Image
WTS Database
The subject of interest is:
waterpipe, water-pipe, nargile, narghile, arguileh, arguile, shisha, sheesha, chichi, hubble bubble, hubbly bubbly, goza, hookah, bong
| Title Sort descending | Pub Year | Author | SearchLink |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sustained Waterpipe Tobacco Smoking and Trends Over Time | 2015 | Center for Research on Media, Technology, and Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Division of General Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Division of Ad | Read more... |
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Source Type
Print(0)
Ref Type
Journal Article
Periodical, Full
American Journal of Preventive Medicine
Periodical, Abbrev.
Am.J.Prev.Med.
Pub Date Free Form
Dec
Volume
49
Issue
6
Start Page
859
Other Pages
867
Notes
LR: 20160311; CI: Copyright (c) 2015; GR: R01 CA140150/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States; GR: R01 DA001411/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States; GR: R01 DA001411/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States; GR: R01-CA140150/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States; JID: 8704773; NIHMS764052;
Place of Publication
Netherlands
ISSN/ISBN
1873-2607; 0749-3797
Accession Number
PMID: 26385163
Language
eng
SubFile
Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; IM
DOI
10.1016/j.amepre.2015.06.030 [doi]
Output Language
Unknown(0)
PMID
26385163
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: Use of waterpipe tobacco smoking (WTS) is now prevalent among U.S. adolescents. However, the more clinically relevant questions are whether users exhibit sustained patterns of use and whether use is increasing over time relative to other tobacco products. We aimed to examine factors associated with sustained WTS among U.S. adolescents and to compare prevalence trends between WTS and other tobacco products. METHODS: The Monitoring the Future project began assessing WTS among 12th-grade students in 2010. In 2014, we conducted multivariable regression analyses to examine correlates of sustained WTS, which we defined as use at least six times in the past 12 months. We used trend analysis to compare use of WTS and other types of tobacco. RESULTS: Of the 8,737 participants queried from 2010 to 2013, 18.8% (1,639) reported past-year WTS, whereas 7.2% (627) reported sustained use. Sustained WTS was inversely associated with female sex (versus male, OR=0.78, 95% CI=0.63, 0.96); African American race (versus Caucasian, OR=0.26, 95% CI=0.14, 0.48); and increased number of parents in the home (p
Descriptors
Links
Book Title
Database
Publisher
American Journal of Preventive Medicine. Published by Elsevier Inc
Data Source
Authors
Primack,B.A., Freedman-Doan,P., Sidani,J.E., Rosen,D., Shensa,A., James,A.E., Wallace,J.
Original/Translated Title
URL
Date of Electronic
20150915
PMCID
PMC4780332
Editors
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| Sustained waterpipe use among young adults | 2014 | Read more... | |
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Source Type
Print(0)
Ref Type
Journal Article
Periodical, Full
Nicotine Tob Res
Periodical, Abbrev.
Nicotine Tob.Res.
Pub Date Free Form
Volume
16
Issue
6
Start Page
709
Other Pages
16
Notes
ID: 24379147
Place of Publication
ISSN/ISBN
Accession Number
Language
en
SubFile
DOI
Output Language
Unknown(0)
PMID
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: Waterpipe smoking is increasingly popular among North American youth. However, the extent to which waterpipe use is sustained over time is not known. The objective of this study was to describe the frequency and the predictors of sustained waterpipe use over 4 years among young adults. METHODS: Data were available in a prospective cohort investigation of 1,293 seventh-grade students recruited in a convenience sample of 10 secondary schools in Montreal, Canada, in 1999. Data on past-year waterpipe use were collected from 777 participants when they were age 20 years on average (in 2007-2008) and again when they were age 24 years (in 2011-2012) in mailed self-report questionnaires. Twenty potential predictors of sustained waterpipe use were tested, each in a separate multivariable logistic regression model. RESULTS: About 51% of 182 waterpipe users at age 20 reported waterpipe use 4 years later. Most sustained users (88%) smoked a waterpipe less than once a month. Parental smoking, being currently employed, less frequent cigarette smoking, and more frequent marijuana use were associated with sustained waterpipe use. CONCLUSIONS: Half of the young adults who used waterpipe during young adulthood reported use 4 years later. Young adults who sustain waterpipe use appear to do so as an activity undertaken occasionally to socialize with others.
Descriptors
Links
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntt215
Book Title
Database
MEDLINE; http://www.globalhealthlibrary.net/
Publisher
Data Source
Authors
Dugas,Erika N., O'Loughlin, Erin,K., Low,Nancy C., Wellman,Robert J., O'Loughlin, Jennifer,L.
Original/Translated Title
URL
Date of Electronic
PMCID
Editors
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| Symptoms of nicotine dependence in a cohort of Swedish youths: a comparison between smokers, smokeless tobacco users and dual tobacco users | 2010 | Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden. ann.post@ki.se | Read more... |
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Source Type
Print(0)
Ref Type
Journal Article
Periodical, Full
Addiction (Abingdon, England)
Periodical, Abbrev.
Addiction
Pub Date Free Form
Apr
Volume
105
Issue
4
Start Page
740
Other Pages
746
Notes
JID: 9304118; CIN: Addiction. 2010 Apr;105(4):747-8. PMID: 20403023; 2010/02/09 [aheadofprint]; ppublish
Place of Publication
England
ISSN/ISBN
1360-0443; 0965-2140
Accession Number
PMID: 20148785
Language
eng
SubFile
Comparative Study; Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM
DOI
10.1111/j.1360-0443.2009.02852.x [doi]
Output Language
Unknown(0)
PMID
20148785
Abstract
AIMS: To determine whether symptoms of nicotine dependence, addiction and withdrawal symptoms differ between exclusive smokers, exclusive snus (moist snuff) users and dual users. DESIGN: A cross-sectional survey of a cohort subsample. Setting County of Stockholm, Sweden. PARTICIPANTS: Current exclusive smokers (n = 466), exclusive snus users (n = 209) and dual users (n = 144), mean age 17.6 years. MEASUREMENTS: Self-reported life-time experience of nicotine dependence and withdrawal symptoms in periods of discontinued tobacco use. Selected items from the modified Fagerstom Tolerance Questionnaire (mFTQ), the Hooked on Nicotine Checklist (HONC) and the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV). FINDINGS: The odds ratio of endorsing each of four mFTQ items as well as the HONC item investigating the risk of feeling addicted to tobacco was two to five-fold higher for exclusive snus users and for dual users compared to exclusive smokers. One DSM-IV item (difficult to refrain from use) was elevated among dual users compared to smokers. Dual users reported the highest prevalence of any withdrawal symptom in contrast to exclusive snus users, who reported a lower risk of withdrawal symptoms compared to exclusive smokers. CONCLUSIONS: Smokeless tobacco users show symptoms of nicotine dependence at least as frequently as cigarette smokers. Symptoms of nicotine dependence and of withdrawal during quit attempts are particularly frequent in the subgroup of users who combine smokeless tobacco with smoking.
Descriptors
Adolescent, Behavior, Addictive/epidemiology, Child, Cohort Studies, Cross-Sectional Studies, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Female, Humans, Male, Smoking/epidemiology, Smoking Cessation/statistics & numerical data, Socioeconomic Factors, Substance Withdrawal Syndrome/epidemiology, Sweden/epidemiology, Tobacco Use Disorder/epidemiology, Tobacco, Smokeless/adverse effects
Links
Book Title
Database
Publisher
Data Source
Authors
Post,A., Gilljam,H., Rosendahl,I., Bremberg,S., Galanti,M. R.
Original/Translated Title
URL
Date of Electronic
20100209
PMCID
Editors
|
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| Symptoms of tobacco dependence among middle and high school tobacco users: results from the 2012 National Youth Tobacco Survey | 2014 | Office of Science Rockville, Maryland. Electronic address: benjamin.apelberg@fda.hhs.gov.; Office of Science Rockville, Maryland.; Office of Science Rockville, Maryland.; Office of Science Rockville, Maryland.; Office of the Center Director, Center for To | Read more... |
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Source Type
Print(0)
Ref Type
Journal Article
Periodical, Full
American Journal of Preventive Medicine
Periodical, Abbrev.
Am.J.Prev.Med.
Pub Date Free Form
Aug
Volume
47
Issue
2 Suppl 1
Start Page
S4
Other Pages
14
Notes
LR: 20160221; CI: Published by Elsevier Inc.; GR: CC999999/Intramural CDC HHS/United States; JID: 8704773; HHSPA726039; OID: NLM: HHSPA726039; OID: NLM: PMC4624110; 2013/11/28 [received]; 2014/04/24 [revised]; 2014/04/29 [accepted]; ppublish
Place of Publication
Netherlands
ISSN/ISBN
1873-2607; 0749-3797
Accession Number
PMID: 25044195
Language
eng
SubFile
Journal Article; IM
DOI
10.1016/j.amepre.2014.04.013 [doi]
Output Language
Unknown(0)
PMID
25044195
Abstract
BACKGROUND: A growing body of evidence suggests that tobacco dependence symptoms can occur soon after smoking onset and with low levels of use. However, limited data are available nationally and among non-cigarette tobacco users. PURPOSE: To examine the prevalence and determinants of tobacco dependence symptoms among adolescent tobacco users in the 2012 National Youth Tobacco Survey, a nationally representative, school-based survey of U.S. middle and high school students. METHODS: Multivariate logistic regression was used to identify independent predictors of dependence symptoms among current users (i.e., past 30-day use) of cigarettes, cigars, or smokeless tobacco. Analyses were conducted in 2013 using SAS-callable SUDAAN, version 11 to account for the complex survey design. RESULTS: Prevalence of tobacco dependence symptoms ranged from 20.8% (95% CI=18.6, 23.1) of current tobacco users reporting wanting to use tobacco within 30 minutes of waking to 41.9% (95% CI=39.3, 44.5) reporting recent strong cravings. Reporting of dependence symptoms was most consistently associated with polytobacco use, higher frequency of use, earlier initiation age, and female gender. A 2-4-fold increase in the odds of symptom reporting was found in adolescents using tobacco products on as few as 3-5 days compared to those who only used it for 1-2 of the past 30 days. CONCLUSIONS: A substantial proportion of U.S. adolescent tobacco users, including those with low levels of use, report symptoms of tobacco dependence. These findings demonstrate the need for full implementation of evidence-based strategies to prevent both experimentation and progression to regular tobacco use among youth.
Descriptors
Links
Book Title
Database
Publisher
Data Source
Authors
Apelberg,B.J., Corey,C.G., Hoffman,A.C., Schroeder,M.J., Husten,C.G., Caraballo,R.S., Backinger,C.L.
Original/Translated Title
URL
Date of Electronic
PMCID
PMC4624110
Editors
|
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| Symptoms, acid exposure and motility in patients with Barrett's esophagus | 2004 | Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ont. | Read more... |
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Source Type
Print(0)
Ref Type
Journal Article
Periodical, Full
Canadian journal of surgery.Journal canadien de chirurgie
Periodical, Abbrev.
Can.J.Surg.
Pub Date Free Form
Feb
Volume
47
Issue
1
Start Page
47
Other Pages
51
Notes
LR: 20140609; JID: 0372715; OID: NLM: PMC3211802; ppublish
Place of Publication
Canada
ISSN/ISBN
0008-428X; 0008-428X
Accession Number
PMID: 14997925
Language
eng
SubFile
Comparative Study; Journal Article; IM
DOI
Output Language
Unknown(0)
PMID
14997925
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: Barrett's esophagus, a syndrome in which the squamous mucosa that normally lines the distal esophagus is replaced with columnar epithelium, is found in a small percentage of patients presenting with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). The columnar epithelium may be protective, guarding people afflicted with Barrett's esophagus from experiencing symptoms related to acid reflux. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether people with Barrett's esophagus subjectively experience fewer symptoms or symptoms of decreased severity, despite sustaining greater acid exposure, than those with GERD but without Barrett's syndrome. METHODS: We conducted a chart review of patients with GERD. Criteria for inclusion in the study were esophagogastroscopy, motility testing and a 24-hour pH study. Fifty-eight patients (29 men, 29 women) fulfilled these criteria. The diagnosis of GERD was based on an abnormal 24-hour pH study (DeMeester score). Of these 58 patients, 21 (14 men, 7 women) were found to have histologically confirmed Barrett's esophagus. A questionnaire to assess the key symptoms of GERD was administered, with a severity score ranging from 0 to 3 (3 being the most severe) for each symptom. RESULTS: Patients with Barrett's esophagus experienced symptoms significantly less severe (p 5 min) of acid exposure (p = 0.033) and an increased percentage of time when their pH was less than 4. Patients with Barrett's esophagus had decreased resting lower esophageal sphincter tone, and number and amplitude of peristaltic contractions. CONCLUSIONS: For patients with Barrett's esophagus, the columnar epithelium may serve a protective function in guarding against symptoms of acid reflux. This has implications for the diagnosis and management of this condition.
Descriptors
Adult, Age Distribution, Aged, Barrett Esophagus/epidemiology/pathology, Biopsy, Needle, Cohort Studies, Comorbidity, Esophagoscopy, Esophagus/physiology, Female, Gastric Acidity Determination, Gastroesophageal Reflux/epidemiology/pathology, Humans, Hydrogen-Ion Concentration, Immunohistochemistry, Incidence, Male, Manometry, Middle Aged, Peristalsis, Probability, Risk Assessment, Severity of Illness Index, Sex Distribution
Links
Book Title
Database
Publisher
Data Source
Authors
Brandt,M. G., Darling,G. E., Miller,L.
Original/Translated Title
URL
Date of Electronic
PMCID
PMC3211802
Editors
|
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| Synergism in biofilm formation between Salmonella enteritidis and a nitrogen-fixing strain of Klebsiella pneumoniae | 1997 | Jones, K., Division of Biological Sciences, IEBS, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, United Kingdom | Read more... |
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Source Type
Print(0)
Ref Type
Journal Article
Periodical, Full
Journal of applied microbiology
Periodical, Abbrev.
J.Appl.Microbiol.
Pub Date Free Form
1997/
Volume
82
Issue
5
Start Page
663
Other Pages
668
Notes
Place of Publication
ISSN/ISBN
1364-5072
Accession Number
Language
SubFile
DOI
Output Language
Unknown(0)
PMID
Abstract
A laboratory reactor, which simulates biofilm formation in water pipes, was used to study interactions in biofilm formation between a nitrogen-fixing strain of Klebsiella pneumoniae and Salmonella enteritidis. The level of attachment of Salm. enteritidis was higher in the binary biofilm than in the single species biofilm. In the initial colonization phase the binary biofilm contained a much higher proportion of metabolically active cells than in single species biofilms formed by either Salm. enteritidis or Kl. pneumoniae. When a pulse of Salm. enteritidis was passed over an already established biofilm of Kl. pneumoniae it rapidly became integrated into the biofilm, from where it was subsequently released into the water column, along with Kl. pneumoniae. Klebsiella pneumoniae fixed nitrogen in the presence of Salm. enteritidis in both types of biofilm.
Descriptors
nitrogen, article, biofilm, controlled study, Klebsiella pneumoniae, nitrogen fixation, nonhuman, Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis, water supply
Links
Book Title
Database
Embase; MEDLINE
Publisher
Data Source
Embase
Authors
Jones,K., Bradshaw,S. B.
Original/Translated Title
URL
Date of Electronic
PMCID
Editors
|
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| Synergistic activity of the tyrocidines, antimicrobial cyclodecapeptides from Bacillus aneurinolyticus, with amphotericin B and caspofungin against Candida albicans biofilms | 2014 | BIOPEP Peptide Group, Department of Biochemistry, Science Faculty, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa.; BIOPEP Peptide Group, Department of Biochemistry, Science Faculty, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa.; Centre | Read more... |
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Source Type
Print(0)
Ref Type
Journal Article
Periodical, Full
Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy
Periodical, Abbrev.
Antimicrob.Agents Chemother.
Pub Date Free Form
Jul
Volume
58
Issue
7
Start Page
3697
Other Pages
3707
Notes
LR: 20150113; CI: Copyright (c) 2014; JID: 0315061; 0 (Antifungal Agents); 0 (Echinocandins); 0 (Peptides); 0 (Reactive Oxygen Species); 0 (Tyrocidine); 7XU7A7DROE (Amphotericin B); F0XDI6ZL63 (caspofungin); OID: NLM: PMC4068576; 2014/04/21 [aheadofprint]
Place of Publication
United States
ISSN/ISBN
1098-6596; 0066-4804
Accession Number
PMID: 24752256
Language
eng
SubFile
Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM
DOI
10.1128/AAC.02381-14 [doi]
Output Language
Unknown(0)
PMID
24752256
Abstract
Tyrocidines are cationic cyclodecapeptides from Bacillus aneurinolyticus that are characterized by potent antibacterial and antimalarial activities. In this study, we show that various tyrocidines have significant activity against planktonic Candida albicans in the low-micromolar range. These tyrocidines also prevented C. albicans biofilm formation in vitro. Studies with the membrane-impermeable dye propidium iodide showed that the tyrocidines disrupt the membrane integrity of mature C. albicans biofilm cells. This membrane activity correlated with the permeabilization and rapid lysis of model fungal membranes containing phosphatidylcholine and ergosterol (70:30 ratio) induced by the tyrocidines. The tyrocidines exhibited pronounced synergistic biofilm-eradicating activity in combination with two key antifungal drugs, amphotericin B and caspofungin. Using a Caenorhabditis elegans infection model, we found that tyrocidine A potentiated the activity of caspofungin. Therefore, tyrocidines are promising candidates for further research as antifungal drugs and as agents for combinatorial treatment.
Descriptors
Links
Book Title
Database
Publisher
American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved
Data Source
Authors
Troskie,A.M., Rautenbach,M., Delattin,N., Vosloo,J.A., Dathe,M., Cammue,B.P., Thevissen,K.
Original/Translated Title
URL
Date of Electronic
20140421
PMCID
PMC4068576
Editors
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| Syngonanthus nitens Bong. (Rhul.)-Loaded Nanostructured System for Vulvovaginal Candidiasis Treatment | 2016 | Department of Biological Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UNESP-Univ Estadual Paulista, Araraquara, Sao Paulo 14800-903, Brazil. matheusramos_91@hotmail.com.; Department of Biological Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UNESP-Univ Est | Read more... |
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Source Type
Print(0)
Ref Type
Journal Article
Periodical, Full
International journal of molecular sciences
Periodical, Abbrev.
Int.J.Mol.Sci.
Pub Date Free Form
22-Aug
Volume
17
Issue
8
Start Page
E1368
Other Pages
Notes
LR: 20160824; JID: 101092791; OTO: NOTNLM; 2016/05/24 [received]; 2016/06/28 [revised]; 2016/06/30 [accepted]; epublish
Place of Publication
ISSN/ISBN
1422-0067; 1422-0067
Accession Number
PMID: 27556451
Language
ENG
SubFile
JOURNAL ARTICLE
DOI
E1368 [pii]
Output Language
Unknown(0)
PMID
27556451
Abstract
Herbal-loaded drug delivery nanotechnological systems have been extensively studied recently. The antimicrobial activity of medicinal plants has shown better pharmacological action when such plants are loaded into a drug delivery system than when they are not loaded. Syngonanthus nitens Bong. (Rhul.) belongs to the Eriocaulaceae family and presents antiulcerogenic, antioxidant, antibacterial, and antifungal activity. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antifungal activity of Syngonanthus nitens (S. nitens) extract that was not loaded (E) or loaded (SE) into a liquid crystal precursor system (S) for the treatment of vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) with Candida albicans. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined by the microdilution technique. Additionally, we performed hyphae inhibition and biofilm tests. Finally, experimental candidiasis was evaluated in in vivo models with Wistar female rats. The results showed effective antifungal activity after incorporation into S for all strains tested, with MICs ranging from 31.2 to 62.5 mug/mL. Microscopic observation of SE revealed an absence of filamentous cells 24 h of exposure to a concentration of 31.2 mug/mL. E demonstrated no effective action against biofilms, though SE showed inhibition against biofilms of all strains. In the in vivo experiment, SE was effective in the treatment of infection after only two days of treatment and was more effective than E and amphotericin B. The S. nitens is active against Candida albicans (C. albicans) and the antifungal potential is being enhanced after incorporation into liquid crystal precursor systems (LCPS). These findings represent a promising application of SE in the treatment of VVC.
Descriptors
Links
Book Title
Database
Publisher
Data Source
Authors
Dos Santos Ramos,M.A., de Toledo,L.G., Calixto,G.M., Bonifacio,B.V., de Freitas Araujo,M.G., Dos Santos,L.C., de Almeida,M.T., Chorilli,M., Bauab,T.M.
Original/Translated Title
URL
Date of Electronic
20160822
PMCID
Editors
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| Synthetic Cannabinoid Use and Descriptive Norms among Collegiate Student-Athletes | 2016 | Read more... | |
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Source Type
Print(0)
Ref Type
Journal Article
Periodical, Full
J Psychoactive Drugs
Periodical, Abbrev.
J.Psychoactive Drugs
Pub Date Free Form
Volume
48
Issue
3
Start Page
166
Other Pages
72
Notes
ID: 27224428
Place of Publication
ISSN/ISBN
Accession Number
Language
en
SubFile
DOI
Output Language
Unknown(0)
PMID
Abstract
Synthetic cannabinoids have gained popularity over the past decade, especially among young adults, due to sharing similar psychoactive properties with Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). A limited number of studies have examined synthetic cannabinoid use among college students but none have examined use exclusively by collegiate student-athletes. The objective of this study was to examine synthetic cannabinoid use among collegiate student-athletes. In the spring of 2013, 3,276 freshmen and transfer collegiate student-athletes from 47 NCAA Division I, II, and III institutions participated in a web-based survey on substance use. Bivariate logistic regression was used to analyze the relationship between collegiate student-athlete characteristics, substance use, and descriptive norms with lifetime use of synthetic cannabinoids. Sixty-two individuals (1.9%) reported lifetime use of synthetic cannabinoids, and 3 (0.1%) reported past-30-day use. Males, current drinkers, and athletes who used hookah and marijuana in the past 30 days were more likely to use synthetic cannabinoids. Peer use of synthetic cannabinoids was estimated to be higher than actual use, and such overestimation was positively associated with personal use of synthetic cannabinoids. Our findings suggest that campaigns addressing normative beliefs should be implemented on college campuses to prevent synthetic cannabinoid use among college students and collegiate student-athletes.
Descriptors
Links
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2016.1186305
Book Title
Database
MEDLINE; http://www.globalhealthlibrary.net/
Publisher
Data Source
Authors
Egan,Kathleen L., Erausquin,Jennifer Toller, Milroy,Jeffrey J., Wyrick,David L.
Original/Translated Title
URL
Date of Electronic
PMCID
Editors
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| Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Inhaled Toxicants from Waterpipe and Cigarette Smoking | 2016 | Read more... | |
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Source Type
Print(0)
Ref Type
Journal Article
Periodical, Full
Public Health Rep
Periodical, Abbrev.
Public Health Rep.
Pub Date Free Form
Volume
131
Issue
1
Start Page
76
Other Pages
85
Notes
ID: 26843673
Place of Publication
ISSN/ISBN
Accession Number
Language
en
SubFile
DOI
Output Language
Unknown(0)
PMID
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: Waterpipe tobacco smoking (WTS) is an emerging trend worldwide. To inform public health policy and educational programming, we systematically reviewed the biomedical literature to compute the inhaled smoke volume, nicotine, tar, and carbon monoxide (CO) associated with a single WTS session and a single cigarette. METHODS: We searched seven biomedical bibliographic databases for controlled laboratory or natural environment studies designed to mimic human tobacco consumption. Included studies quantified the mainstream smoke of a single cigarette and/or single WTS session for smoke volume, nicotine, tar, and/or CO. We conducted meta-analyses to calculate summary estimates for the inhalation of each unique substance for each mode of tobacco consumption. We assessed between-study heterogeneity using chi-squared and I-squared statistics. RESULTS: Sufficient data from 17 studies were available to derive pooled estimates for inhalation of each exposure via each smoking method. Two researchers working independently abstracted measurement of smoke volume in liters, and nicotine, tar, and CO in milligrams. All numbers included in meta-analyses matched precisely between the two researchers (100% agreement, Cohen's k=1.00). Whereas one WTS session was associated with 74.1 liters of smoke inhalation (95% confidence interval CI] 38.2, 110.0), one cigarette was associated with 0.6 liters of smoke (95% CI 0.5, 0.7). One WTS session was also associated with higher levels of nicotine, tar, and CO. CONCLUSIONS: One WTS session consistently exposed users to larger smoke volumes and higher levels of tobacco toxicants compared with one cigarette. These computed estimates may be valuable to emphasize in prevention programming.
Descriptors
Links
http://pesquisa.bvsalud.org/ghl/resource/en/mdl-26843673
Book Title
Database
MEDLINE; http://www.globalhealthlibrary.net/
Publisher
Data Source
Authors
Primack,Brian A., Carroll,Mary V., Weiss,Patricia M., Shihadeh,Alan L., Shensa,Ariel, Farley,Steven T., Fine,Michael J., Eissenberg,Thomas, Nayak,Smita
Original/Translated Title
URL
Date of Electronic
PMCID
Editors
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