WTS database

Title Sort descending	Pub Year	Author	SearchLink
Barrett's esophagus: prevalence and risk factors in patients with chronic GERD in Upper Egypt	2009	Department of Tropical Medicine and Gastroenterology, Minya University, Minya 19104, Egypt. yasserfouad10@yahoo.com	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full World journal of gastroenterology Periodical, Abbrev. World J.Gastroenterol. Pub Date Free Form 28-Jul Volume 15 Issue 28 Start Page 3511 Other Pages 3515 Notes LR: 20151022; JID: 100883448; OID: NLM: PMC2715977; ppublish Place of Publication China ISSN/ISBN 2219-2840; 1007-9327 Accession Number PMID: 19630106 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 19630106 Abstract AIM: To determine the prevalence and possible risk factors of Barrett's esophagus (BE) in patients with chronic gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) in El Minya and Assuit, Upper Egypt. METHODS: One thousand consecutive patients with chronic GERD symptoms were included in the study over 2 years. They were subjected to history taking including a questionnaire for GERD symptoms, clinical examination and upper digestive tract endoscopy. Endoscopic signs suggestive of columnar-lined esophagus (CLE) were defined as mucosal tongues or an upward shift of the squamocolumnar junction. BE was diagnosed by pathological examination when specialized intestinal metaplasia was detected histologically in suspected CLE. pH was monitored in 40 patients. RESULTS: BE was present in 7.3% of patients with chronic GERD symptoms, with a mean age of 48.3 +/- 8.2 years, which was significantly higher than patients with GERD without BE (37.4 +/- 13.6 years). Adenocarcinoma was detected in eight cases (0.8%), six of them in BE patients. There was no significant difference between patients with BE and GERD regarding sex, smoking, alcohol consumption or symptoms of GERD. Patients with BE had significantly longer esophageal acid exposure time in the supine position, measured by pH monitoring. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of BE in patients with GERD who were referred for endoscopy was 7.3%. BE seems to be associated with older age and more in patients with nocturnal gastroesophageal reflux. Descriptors Adenocarcinoma/pathology/physiopathology, Adult, Barrett Esophagus/epidemiology/pathology/physiopathology, Egypt/epidemiology, Esophageal Neoplasms/pathology/physiopathology, Female, Gastroesophageal Reflux/epidemiology/pathology/physiopathology, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Risk Factors, Young Adult Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Fouad,Y. M., Makhlouf,M. M., Tawfik,H. M., el-Amin,H., Ghany,W. A., el-Khayat,H. R. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID PMC2715977 Editors
Barrett's esophagus. Prevalence, risk of adenocarcinoma, role of endoscopic surveillance	2002	Clinica Chirurgica 4, Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche, Universita degli Studi di Padova, Padova, Italy. giovanni.zaninotto@unipd.it	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Minerva chirurgica Periodical, Abbrev. Minerva Chir. Pub Date Free Form Dec Volume 57 Issue 6 Start Page 819 Other Pages 836 Notes LR: 20061115; JID: 0400726; RF: 100; ppublish Place of Publication Italy ISSN/ISBN 0026-4733; 0026-4733 Accession Number PMID: 12592224 Language ita SubFile English Abstract; Journal Article; Review; IM DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 12592224 Abstract The presence of gastric metaplasia in the distal esophagus is better known as Barrett's Esophagus (BE). It is an acquired condition caused by gastro-esophageal reflux disease and is associated with a high risk of adenocarcinoma development in the distal esophagus and cardia. The definition of BE has changed over the years as only the specialized metaplasia, with the characteristic "goblet cells", has been shown to carry a risk of cancer development. BE is currently defined as the presence of intestinal metaplasia in the distal esophagus. The prevalence of intestinal metaplasia of the distal esophagus in patients undergoing endoscopy with multiple biopsies for dyspeptic symptoms, varies from 9-21% at the level of the cardia and from 1.2-8% at 3 cm above the esophago-gastric junction, with a decreasing caudo-cranial frequency. Among the BE population (intestinal metaplasia 3 or more cm long) there is a prevalence of male sex and white race, with an average age between the 5(th) and 7(th) decade. The risk of BE mucosa advancing to esophageal adenocarcinoma is not well established: incidence rates from 1/52 years-patient to 1/441 years-patient and a calculated risk from 30 to 125 times higher than in the normal population were reported. These discrepancies are probably related to: 1) temporal differences of the studies, 2) retrospective versus prospective type of the studies, 3) length of follow-up, 4) number of individuals surveilled, 5) regional variations. A literature analysis confirmed that the differences are mostly related to the number of patients studied (the larger the population the lower the incidence), are generally inversely proportional to the follow-up length (the shorter the follow-up the higher the incidence) and depend on the type of the studies (the incidence is higher in the retrospective studies than in the prospective one's). Surveillance program: esophageal adenocarcinoma is a lethal tumor with a 20% 5-year survival rate. The guidelines of The American College of Gastroenterology advice a two-year surveillance rate for BE patients without dysplasia. The difficulty with BE surveillance programs-- even if worthwhile on a single patient basis-- is that they are very expensive and at the present none of the endoscopic surveillance prospective studies has shown a positive impact in the survival rate. From our knowledge it doesn't seem wise to abandon a precautionary surveillance strategy, but further studies are needed to better understand the risk population: at the moment our advice is to monitor male patients in good general conditions with a BE segment longer than 3 cm. Descriptors Adenocarcinoma/diagnosis/epidemiology/etiology, Barrett Esophagus/complications/diagnosis/epidemiology, Esophageal Neoplasms/diagnosis/etiology, Esophagoscopy, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Incidence, Prevalence, Risk Factors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Zaninotto,G., Costantini,M., Molena,D., Rizzetto,C., Ekser,B., Ancona,E. Original/Translated Title L'esofago di Barret. Prevalenza, rischio di adenocarcinoma, ruolo dei programmi di sorveglianza endoscopica URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Barrier role of water-purifying construction of water pipe in relation to opportunistic microorganisms	1997	Zhuravlev, P.V.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Gigiena i sanitariia Periodical, Abbrev. Gig.Sanit. Pub Date Free Form / Volume Issue 4 Start Page 15 Other Pages 16 Notes Place of Publication ISSN/ISBN 0016-9900 Accession Number Language SubFile DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID Abstract The investigations have indicated that in the flood period when the water-purifying means of a water pipe bears the maximum load, the existing water-preparing system cannot fully purify and disinfect drinking water from some opportunistic microbes (Klebsiella, Acinetobacter). The latter were recorded in the pipe water having the MAC of coliform organisms established by the GOST. Descriptors article, microbiology, opportunistic infection, standard, water supply Links Book Title Bar'ernaia rol' vodoochistnykh sooruzhenii vodoprovoda v otnoshenii uslovno-patogennykh mikroorganizmov. Database MEDLINE Publisher Data Source Embase Authors Zhuravlev,P. V., Golovina,S. V., Aleshnia,V. V., Tsatska,A. A., Kartseva,N. P. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Basic science and public policy: informed regulation for nicotine and tobacco products	2017		Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Nicotine and Tobacco Research Periodical, Abbrev. Pub Date Free Form Volume 20 Issue 7 Start Page 789 Other Pages 799 Notes Place of Publication ISSN/ISBN Accession Number Language SubFile DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID Abstract Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Oxford University Press US Data Source google Authors Fowler, Christie D, Gipson, Cassandra D, Kleykamp, Bethea A, Rupprecht, Laura E, Harrell, Paul T, Rees, Vaughan W, Gould, Thomas J, Oliver, Jason, Bagdas, Deniz, Damaj, M Imad Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Behavior and Knowledge of Iranian Professional Athletes towards Smoking	2012		Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Asian J Sports Med Periodical, Abbrev. Pub Date Free Form Volume 3 Issue 4 Start Page 297 Other Pages 300 Notes ID: 23342230 Place of Publication ISSN/ISBN Accession Number Language en SubFile DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID Abstract PURPOSE: This study aimed to assess the rate of tobacco consumption among professional athletes in Iran and assessing their knowledge and attitude in this regard. METHODS: A total of 738 athletes from 10 different types of sports were evaluated. Athletes were all members of the priority leagues. After obtaining consent from the Physical Education Organization and coordination with the related federations, athletes were asked to fill out the standard questionnaire. RESULTS: All understudy subjects were males. The mean age was 28.4Â±2.7 yrs. The mean age of initiation of sport in these subjects was reported to be 12.3Â±4.01 yrs. A total of 178 (24.6%) subjects had experienced cigarette smoking and 308 (42.3%) had experienced hookah smoking. Sixty four subjects (9%) were current smokers. The mean score of knowledge about hazards of smoking was 5.6Â±0.9 among those who had experienced smoking. This score was 7.9Â±0.5 among those with no smoking experience (P=0.04). CONCLUSIONS: Rate of smoking among professional athletes is lower than general population average. So participation in organized sports may be a protective factor against tobacco use in people. Descriptors Links http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3525828/?tool=pubmed Book Title Database MEDLINE; http://www.globalhealthlibrary.net/ Publisher Data Source Authors Hessami,Zahra, Aryanpur,Mahshid, Emami,Habib, Masjedi,Mohammadreza Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Behavioral and environmental influences on fishing rewards and the outcomes of alternative management scenarios for large tropical rivers	2013	PPG/Dept. of Ecology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, CP 15007, 91501-970 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. gustavo.hallwass@gmail.com	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Journal of environmental management Periodical, Abbrev. J.Environ.Manage. Pub Date Free Form 15-Oct Volume 128 Issue Start Page 274 Other Pages 282 Notes CI: Copyright (c) 2013; JID: 0401664; OTO: NOTNLM; 2012/10/14 [received]; 2013/05/13 [revised]; 2013/05/17 [accepted]; 2013/06/10 [aheadofprint]; ppublish Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1095-8630; 0301-4797 Accession Number PMID: 23764509 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI 10.1016/j.jenvman.2013.05.037 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 23764509 Abstract Identifying the factors that influence the amount of fish caught, and thus the fishers' income, is important for proposing or improving management plans. Some of these factors influencing fishing rewards may be related to fishers' behavior, which is driven by economic motivations. Therefore, those management rules that have less of an impact on fishers' income could achieve better acceptance and compliance from fishers. We analyzed the relative influence of environmental and socioeconomic factors on fish catches (biomass) in fishing communities of a large tropical river. We then used the results from this analysis to propose alternative management scenarios in which we predicted potential fishers' compliance (high, moderate and low) based on the extent to which management proposals would affect fish catches and fishers' income. We used a General Linear Model (GLM) to analyze the influence of environmental (fishing community, season and habitat) and socioeconomic factors (number of fishers in the crew, time spent fishing, fishing gear used, type of canoe, distance traveled to fishing grounds) on fish catches (dependent variable) in 572 fishing trips by small-scale fishers in the Lower Tocantins River, Brazilian Amazon. According to the GLM, all factors together accounted for 43% of the variation in the biomass of the fish that were caught. The behaviors of fishers' that are linked to fishing effort, such as time spent fishing (42% of the total explained by GLM), distance traveled to the fishing ground (12%) and number of fishers (10%), were all positively related to the biomass of fish caught and could explain most of the variation on it. The environmental factor of the fishing habitat accounted for 10% of the variation in fish caught. These results, when applied to management scenarios, indicated that some combinations of the management measures, such as selected lakes as no-take areas, restrictions on the use of gillnets (especially during the high-water season) and individual quotas larger than fishers' usual catches, would most likely have less impact on fishers' income. The proposed scenarios help to identify feasible management options, which could promote the conservation of fish, potentially achieving higher fishers' compliance. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Elsevier Ltd Data Source Authors Hallwass,G., Lopes,P.F., Juras,A.A., Silvano,R.A. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20130610 PMCID Editors
Behavioral associations with waterpipe tobacco smoking dependence among US young adults	2016	Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, UPMC Montefiore Hospital, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.; Center for Research on Media, Technology, and Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Addiction (Abingdon, England) Periodical, Abbrev. Addiction Pub Date Free Form Feb Volume 111 Issue 2 Start Page 351 Other Pages 359 Notes LR: 20160117; CI: (c) 2015; GR: R01 CA140150/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States; GR: R01-CA140150/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States; JID: 9304118; CIN: Addiction. 2016 May;111(5):937-8. PMID: 26987303; CIN: Addiction. 2016 May;111(5):936. PMID: 26841019; NIHMS722601 Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1360-0443; 0965-2140 Accession Number PMID: 26417942 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI 10.1111/add.13163 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 26417942 Abstract BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Waterpipe tobacco smoking (WTS) is increasingly prevalent in the United States, especially among young adults. We aimed to (1) adapt items from established dependence measures into a WTS dependence scale for US young adults (the US Waterpipe Dependence Scale), (2) determine the factor structure of the items and (3) assess associations between scale values and behavioral use characteristics known to be linked to dependence. DESIGN: Cross-sectional survey. SETTING: United States. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 436 past-year waterpipe tobacco users ages 18-30 years selected at random from a national probability-based panel. MEASUREMENTS: Participants responded to six tobacco dependence items adapted for WTS in US populations. Behavioral use characteristics included factors such as frequency of use and age of initiation. FINDINGS: Principal components analysis yielded an unambiguous one-factor solution. Approximately half (52.9%) of past-year waterpipe tobacco users received a score of 0, indicating that none of the six WTS dependence items were endorsed. Approximately one-quarter (25.4%) endorsed one dependence item and 22.7% endorsed two or more items. Higher WTS dependence scores were associated significantly with all five behavioral use characteristics. For example, compared with those who endorsed no dependence items, those who endorsed two or more had an adjusted odds ratio (AOR) of 3.90 [95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.56-9.78] for having had earlier age of initiation and an AOR of 32.75 (95% CI = 9.76-109.86) for more frequent WTS sessions. CONCLUSIONS: Scores on a six-item waterpipe tobacco smoking dependence scale (the US Waterpipe Dependence Scale) correlate with measures that would be expected to be related to dependence, such as amount used and age of initiation. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Society for the Study of Addiction Data Source Authors Sidani,J.E., Shensa,A., Shiffman,S., Switzer,G.E., Primack,B.A. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20151029 PMCID PMC4715762 Editors
Behavioral cessation treatment of waterpipe smoking: The first pilot randomized controlled trial	2014	Syrian Center for Tobacco Studies, Aleppo, Syria; Department of Epidemiology & Public Health, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA.; Syrian Center for Tobacco Studies, Aleppo, Syria.; Syrian Center for Tobacco Studies, Aleppo, Sy	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Addictive Behaviors Periodical, Abbrev. Addict.Behav. Pub Date Free Form Jun Volume 39 Issue 6 Start Page 1066 Other Pages 1074 Notes LR: 20150601; CI: Copyright (c) 2014; GR: R01 DA024876/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States; GR: R01 DA024876/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States; GR: R01 DA035160/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States; GR: R01 DA035160/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States; JID: 7603486; NIHMS615577 Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1873-6327; 0306-4603 Accession Number PMID: 24629480 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Randomized Controlled Trial; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; IM DOI 10.1016/j.addbeh.2014.02.012 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 24629480 Abstract BACKGROUND: Waterpipe use has increased dramatically in the Middle East and other parts of the world. Many users exhibit signs of dependence, including withdrawal and difficulty quitting, but there is no evidence base to guide cessation efforts. METHODS: We developed a behavioral cessation program for willing-to-quit waterpipe users, and evaluated its feasibility and efficacy in a pilot, two arm, parallel group, randomized, open label trial in Aleppo, Syria. Fifty adults who smoked waterpipe >/=3 times per week in the last year, did not smoke cigarettes, and were interested in quitting were randomized to receive either brief (1 in-person session and 3 phone calls) or intensive (3 in-person sessions and 5 phone calls) behavioral cessation treatment delivered by a trained physician in a clinical setting. The primary efficacy end point of the developed interventions was prolonged abstinence at three months post-quit day, assessed by self-report and exhaled carbon monoxide levels of Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Elsevier Ltd Data Source Authors Asfar,T., Al Ali,R., Rastam,S., Maziak,W., Ward,K.D. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20140303 PMCID PMC4141480 Editors
Behavioral interventions to reduce risk for sexual transmission of HIV among men who have sex with men	2008	Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Mailstop E-37, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA. wdj0@cdc.gov	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full The Cochrane database of systematic reviews Periodical, Abbrev. Cochrane Database Syst.Rev. Pub Date Free Form 16-Jul Volume (3):CD001230. doi Issue 3 Start Page CD001230 Other Pages Notes LR: 20130628; JID: 100909747; RF: 245; epublish Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1469-493X; 1361-6137 Accession Number PMID: 18646068 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Meta-Analysis; Review; IM DOI 10.1002/14651858.CD001230.pub2 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 18646068 Abstract BACKGROUND: Men who have sex with men (MSM) remain at great risk for HIV infection. Program planners and policy makers need descriptions of interventions and quantitative estimates of intervention effects to make informed decisions concerning prevention funding and research. The number of intervention strategies for MSM that have been examined with strong research designs has increased substantially in the past few years. OBJECTIVES: 1. To locate and describe outcome studies evaluating the effects of behavioral HIV prevention interventions for MSM.2. To summarize the effectiveness of these interventions in reducing unprotected anal sex.3. To identify study characteristics associated with effectiveness.4. To identify gaps and indicate future research, policy, and practice needs. SEARCH STRATEGY: We searched electronic databases, current journals, manuscripts submitted by researchers, bibliographies of relevant articles, conference proceedings, and other reviews for published and unpublished reports from 1988 through December 2007. We also asked researchers working in HIV prevention about new and ongoing studies. SELECTION CRITERIA: Studies were considered in scope if they examined the effects of behavioral interventions aimed at reducing risk for HIV or STD transmission among MSM. We reviewed studies in scope for criteria of outcome relevance (measurement of at least one of a list of behavioral or biologic outcomes, e.g., unprotected sex or incidence of HIV infections) and methodologic rigor (randomized controlled trials or certain strong quasi-experimental designs with comparison groups). DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: We used fixed and random effects models to summarize rate ratios (RR) comparing intervention and control groups with respect to count outcomes (number of occasions of or partners for unprotected anal sex), and corresponding prevalence ratios (PR) for dichotomous outcomes (any unprotected anal sex vs. none). We used published formulas to convert effect sizes and their variances for count and dichotomous outcomes where necessary. We accounted for intraclass correlation (ICC) in community-level studies and adjusted for baseline conditions in all studies. We present separate results by intervention format (small group, individual, or community-level) and by type of intervention delivered to the comparison group (minimal or no HIV prevention in the comparison condition versus standard or other HIV prevention in the comparison condition). We examine rate ratios stratified according to characteristics of participants, design, implementation, and intervention content. For small group and individual-level interventions we used a stepwise selection process to identify a multivariable model of predictors of reduction in occasions of or partners for unprotected anal sex. We used funnel plots to examine publication bias, and Q (a chi-squared statistic with degrees of freedom = number of interventions minus 1) to test for heterogeneity. MAIN RESULTS: We found 44 studies evaluating 58 interventions with 18,585 participants. Formats included 26 small group interventions, 21 individual-level interventions, and 11 community-level interventions. Sixteen of the 58 interventions focused on HIV-positives. The 40 interventions that were measured against minimal to no HIV prevention intervention reduced occasions of or partners for unprotected anal sex by 27% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 15% to 37%). The other 18 interventions reduced unprotected anal sex by 17% beyond changes observed in standard or other interventions (CI = 5% to 27%). Intervention effects were statistically homogeneous, and no independent variable was statistically significantly associated with intervention effects at alpha=.05. However, a multivariable model selected by backward stepwise elimination identified four study characteristics associated with reduction in occasions of or partners for unprotected anal sex among small group and individual-level interventi Descriptors HIV Infections/prevention & control/transmission, Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice, Homosexuality, Male, Humans, Male, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Risk-Taking, Safe Sex, Sexually Transmitted Diseases/prevention & control Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Johnson,W. D., Diaz,R. M., Flanders,W. D., Goodman,M., Hill,A. N., Holtgrave,D., Malow,R., McClellan,W. M. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20080716 PMCID Editors
Behavioural interventions as adjuncts to pharmacotherapy for smoking cessation	2012	Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. lindsay.stead@phc.ox.ac.uk.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full The Cochrane database of systematic reviews Periodical, Abbrev. Cochrane Database Syst.Rev. Pub Date Free Form 12-Dec Volume 12 Issue Start Page CD009670 Other Pages Notes LR: 20151119; JID: 100909747; 0 (Antidepressive Agents); 0 (Benzazepines); 0 (Nicotinic Agonists); 0 (Quinoxalines); 01ZG3TPX31 (Bupropion); BL03SY4LXB (Nortriptyline); W6HS99O8ZO (Varenicline); UIN: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;10:CD009670. PMID: 264 Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1469-493X; 1361-6137 Accession Number PMID: 23235680 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Meta-Analysis; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Review; IM DOI 10.1002/14651858.CD009670.pub2 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 23235680 Abstract BACKGROUND: Effective pharmacotherapies are available to help people who are trying to stop smoking, but quitting can still be difficult and providing higher levels of behavioural support may increase success rates further. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effect of increasing the intensity of behavioural support for people using smoking cessation medications, and to assess whether there are different effects depending on the type of pharmacotherapy, or the amount of support in each condition. SEARCH METHODS: We searched the Cochrane Tobacco Addiction Group Specialised Register in July 2012 for records with any mention of pharmacotherapy, including any type of NRT, bupropion, nortriptyline or varenicline that evaluated the addition of personal support or compared two or more intensities of behavioural support. SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomized or quasi-randomized controlled trials in which all participants received pharmacotherapy for smoking cessation and conditions differed by the amount of behavioural support. Controls could receive less intensive personal contact, or just written information. We did not include studies that used a contact matched control to evaluate differences between types or components of support. We excluded trials recruiting only pregnant women, trials recruiting only adolescents, and trials with less than six months follow-up. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Search results were prescreened by one author and inclusion or exclusion of potentially relevant trials was agreed by both authors. Data were extracted by one author and checked by the other.The main outcome measure was abstinence from smoking after at least six months of follow-up. We used the most rigorous definition of abstinence for each trial, and biochemically validated rates if available. We calculated the risk ratio (RR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for each study. Where appropriate, we performed meta-analysis using a Mantel-Haenszel fixed-effect model. MAIN RESULTS: Thirty-eight studies met the inclusion criteria with over 15,000 participants in the relevant arms. There was very little evidence of statistical heterogeneity (I(2) = 3%) so all studies were pooled in the main analysis. There was evidence of a small but statistically significant benefit from more intensive support (RR 1.16, 95% CI 1.09 to 1.24) for abstinence at longest follow-up. All but two of the included studies provided four or more sessions of support. Most trials used nicotine replacement therapy. Significant effects were not detected for studies where the pharmacotherapy was nortriptyline (two trials) or varenicline (one trial), but this reflects the absence of evidence. In subgroup analyses, studies that provided at least four sessions of personal contact for the intervention and no personal contact for the control had slightly larger effects (six trials, RR 1.25, 95% CI 1.08 to 1.45), as did studies where all intervention counselling was via telephone (six trials, RR 1.28, 95% CI 1.17 to 1.41). Weaker evidence for a benefit of providing additional behavioural support was seen in the trials where all participants, including those in the control condition, had at least 30 minutes of personal contact (18 trials, RR 1.11, 95% CI 0.99 to 1.25). None of the differences between subgroups were significant, and the last two subgroup analyses were not prespecified. No trials were judged at high risk of bias on any domain. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: Providing behavioural support in person or via telephone for people using pharmacotherapy to stop smoking has a small but important effect. Increasing the amount of behavioural support is likely to increase the chance of success by about 10 to 25%, based on a pooled estimate from 38 trials. A subgroup analysis of a small number of trials suggests the benefit could be a little greater when the contrast is between a no contact control and a behavioural intervention that provides at least four sessions of contact. Subgroup analysis also suggest Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Stead,L.F., Lancaster,T. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20121212 PMCID Editors

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