WTS database

Title Sort descending	Pub Year	Author	SearchLink
Coffee consumption and periodontal disease in males	2014	Boston University Henry M. Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Department of Health Policy and Health Services Research, Boston, MA.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Journal of periodontology Periodical, Abbrev. J.Periodontol. Pub Date Free Form Aug Volume 85 Issue 8 Start Page 1042 Other Pages 1049 Notes LR: 20150716; GR: K24 DE000419/DE/NIDCR NIH HHS/United States; GR: R01 DE019833/DE/NIDCR NIH HHS/United States; JID: 8000345; 0 (Coffee); CIN: J Evid Based Dent Pract. 2015 Jun;15(2):77-9. PMID: 25987390; CIN: J Periodontol. 2015 Apr;86(4):489-90. PMID: 2 Place of Publication United States ISSN/ISBN 1943-3670; 0022-3492 Accession Number PMID: 24359164 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.; D; IM DOI 10.1902/jop.2013.130179 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 24359164 Abstract BACKGROUND: Coffee is a major dietary source of antioxidants as well as of other anti-inflammatory factors. Given the beneficial role of such factors in periodontal disease, whether coffee intake is associated with periodontal disease in adult males was explored. METHODS: Existing data collected by a prospective, closed-panel cohort study of aging and oral health in adult males was used. Participants included the 1,152 dentate males in the Veterans Affairs (VA) Dental Longitudinal Study who presented for comprehensive medical and dental examinations from 1968 to 1998. Mean age at baseline was 48 years; males were followed for up to 30 years. Participants are not VA patients; rather, they receive their medical and dental care in the private sector. Periodontal status was assessed by probing depth (PD), bleeding on probing, and radiographic alveolar bone loss (ABL), measured on intraoral periapical radiographs with a modified Schei ruler method. Moderate-to-severe periodontal disease was defined as cumulative numbers of teeth exhibiting PD >/=4 mm or ABL >/=40%. Coffee intake was obtained from participant self-reports using the Cornell Medical Index and food frequency questionnaires. Multivariate repeated-measures generalized linear models estimated mean number of teeth with moderate-to-severe disease at each examination by coffee intake level. RESULTS: It was found that higher coffee consumption was associated with a small but significant reduction in number of teeth with periodontal bone loss. No evidence was found that coffee consumption was harmful to periodontal health. CONCLUSION: Coffee consumption may be protective against periodontal bone loss in adult males. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Ng,N., Kaye,E.K., Garcia,R.I. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20131222 PMCID Editors
Cohort study of electronic cigarette use: effectiveness and safety at 24 months	2016	Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, University of Chieti, Chieti, Italy Local Health Unit of Pescara, Pescara, Italy "University G. d'Annunzio" Foundation, Chieti, Italy Regional Healthcare Agency of Abruzzo, Pescara, Italy.; Department of Medicine	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Tobacco control Periodical, Abbrev. Tob.Control Pub Date Free Form 6-Jun Volume Issue Start Page Other Pages Notes LR: 20160608; CI: Published by the BMJ Publishing Group Limited. For permission to use (where not already granted under a licence) please go to http://www.bmj.com/company/products-services/rights-and-licensing/; JID: 9209612; OTO: NOTNLM; 2015/11/11 [rece Place of Publication ISSN/ISBN 1468-3318; 0964-4563 Accession Number PMID: 27272748 Language ENG SubFile JOURNAL ARTICLE DOI tobaccocontrol-2015-052822 [pii] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 27272748 Abstract OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the safety and effectiveness of e-cigarettes, by comparing users of only e-cigarettes, smokers of only tobacco cigarettes and dual users. DESIGN: Prospective cohort study. We update previous 12-month findings and report the results of the 24-month follow-up. DATA SOURCES: Direct contact and questionnaires by phone or via internet. METHODS: Adults (30-75 years) were classified as: (1) tobacco smokers, if they smoked >/=1 tobacco cigarette/day, (2) e-cigarette users, if they inhaled >/=50 puffs/week of any type of e-cigarette and (3) dual users, if they smoked tobacco cigarettes and also used e-cigarettes. Carbon monoxide levels were tested in 50% of those declaring tobacco smoking abstinence. Hospital discharge data were used to validate possibly related serious adverse events in 46.0% of the sample. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Sustained abstinence from tobacco cigarettes and/or e-cigarettes after 24 months, the difference in the number of tobacco cigarettes smoked daily between baseline and 24 months, possibly related serious adverse events. RESULTS: Data at 24 months were available for 229 e-cigarette users, 480 tobacco smokers and 223 dual users (overall response rate 68.8%). Of the e-cigarette users, 61.1% remained abstinent from tobacco (while 23.1% and 26.0% of tobacco-only smokers and dual users achieved tobacco abstinence). The rate (18.8%) of stopping use of either product (tobacco and/or e-cigarettes) was not higher for e-cigarette users compared with tobacco smokers or dual users. Self-rated health and adverse events were similar between all groups. Among those continuing to smoke, there were no differences in the proportion of participants reducing tobacco cigarette consumption by 50% or more, the average daily number of cigarettes and the average self-rated health by baseline group. Most dual users at baseline abandoned e-cigarettes and continued to smoke tobacco. Those who continued dual using or converted from tobacco smoking to dual use during follow-up experienced significant improvements in the 3 outcomes compared with those who continued or switched to only smoking tobacco (p Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Manzoli,L., Flacco,M.E., Ferrante,M., La Vecchia,C., Siliquini,R., Ricciardi,W., Marzuillo,C., Villari,P., Fiore,M., ISLESE Working Group Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20160606 PMCID Editors
Cold tap water as a source of fatal nosocomial pneumonia due to Legionella pneumophila in a rehabilitation center	1999	Gemeenschappelijke Gezondheidsdienst Oostelijk Zuid-Limburg, Heerlen. choebe@knmg.nl	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Nederlands tijdschrift voor geneeskunde Periodical, Abbrev. Ned.Tijdschr.Geneeskd. Pub Date Free Form 15-May Volume 143 Issue 20 Start Page 1041 Other Pages 1045 Notes LR: 20081121; JID: 0400770; ppublish Place of Publication NETHERLANDS ISSN/ISBN 0028-2162; 0028-2162 Accession Number PMID: 10368731 Language dut SubFile Case Reports; English Abstract; Journal Article; IM DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 10368731 Abstract OBJECTIVE: Report of the technical, microbiological and epidemiological investigation following 2 cases of fatal Legionella pneumonia. DESIGN: Descriptive. METHOD: Faced with 2 nosocomial cases in a rehabilitation centre in the South of Limburg, the Netherlands, the water supply was investigated. Water temperatures from different taps were measured. Legionella cultures were made from respiratory patients' specimens, water samples and smears from all mixing taps (used in showers), samples from hot and cold water taps from the infected ward and from the five other wards. The strains were typed by serotyping and polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS: The circulating cold water sometimes warmed up to 40 degrees C (within the Legionella growth range). From the sputum of the 2 male patients with rheumatoid arthritis who died of Legionella pneumonia the same Legionella pneumophila (serotype I) was cultured as from the water supply. Of the showers on the contaminated ward 19% (12/63) were positive for Legionella as were 59% (35/59) of the cold water taps. Cultures from the hot water supply were negative just like control cultures from five other wards and swabs from showerheads and hoses. The cold water tubes ran next to the hot water tubes and the central heating system in the same shaft. On the infected ward patients were absent during the weekends. As one of the subsequent measures, the cold water pipes were relocated to another shaft. CONCLUSION: The combination of an elevated cold water temperature caused by heating along a distance by nearby hot water and heating piping and the regular stasis of water during the weekends when the ward was closed, most probably stimulated the multiplication of Legionella in the water supply. In order to minimize contamination of cold water its temperature must be kept below 20 degrees C. Surveillance of intramural water systems is necessary to prevent nosocomial infections. Descriptors Cold Temperature, Cross Infection/microbiology/prevention & control, Disease Reservoirs, Fatal Outcome, Humans, Legionella pneumophila/isolation & purification, Legionnaires' Disease/complications/microbiology/prevention & control, Male, Netherlands, Pneumonia/microbiology/prevention & control, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Rehabilitation Centers, Serotyping, Water Microbiology, Water Supply/analysis Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Hoebe,C. J., Cluitmans,J. J., Wagenvoort,J. H., van Leeuwen,W. J., Bilkert-Mooiman,M. A. Original/Translated Title Koud leidingwater als bron van fatale nosocomiale pneumonieen door Legionella pneumophila in een revalidatiekliniek URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
College students and use of K2: an emerging drug of abuse in young persons	2011	Department of Epidemiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA. qmshjwhx@phhp.ufl.edu	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Substance abuse treatment, prevention, and policy Periodical, Abbrev. Subst.Abuse Treat.Prev.Policy. Pub Date Free Form 11-Jul Volume 6 Issue Start Page 16 Other Pages 597X-6-16 Notes LR: 20150204; CI: (c) 2011; GR: K07 CA114315/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States; GR: R01 CA140150/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States; GR: R01-CA140150/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States; JID: 101258060; 0 (Cannabinoids); 0 (Street Drugs); OID: NLM: PMC3142218; 2011/04/12 [ Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1747-597X; 1747-597X Accession Number PMID: 21745369 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI 10.1186/1747-597X-6-16 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 21745369 Abstract BACKGROUND: K2 or "spice" has emerged as a popular legal alternative to marijuana among adolescents and young adults. However, no data has been published assessing prevalence of and associations with ever K2 use in any population. This study's aims were to examine prevalence of ever K2 use among a sample of college students, to determine characteristics of persons who use K2, and to access the association between K2 and other drug use. FINDINGS: Ever use of K2 was reported by 69 (8%) of the sample of 852 college students. Response rate was 36%. Bivariate and multivariate analyses assessed whether sociodemographic characteristics and other drug use were associated with ever use of K2. Ever use of K2 was reported by 69 (8%) of the sample. Among these 69 individuals, 61 (88%) had used a cigarette and 25 (36%) had used a hookah to smoke K2. In multivariate analyses, K2 use was more common in males (vs. females, adjusted Odds Ratio (aOR)=2.0, 95% Confidence Interval (CI)=1.2-3.5, p=0.01) and 1st or 2nd year college students (vs. 3rd year or above, aOR=2.4, 95% CI=1.2-5.0, p=0.02). CONCLUSIONS: Ever use of K2 in this sample was higher than ever use of many other drugs of abuse that are commonly monitored in adolescents and young adults. Although DEA had banned five synthetic cannabinoids recently, clinicians and public health officials concerned with substance abuse in youth should be aware of and monitor the use of this drug in college students over time. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Hu et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd Data Source Authors Hu,X., Primack,B.A., Barnett,T.E., Cook,R.L. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20110711 PMCID PMC3142218 Editors
College Students' Polytobacco Use, Cigarette Cessation, and Dependence	2016	Department of Kinesiology & Health Education, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA. alexandra.loukas@austin.utexas.edu.; Department of Kinesiology & Health Education, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.; Department of Kinesio	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full American Journal of Health Behavior Periodical, Abbrev. Am.J.Health Behav. Pub Date Free Form Jul Volume 40 Issue 4 Start Page 514 Other Pages 522 Notes JID: 9602338; ppublish Place of Publication United States ISSN/ISBN 1945-7359; 1087-3244 Accession Number PMID: 27338998 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; IM DOI 10.5993/AJHB.40.4.13 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 27338998 Abstract OBJECTIVES: We examined patterns of tobacco and electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) use among college students. Differences in sociodemographic characteristics between non-users of these products and 4 mutually exclusive groups of tobacco/e-cigarette users were assessed. Differences in cigarette cessation attempts and dependence between exclusive cigarette smokers and users of cigarettes and at least one alternative tobacco product also were examined. METHODS: Participants were 5468 18-29 year-old students from 24 colleges in Texas who completed an online survey. RESULTS: Multiple-product use was more prevalent than single-product use. All 4 current tobacco/e-cigarette-user groups were more likely than non-users to be men and older. College students who were younger when they smoked their first cigarette, and those reporting ever needing a cigarette, were more likely to be multiple-product users than cigarette-only users. There were no group differences in cigarette cessation attempts or any other variables. CONCLUSIONS: Using multiple products is associated with some indicators of dependence, but does not seem to aid or deter college students' smoking cessation attempts. Longitudinal research is needed given that transitions in tobacco/e-cigarette use continue throughout young adulthood. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Loukas,A., Chow,S., Pasch,K.E., Li,X., Hinds Iii,J.T., Marti,C.N., Harrell,M.B., Creamer,M.R., Perry,C.L. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Colonization of hospital water systems by Legionella pneumophila, Pseudomonas aeroginosa, and Acinetobacter in ICU wards of Tehran hospitals	2012	Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Indian journal of pathology & microbiology Periodical, Abbrev. Indian J.Pathol.Microbiol. Pub Date Free Form Jul-Sep Volume 55 Issue 3 Start Page 352 Other Pages 356 Notes JID: 7605904; 0 (Drinking Water); ppublish Place of Publication India ISSN/ISBN 0974-5130; 0377-4929 Accession Number PMID: 23032830 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; IM DOI 10.4103/0377-4929.101743 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 23032830 Abstract BACKGROUND: Nosocomial infection caused by non-Enterobacteriaceae gram negative bacteria (GNB-NE) is increasing in intensive care units (ICU). AIM: The objective of this study was to determine whether potable water in ICU wards at Tehran hospitals is contaminated with L. pneomophila, P. aeroginosa and Acinetobacter spp. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 52 water samples from shower bath and taps water in seven hospitals of Tehran were collected. The water sample concentrated by filtering through millipore cellulose filters and cultured on BCYE agar and tryptic soya agar media. The presence of Legionella pneumophila was confirmed by real time PCR assay using primers-probe designed for the mip gene. RESULTS: Legionella pneumophila, Pseudomonas aeroginosa and Acinetobacter were isolated from 5 (9.6%), 6 (11.4%) and 1 (1.8%) of the hospital water systems, respectively. This study demonstrated the presence of Legionella, Pseudomonas and Acinetobacter in water system in ICU wards of different hospitals in Tehran. CONCLUSIONS: Hot water from shower heads could be a potential source of infection for Legionella pneumophila. Water was also proved to contain Pseudomonas aeruginonsa, the main GNB-NE causing nosocomila pneumonia at Tehran hospitals. Care should be taken concerning cleanliness and decontamination of water supplies at ICUs for pathogenic organisms. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Yaslianifard,S., Mobarez,A.M., Fatolahzadeh,B., Feizabadi,M.M. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Combined arterial gas embolism and decompression sickness following no-stop dives	1990	Hyperbaric Medicine Center, University of California, San Diego Medical Center.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Undersea biomedical research Periodical, Abbrev. Undersea Biomed.Res. Pub Date Free Form Sep Volume 17 Issue 5 Start Page 429 Other Pages 436 Notes LR: 20041117; JID: 0421514; OID: NASA: 91020737; ppublish Place of Publication UNITED STATES ISSN/ISBN 0093-5387; 0093-5387 Accession Number PMID: 2219551 Language eng SubFile Case Reports; Journal Article; IM; S DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 2219551 Abstract Decompression sickness (DCS) has been clinically classified as Type I (predominantly joint pain) or Type II (predominantly spinal cord lesions). We present 3 cases that are all characterized by severe (Type II) DCS with signs and symptoms of spinal cord injury occurring in conjunction with arterial gas embolism (AGE). We consider the AGE "minor" because only 2 of the 3 subjects initially lost consciousness, and in all cases the signs and symptoms of the AGE had essentially resolved within 1 h or by the time recompression therapy began. DCS was resistant to recompression therapy, even though treatment began promptly after the accident in 2 of the 3 cases. None of the cases had a good neurologic outcome and there has been one death. None of the divers exceeded the U.S. Navy "no-stop" limits for the depths at which they were diving. We have observed a previously unreported clinical syndrome characterized by severe Type II DCS subsequent to AGE following pressure-time exposures that would normally not be expected to produce DCS. We postulate that AGE may have precipitated or predisposed to this form of DCS. Descriptors Adult, Arteries, Atmosphere Exposure Chambers, Decompression Sickness/complications/etiology/therapy, Diving/adverse effects, Embolism, Air/complications/etiology, Extremities, Female, Humans, Male, Paralysis/etiology, Unconsciousness/etiology Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Neuman,T. S., Bove,A. A. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Combined pharmacotherapy and behavioural interventions for smoking cessation	2016	Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Radcliffe Observatory Quarter, Woodstock Road, Oxford, UK, OX2 6GG.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full The Cochrane database of systematic reviews Periodical, Abbrev. Cochrane Database Syst.Rev. Pub Date Free Form 24-Mar Volume 3 Issue Start Page CD008286 Other Pages Notes JID: 100909747; epublish Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1469-493X; 1361-6137 Accession Number PMID: 27009521 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Meta-Analysis; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Review; IM DOI 10.1002/14651858.CD008286.pub3 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 27009521 Abstract BACKGROUND: Both behavioural support (including brief advice and counselling) and pharmacotherapies (including nicotine replacement therapy (NRT), varenicline and bupropion) are effective in helping people to stop smoking. Combining both treatment approaches is recommended where possible, but the size of the treatment effect with different combinations and in different settings and populations is unclear. OBJECTIVES: To assess the effect of combining behavioural support and medication to aid smoking cessation, compared to a minimal intervention or usual care, and to identify whether there are different effects depending on characteristics of the treatment setting, intervention, population treated, or take-up of treatment. SEARCH METHODS: We searched the Cochrane Tobacco Addiction Group Specialised Register in July 2015 for records with any mention of pharmacotherapy, including any type of NRT, bupropion, nortriptyline or varenicline. SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomized or quasi-randomized controlled trials evaluating combinations of pharmacotherapy and behavioural support for smoking cessation, compared to a control receiving usual care or brief advice or less intensive behavioural support. We excluded trials recruiting only pregnant women, trials recruiting only adolescents, and trials with less than six months follow-up. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Search results were prescreened by one author and inclusion or exclusion of potentially relevant trials was agreed by two authors. Data was extracted by one author and checked by another.The main outcome measure was abstinence from smoking after at least six months of follow-up. We used the most rigorous definition of abstinence for each trial, and biochemically validated rates if available. We calculated the risk ratio (RR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for each study. Where appropriate, we performed meta-analysis using a Mantel-Haenszel fixed-effect model. MAIN RESULTS: Fifty-three studies with a total of more than 25,000 participants met the inclusion criteria. A large proportion of studies recruited people in healthcare settings or with specific health needs. Most studies provided NRT. Behavioural support was typically provided by specialists in cessation counselling, who offered between four and eight contact sessions. The planned maximum duration of contact was typically more than 30 minutes but less than 300 minutes. Overall, studies were at low or unclear risk of bias, and findings were not sensitive to the exclusion of any of the six studies rated at high risk of bias in one domain. One large study (the Lung Health Study) contributed heterogeneity due to a substantially larger treatment effect than seen in other studies (RR 3.88, 95% CI 3.35 to 4.50). Since this study used a particularly intensive intervention which included extended availability of nicotine gum, multiple group sessions and long term maintenance and recycling contacts, the results may not be comparable with the interventions used in other studies, and hence it was not pooled in other analyses. Based on the remaining 52 studies (19,488 participants) there was high quality evidence (using GRADE) for a benefit of combined pharmacotherapy and behavioural treatment compared to usual care, brief advice or less intensive behavioural support (RR 1.83, 95% CI 1.68 to 1.98) with moderate statistical heterogeneity (I(2) = 36%).The pooled estimate for 43 trials that recruited participants in healthcare settings (RR 1.97, 95% CI 1.79 to 2.18) was higher than for eight trials with community-based recruitment (RR 1.53, 95% CI 1.33 to 1.76). Compared to the first version of the review, previous weak evidence of differences in other subgroup analyses has disappeared. We did not detect differences between subgroups defined by motivation to quit, treatment provider, number or duration of support sessions, or take-up of treatment. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: Interventions that combine pharmacotherapy and behavioural support increa Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Stead,L.F., Koilpillai,P., Fanshawe,T.R., Lancaster,T. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20160324 PMCID Editors
Combined pharmacotherapy and behavioural interventions for smoking cessation	2012	Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. lindsay.stead@phc.ox.ac.uk.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full The Cochrane database of systematic reviews Periodical, Abbrev. Cochrane Database Syst.Rev. Pub Date Free Form 17-Oct Volume 10 Issue Start Page CD008286 Other Pages Notes LR: 20160412; JID: 100909747; UIN: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016;3:CD008286. PMID: 27009521; epublish Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1469-493X; 1361-6137 Accession Number PMID: 23076944 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Meta-Analysis; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Review; IM DOI 10.1002/14651858.CD008286.pub2 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 23076944 Abstract BACKGROUND: Both behavioural support (including brief advice and counselling) and pharmacotherapies (including nicotine replacement therapy (NRT), varenicline and bupropion) are effective in helping people to stop smoking. Combining both treatment approaches is recommended where possible, but the size of the treatment effect with different combinations and in different settings and populations is unclear. OBJECTIVES: To assess the effect of combining behavioural support and medication to aid smoking cessation, compared to a minimal intervention or usual care, and to identify whether there are different effects depending on characteristics of the treatment setting, intervention, population treated, or take-up of treatment. SEARCH METHODS: We searched the Cochrane Tobacco Addiction Group Specialised Register in July 2012 for records with any mention of pharmacotherapy, including any type of NRT, bupropion, nortriptyline or varenicline. SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomized or quasi-randomized controlled trials evaluating combinations of pharmacotherapy and behavioural support for smoking cessation, compared to a control receiving usual care or brief advice or less intensive behavioural support. We excluded trials recruiting only pregnant women, trials recruiting only adolescents, and trials with less than six months follow-up. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Search results were prescreened by one author and inclusion or exclusion of potentially relevant trials was agreed by both authors. Data was extracted by one author and checked by the other.The main outcome measure was abstinence from smoking after at least six months of follow-up. We used the most rigorous definition of abstinence for each trial, and biochemically validated rates if available. We calculated the risk ratio (RR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for each study. Where appropriate, we performed meta-analysis using a Mantel-Haenszel fixed-effect model. MAIN RESULTS: Forty-one studies with a total of more than 20,000 participants met the inclusion criteria. A large proportion of studies recruited people in healthcare settings or with specific health needs. Most studies provided NRT. Behavioural support was typically provided by specialists in cessation counselling, who offered between four and eight contact sessions. The planned maximum duration of contact was typically more than 30 minutes but less than 300 minutes. Overall, studies were at low or unclear risk of bias, and findings were not sensitive to the exclusion of any of the three studies rated at high risk of bias in one domain. One large study (the Lung Health Study) contributed heterogeneity due to a substantially larger treatment effect than seen in other studies (RR 3.88, 95% CI 3.35 to 4.50). Since this study used a particularly intensive intervention which included extended availability of nicotine gum, multiple group sessions and long term maintenance and recycling contacts, the results may not be comparable with the interventions used in other studies, and hence it was not pooled in other analyses. Based on the remaining 40 studies (15,021 participants) there was good evidence for a benefit of combination pharmacotherapy and behavioural treatment compared to usual care or brief advice or less intensive behavioural support (RR 1.82, 95% CI 1.66 to 2.00) with moderate statistical heterogeneity (I(2) = 40%). The pooled estimate for 31 trials that recruited participants in healthcare settings (RR 2.06, 95% CI 1.81 to 2.34) was higher than for eight trials with community-based recruitment (RR 1.53, 95% CI 1.33 to 1.76). Pooled estimates were lower in a subgroup of trials where the behavioural intervention was provided by specialist counsellors versus trials where counselling was linked to usual care (specialist: RR 1.73, 95% CI 1.55 to 1.93, 28 trials; usual provider: RR 2.41, 95% CI 1.91 to 3.02, 8 trials) but this was largely attributable to the small effect size in two trials using specialist counsellors wher Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Stead,L.F., Lancaster,T. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20121017 PMCID Editors
Combustible and Smokeless Tobacco Use Among High School Athletes - United States, 2001-2013	2015		Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full MMWR.Morbidity and mortality weekly report Periodical, Abbrev. MMWR Morb.Mortal.Wkly.Rep. Pub Date Free Form 4-Sep Volume 64 Issue 34 Start Page 935 Other Pages 939 Notes JID: 7802429; epublish Place of Publication United States ISSN/ISBN 1545-861X; 0149-2195 Accession Number PMID: 26334565 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; IM DOI 10.15585/mmwr.mm6434a2 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 26334565 Abstract Athletes are not a typical at-risk group for smoking combustible tobacco products, because they are generally health conscious and desire to remain fit and optimize athletic performance (1). In contrast, smokeless tobacco use historically has been associated with certain sports, such as baseball (2). Athletes might be more likely to use certain tobacco products, such as smokeless tobacco, if they perceive them to be harmless (3); however, smokeless tobacco use is not safe and is associated with increased risk for pancreatic, esophageal, and oral cancers (4). Tobacco use among youth athletes is of particular concern, because most adult tobacco users first try tobacco before age 18 years (5). To examine prevalence and trends in current (>/=1 day during the past 30 days) use of combustible tobacco (cigarettes, cigars) and smokeless tobacco (chewing tobacco, snuff, or dip [moist snuff]) products among athlete and nonathlete high school students, CDC analyzed data from the 2001-2013 National Youth Risk Behavior Surveys. Current use of any tobacco (combustible or smokeless tobacco) significantly declined from 33.9% in 2001 to 22.4% in 2013; however, current smokeless tobacco use significantly increased from 10.0% to 11.1% among athletes, and did not change (5.9%) among nonathletes. Furthermore, in 2013, compared with nonathletes, athletes had significantly higher odds of being current smokeless tobacco users (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 1.77, p Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Agaku,I.T., Singh,T., Jones,S.E., King,B.A., Jamal,A., Neff,L., Caraballo,R.S. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20150904 PMCID Editors

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