1016/j.sapharm.2012.04.008 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 22727534 Abstract BACKGROUND: Previous studies have found a negative association between health insurance and nonmedical use of prescription drugs (NMUPD), and abuse or dependence on prescription drugs (ADPD); and mixed associations between health insurance and use of substance abuse treatment (SAT). However, effect of health insurance in the specific subgroups of population is largely unknown. OBJECTIVE: To estimate the relationship between health insurance and (1) NMUPD, (2) ADPD, and (3) use of SAT services among 12-64 years old, noninstitutionalized individuals and to see if these relationships are different in different subgroups of population. METHODS: This study used cross-sectional survey data from 2007 National Survey on Drug Use and Health. Bivariate and multiple logistic regression analyses were conducted. RESULTS: In 2007, self-reported prevalence of NMUPD was approximately 10% (N=15,509,703). In multivariate analysis, NMUPD was negatively associated with health insurance, age, race other than non-Hispanic White, education, marital status, and income ($40,000-$74,999). Past year use of tobacco and alcohol were positively associated with NMUPD. Among those with private health insurance, Hispanics and individuals with family income less than $20,000 and $40,000-$74,999 were more likely prone to NMUPD than others. High school graduates with public health insurance were less likely prone to NMUPD. Approximately, 13% of nonmedical users reported ADPD (N=2,011,229). Health insurance and age were negatively associated with ADPD. However, people who were unmarried, reported fair/poor health, and used tobacco were more likely to report ADPD. Lastly, the use of substance abuse treatment programs was approximately 73% and 76% between NMUPD and ADPD population, respectively. Health insurance was not associated with use of substance abuse treatment. Individuals with high school education were 2.6 times more likely to use substance abuse treatment than the college graduates. Additionally, no significant interaction effects were found between health insurance, and sociodemographic factors on ADPD and the use of substance abuse treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Health insurance had a differential impact on NMUPD only. Among privately insured, Hispanics and individuals reporting family income less than $20,000 were more likely to engage in NMUPD. There is a need to better understand and monitor the use of prescription drugs among these groups. This knowledge can help in developing public health programs and policies that discourage NMUPD among these individuals. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Elsevier Inc Data Source Authors Bali,V., Raisch,D.W., Moffett,M.L., Khan,N. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20120623 PMCID Editors
Determinants of lead concentration in the umbilical cord blood of 9189 newborns of a birth cohort in the government district of Braunschweig	1992	Meyer, J., Kreiskrankenhaus Wittmund.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Zentralblatt fÃ¼r Hygiene und Umweltmedizin = International journal of hygiene and environmental medicine Periodical, Abbrev. Zentralbl.Hyg.Umweltmed. Pub Date Free Form / Volume 192 Issue 6 Start Page 522 Other Pages 533 Notes Place of Publication ISSN/ISBN 0934-8859 Accession Number Language SubFile DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID Abstract From September 1985 until August 1986 the possibility of lead concentration determination in umbilical cord blood was offered to all neonates in the district of Braunschweig by the Ministry of Social Affairs of Lower Saxony. A geometric mean concentration of 3.76 +/- 1.69 micrograms Pb/dl was found in 9189 neonates, being 64% of the total birth cohort. The median concentration was 3.59 micrograms/dl. 4.7% of the children showed concentrations of above 10 micrograms/dl. Lead concentrations of twins showed a strong linear correlation (r = + 0.94). They were higher than those of singleton births (p = 0.02). Lead concentrations in neonates were significantly associated with the age of the mother and with the birthweight of the newborn. Seasonal differentials were significant with higher values in summer (4.39 +/- 1.8 micrograms Pb/dl) compared to winter (3.25 +/- 1.5 micrograms/dl). Duration of daily participation in road traffic was independent of blood lead concentrations. Potential occupational lead exposure of a member of the household was also no significant risk factor for higher lead concentration in the newborn. Family homes constructed before 1955 and those with lead water pipes were associated with significant increases of lead concentrations in neonates. Neighborhood was also significantly associated, with higher values in those living by main roads. In the southern part of the district lead concentrations were about 10% higher than in the northern part. Concentrations in neonates coming from cities were the same as in those coming from rural areas. Newborns from old lead mining and processing areas in the Harz mountains, in particular those coming from Oker-Harlingerode, had low lead concentrations in umbilical cord blood. Descriptors lead, article, blood, chemistry, cohort analysis, environmental exposure, exhaust gas, female, fetomaternal transfusion, fetus blood, Germany, housing, human, maternal age, mining, newborn, occupational exposure, pregnancy, risk factor, rural population, season, twins, urban population Links Book Title Determinanten der Bleikonzentration im Nabelschnurblut von 9189 Neugeborenen eines Geburtsjahrgangs im Regierungsbezirk Braunschweig. Database MEDLINE Publisher Data Source Embase Authors Meyer,J., Geuenich,H. H., Robra,B. P., Windorfer,A. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Determinants of hookah use among high school students	2011	Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, University of California-San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA. waldelaimy@ucsd.edu	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco Periodical, Abbrev. Nicotine Tob.Res. Pub Date Free Form Jul Volume 13 Issue 7 Start Page 565 Other Pages 572 Notes LR: 20151119; JID: 9815751; 2011/03/31 [aheadofprint]; ppublish Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1469-994X; 1462-2203 Accession Number PMID: 21454909 Language eng SubFile Comparative Study; Journal Article; IM DOI 10.1093/ntr/ntr041 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 21454909 Abstract INTRODUCTION: Hookah use is increasing among young people, but there are limited data on its use among high school-age populations. We examined hookah use initiation, prevalence, cessation, and psychosocial risk factors of hookah use among high school students. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey of 689 students from three high schools in San Diego County was used to compare characteristics of hookah ever-users to nonusers and factors associated with current and former hookah use. RESULTS: Hookah ever-use in the study population was 26.1%, previous month hookah use was 10.9%, and current hookah use was 10.3%. Most students first learned about hookah from friends (50.3%) or saw a hookah lounge (20.9%). Students believed hookah to be more socially acceptable than cigarettes and less harmful than cigarettes, cigars, and smokeless tobacco. Hookah ever-users were significantly more likely than nonusers to have smoked cigarettes, to know of a hookah lounge in their community, and to believe hookah is safer and more socially acceptable than cigarettes. In comparison to former users, current users were more likely to have recently smoked a cigarette, to know of a hookah lounge in their community, and to believe hookah is more socially acceptable than cigarettes. CONCLUSIONS: Hookah use is becoming a commonly acceptable behavior among adolescents, and risk perception is a significant factor. Presence of hookah lounges are associated with increased hookah use among high school students and should be a target of further regulation. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Smith,J.R., Novotny,T.E., Edland,S.D., Hofstetter,C.R., Lindsay,S.P., Al-Delaimy,W.K. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20110331 PMCID Editors

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