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Structural characterization of rat ventricular tissue exposed to the smoke of two types of waterpipe	2015	Department of Biology and Biotechnology, American University of Madaba, Madaba, Jordan.; Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan.; Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Iranian journal of basic medical sciences Periodical, Abbrev. Iran.J.Basic Med.Sci. Pub Date Free Form Oct Volume 18 Issue 10 Start Page 942 Other Pages 949 Notes LR: 20160107; JID: 101517966; OID: NLM: PMC4686577; OTO: NOTNLM; ppublish Place of Publication Iran ISSN/ISBN 2008-3866; 2008-3866 Accession Number PMID: 26730327 Language eng SubFile Journal Article DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 26730327 Abstract OBJECTIVES: this study focused on the effect of waterpipe smoke exposure toxicity on the structure of albino rat's ventricular tissue and their recovery. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Albino rats were divided into three groups: control, flavored, and unflavored. The control group was exposed to normal air while the flavored and unflavored groups were exposed to waterpipe smoke for a period of 90 days. Each group was followed by a period of 90 days of fresh air exposure. Following each period, the ventricular tissue was removed for biochemical and histopathological studies. RESULTS: The ventricular tissues of waterpipe exposed rats showed some degree of separation between cardiac muscle fibers, infiltration of lymphocytes, and congestion of blood vessel. Also, thin cross sections of ventricular cells revealed pleomorphic mitochondria with partially disrupted cristae, partial disruption of the myofibrils, and deposited toxic materials. The unflavored waterpipe has more deleterious effects on heart ventricular tissues than the flavored one. Waterpipe smoke didn't induce apoptosis in the ventricular tissue. We also found very high levels of plasma thiocyanate after exposure to smoke in the flavored and unflavored groups, while the control group showed no increase. After the recovery period, those tissues showed partial recovery. CONCLUSION: Waterpipe smoke induces structural changes in the heart ventricle tissues, causing a negative impact on the capacity of the cardiac muscle for pumping blood and may lead to heart attack due to accumulation of free radicals and tissue inflammation. Cessation of smoking is important in returning most of these changes to their normal structure. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Al-Awaida,W., Najjar,H., Shraideh,Z. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID PMC4686577 Editors
Structure vibration with diesel engines	1976	Fachbach, Heinz A., Forsch. Vereinig. Verbrenn. Kraftmaschinen, Graz	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Generic Periodical, Full MTZ Motortechnische Zeitschrift Periodical, Abbrev. MOTORTECHN.Z. Pub Date Free Form 1976/07 Volume 37 Issue 8-Jul Start Page 269 Other Pages 274 Notes Place of Publication ISSN/ISBN 0024-8525 Accession Number Language SubFile DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID Abstract The aims of the research work described in this paper consist of a fundamental knowledge concerning vibration transmission from combustion chamber to the noise radiating external crankcase surfaces with watercooled inline engines; furthermore, the influence of cast iron and cast aluminium as a material of crankcase, the origin of the noise of crankshaftpulleys, as well as the attenuation of vibration isolating elements for pipe systems. With watercooled inline engines, the main part of vibration energy is transmitted from cobustion chamber via crankdrive components to the noise radiating external surface, the natural vibration modes of the force transmitting parts exerting the main influence on the vibration transfer. The prediction elaborated by theoretical considerations, that engines the casing of which consist of cast aluminium produce an essentially higher noise level compared to engines made of cast iron, could not be confirmed with running engines. The position of the axial bearing of crankshafts with inline engines as well as the mass of crankshaft pulleys have a certain influence on the noise radiated by crankshaft pulleys. The measures vibration isolation of the pulley as well as the noise attenuating enclosure, however, are much more effective. With exhaust pipe systems sufficient vibration attenuation can be achieved by means of corrugated pipes and socalled piston ring compensators, the arrangement being very advantageous. The vibration isolation of air intake and cooling water pipes can be carried out by means of flexible rubber tubes. Descriptors diesel engine, methodology, vibration Links Book Title KORPERSCHALLAUSBREITUNG BEI DIESELMOTOREN Database Embase Publisher Data Source Embase Authors Fachbach,H. A., Thien,G. E. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Studies on commuters' exposure to BTEX in passenger cars in Kolkata, India	2007	Department of Chemistry, University College of Science Technology and Agriculture, 92, A. P. C. Road, Kolkata 700 009, India.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full The Science of the total environment Periodical, Abbrev. Sci.Total Environ. Pub Date Free Form 1-Jan Volume 372 Issue 3-Feb Start Page 426 Other Pages 432 Notes LR: 20131121; JID: 0330500; 0 (Air Pollutants); 0 (Benzene Derivatives); 0 (Petroleum); 0 (Vehicle Emissions); 0 (Xylenes); 3FPU23BG52 (Toluene); J64922108F (Benzene); 2006/04/28 [received]; 2006/09/07 [revised]; 2006/09/19 [accepted]; 2006/11/17 [aheadof Place of Publication Netherlands ISSN/ISBN 0048-9697; 0048-9697 Accession Number PMID: 17113131 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI S0048-9697(06)00736-4 [pii] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 17113131 Abstract Commuters' exposure to volatile organic compounds (VOCs) especially BTEX travelling in passenger cars in Kolkata, India were quantified in Phase I (2001-2002) and Phase II (2003-2004). Monitoring was made inside and in the immediate outside of passenger cars fitted with and without catalytic converters using different types of fuels, along two congested urban routes. During Phase I of the study, the benzene content in gasoline was 5% and the mean concentration of in-vehicle benzene in cars without catalytic converter was found to be as high as 721.2 microg/m3. In Phase II when the benzene content was reduced to <3% and with modified engine type, the mean in-vehicle benzene concentration was reduced to 112.4 microg/m3. The in-vehicle concentration varied with engine type and age of the vehicle. Roadside ambient mean concentration of benzene was 214.8 microg/m3 and 30.8 microg/m3 in Phase I and Phase II respectively. Descriptors Air Pollutants/analysis, Air Pollution, Indoor, Analysis of Variance, Automobiles, Benzene/analysis, Benzene Derivatives/analysis, Cities, Environmental Exposure, Humans, India, Petroleum, Toluene/analysis, Vehicle Emissions/analysis, Volatilization, Xylenes/analysis Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Som,D., Dutta,C., Chatterjee,A., Mallick,D., Jana,T. K., Sen,S. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20061117 PMCID Editors
Studies on the epidemiology of schistosomiasis in Liberia: The prevalence and intensity of schistosomal infections in Bong County and the bionomics of the snail intermediate hosts	1983	Bur. Biol. Res., Rutgers Univ., Nelson Biol. Lab., Piscataway, NJ 08854	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Acta Tropica Periodical, Abbrev. Acta Trop. Pub Date Free Form 1983/ Volume 40 Issue 3 Start Page 205 Other Pages 229 Notes Place of Publication ISSN/ISBN 0001-706X Accession Number Language SubFile DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID Abstract Urine samples from 3548 individuals residing in six of the eight districts which comprise Bong County, Liberia, the project area of the Bong County Agricultural Development Project (BCADP), and fecal specimens from 3408 of these individuals were examined for schistosome ova. A total of 164 water sites, including rice paddies, were surveyed for schistosome vector snails and monthly changes in snail population density and infection rate were determined in selected water sites. Bulinus globosus were more widely distributed than Biomphalaria pfeifferi but the latter species showed a higher infection prevalence (12.3%) than the former one (10.3%). Snail population density and infection rate fluctuated with season, being higher in the dry season and lower during periods of heavy rainfall. Dessication and/or heat stress may have contributed to the contraction of snail population size at the end of the dry season. More water sites contained infected snails during December through February than at any other time of the year. In selected water sites examined at monthly intervals, mean snail density was higher in rice paddies than in other water contact sites but the latter showed a higher prevalence of infected snails than the former. The overall prevalence of Schistosoma mansoni (24.8%) was significantly higher than that of S. haematobium (22.7%) but the difference in prevalence rates of the two species in school children was not statistically significant. The intensity of S. haematobium infection (13.2 xÌ„G) was significantly higher than that of S. mansoni (6.3 xÌ„G). Mixed infections in school children did not have a significant effect on egg output. The prevalence and intensity of S. haematobium showed a dramatic decline between the age groups 0-15 and 20-50+ years old; the differences between these age groups in S. mansoni infection were unremarkable. In Zota, Jorquelle and Kokoya Districts, prevalence rates of S. haematobium were higher than those of S. mansoni; the reverse was observed in Suakoko and Panta-Kpai Districts but relative prevalence rates varied according to specific locality in each district. A south to north stratification of schistosomal infection prevalence was observed similar to the west to east gradient reported by Saladin et al. (1980). New rice paddies developed during the three year operational period of the BCADP contained little or no vector snails and schistosomal infections in farm families of these paddies reflected the characteristic of the disease in corresponding localities. Older paddies, pre-dating the operations of the BCADP, contained infected vector snails and farm families of some of these paddies showed higher prevalence rates of schistosomiasis than corresponding school children. The implications of these findings are discussed. Descriptors Biomphalaria, Bulinus, digestive system, epidemiology, geographic distribution, human, invertebrate, Liberia, Schistosoma haematobium, Schistosoma mansoni, schistosomiasis, trematode, urinary tract Links Book Title Database Embase; MEDLINE Publisher Data Source Embase Authors Dennis,E., Vorkpor,P., Holzer,B. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Study of biofilm in bacteria from water pipelines	2015	Associate Professor, Department of Microbiology, AIIMS , Bhubaneswar S.C.B. Medical College, Cuttack, Odisha, India .; Undergraduate Student, S.C.B. Medical College , Cuttack, Odisha, India .; Assistant Professor, Department of Microbiology, S.C.B. Medica	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Journal of clinical and diagnostic research : JCDR Periodical, Abbrev. J.Clin.Diagn.Res. Pub Date Free Form Mar Volume 9 Issue 3 Start Page DC09 Other Pages 11 Notes LR: 20150510; JID: 101488993; OID: NLM: PMC4413065; OTO: NOTNLM; 2014/12/04 [received]; 2015/02/12 [accepted]; 2015/03/01 [epublish]; ppublish Place of Publication India ISSN/ISBN 2249-782X; 0973-709X Accession Number PMID: 25954617 Language eng SubFile Journal Article DOI 10.7860/JCDR/2015/12415.5715 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 25954617 Abstract CONTEXT: A biofilm is a layer of microorganisms contained in a matrix (slime layer), which forms on surfaces in contact with water. Their presence in drinking water pipe networks can be responsible for a wide range of water quality and operational problems. AIM: To identify the bacterial isolates, obtained from water pipelines of kitchens, to evaluate the water quality & to study the biofilm producing capacity of the bacterial isolates from various sources. SETTINGS AND DESIGN: A prospective study using water samples from aqua guard & pipelines to kitchens of S.C.B Medical College hostels. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Standard biochemical procedures for bacterial identification, multiple tube culture & MPN count to evaluate water quality & tissue culture plate (TCP) method for biofilm detection was followed. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: STATA software version 9.2 from STATA Corporation, College station road, 90 Houston, Texas was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: One hundred eighty seven isolates were obtained from 45 water samples cultured. The isolates were Acinetobacter spp. (44), Pseudomonas spp.(41), Klebsiella spp.(36) & others . Biofilm was detected in (37) 19.78 % of the isolates (95% CI 30.08% -43.92%) including Acinetobacter spp.-10, Klebsiella spp. - 9, Pseudomonas spp. - 9, & others, majority (34) of which were from kitchen pipelines. CONCLUSION: Water from pipeline sources was unsatisfactory for consumption as the MPN counts were > 10. Most of the biofilm producers were gram negative bacilli & Pseudomonas & Acinetobacter spp. were strong (4+) biofilm producers. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Mahapatra,A., Padhi,N., Mahapatra,D., Bhatt,M., Sahoo,D., Jena,S., Dash,D., Chayani,N. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20150301 PMCID PMC4413065 Editors
Study of High- and Low- Current-Configuration Homes from the 1988 Denver Childhood Cancer Study	2002	Kaune, W.T., Richland, WA 99352, United States	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Bioelectromagnetics Periodical, Abbrev. Bioelectromagnetics Pub Date Free Form / Volume 23 Issue 3 Start Page 177 Other Pages 188 Notes Place of Publication ISSN/ISBN 0197-8462 Accession Number Language SubFile DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID Abstract An epidemiological study conducted by Savitz et al. reported that residential wire codes were more strongly associated with childhood cancer than were measured magnetic fields, a peculiar result because wire codes were originally developed to be a surrogate for residential magnetic fields. The primary purpose of the study reported here, known as the Back to Denver (BTD) study, was to obtain data to help in the interpretation of the original results of Savitz et al. The BTD study included 81 homes that had been occupied by case and control subjects of Savitz et al., stratified by wire code as follows: 18 high current configuration (HCC) case homes; 20 HCC control homes; 20 low current configuration (LCC) case homes; and 23 LCC control homes. Analysis of new data acquired in these homes led to the following previously unpublished conclusions. The home-averaged (i.e., mean of fields measured in subjects' bedrooms, family/living rooms, and rooms where meals normally eaten) spot 60 Hz, 180 Hz, and harmonic (i.e., 60-420 Hz) magnetic fields were associated with wire codes. The 180 Hz and harmonic components, but not the 60 Hz component, were associated with case/control status. Measured static magnetic fields were only weakly correlated (r â‰ˆ 0.2) between rooms in homes. The BTD data provide little support for, but are too sparse to definitively test, the 1995 resonance hypothesis proposed by Bowman et al. Case and control homes had similar concentrations of copper in their tap water. Copper concentration was not associated with wire codes nor with the level of electric current carried by a home's water pipe. These results of the BTD study suggest that future case/control studies investigating power frequency magnetic fields might wish to include measurements of 180 Hz or harmonic magnetic fields in order to examine their associations (if any) with disease status. Â© 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc. Descriptors copper, tap water, article, case control study, child, childhood cancer, concentration (parameters), controlled study, correlation analysis, electric current, electricity, home, human, magnetic field, pipeline, priority journal, United States, water quality Links Book Title Database Embase; MEDLINE Publisher Data Source Embase Authors Kaune,W. T., Dovan,T., Kavet,R. I., Savitz,D. A., Neutra,R. R. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Study of Lactic Acid Bacteria Community From Raw Milk of Iranian One Humped Camel and Evaluation of Their Probiotic Properties	2015	Department of Food Science and Technology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, IR Iran.; Department of Food Science and Technology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, IR Iran.; Department of Veterinary Research and Biotechnology, Razi Vaccine a	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Jundishapur journal of microbiology Periodical, Abbrev. Jundishapur J.Microbiol. Pub Date Free Form 31-May Volume 8 Issue 5 Start Page e16750 Other Pages Notes LR: 20150613; JID: 101515122; OID: NLM: PMC4458354; OTO: NOTNLM; 2015/05 [ecollection]; 2013/12/09 [received]; 2014/04/13 [revised]; 2014/04/22 [accepted]; 2015/05/31 [epublish]; epublish Place of Publication Iran ISSN/ISBN 2008-3645; 2008-3645 Accession Number PMID: 26060561 Language eng SubFile Journal Article DOI 10.5812/jjm.8(5)2015.16750 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 26060561 Abstract BACKGROUND: Camel milk is amongst valuable food sources in Iran. On the other hand, due to the presence of probiotic bacteria and bacteriocin producers in camel milk, probiotic bacteria can be isolated and identified from this food product. OBJECTIVES: The objectives of the present research were the isolation and molecular identification of lactic acid bacteria from camel milk and evaluation of their probiotic properties. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of ten samples of camel milk were collected from the Golestan province of Iran under aseptic conditions. Bacteria were isolated by culturing the samples on selective medium. Isolates were identified by amplification of the 16S rDNA and Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) region between the 16S and 23S rRNA genes by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and were then screened and grouped by the Amplified Ribosomal DNA Restriction Analysis (ARDRA) method. To evaluate probiotic properties, representative isolates of different ARDRA profiles were analyzed. The antimicrobial activity of Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) against Pediococcus pentosaceus, Escherichia coli and Bacillus cereus was examined by the agar diffusion assay. Acid and bile tolerance of isolates were evaluated. RESULTS: A total of 64 isolates were analyzed based on biochemical tests and morphological characteristics. The most frequently isolated LAB was Enterococci. Weissella, Leuconostoc, Lactobacilli and Pediococci were less frequently found. Based on restriction analysis of the ITS, the isolates were grouped into nine different ARDRA patterns that were identified by ribosomal DNA sequencing as P. pentosaceus, Enterococcus faecium strain Y-2, E. faecium strain JZ1-1, E. faecium strain E6, E. durans, E. lactis, Leuconostoc mesenteroides, Lactobacillus casei and Weissella cibaria. The results showed that antimicrobial activity of the tested isolates was remarkable and P. pentosaceus showed the most antibacterial activity. In addition, E. durans, E. lactis, L. casei and P. pentosaceus were selected as probiotic bacteria. CONCLUSIONS: This study revealed the presence of bacteriocin-producing bacteria and probiotic bacteria in camel milk from the Golestan province of Iran. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Davati,N., Tabatabaee Yazdi,F., Zibaee,S., Shahidi,F., Edalatian,M.R. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20150531 PMCID PMC4458354 Editors
Study of secondhand smoke levels pre and post implementation of the comprehensive smoking ban in mumbai	2010	Analytical and Industrial Hygiene Division, Indian Institute of Environmental Medicine, Mumbai, India.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Indian journal of community medicine : official publication of Indian Association of Preventive & Social Medicine Periodical, Abbrev. Indian.J.Community Med. Pub Date Free Form Jul Volume 35 Issue 3 Start Page 409 Other Pages 413 Notes LR: 20130529; JID: 9315574; OID: NLM: PMC2963881; OTO: NOTNLM; 2009/08/04 [received]; 2010/03/25 [accepted]; ppublish Place of Publication India ISSN/ISBN 1998-3581; 0970-0218 Accession Number PMID: 21031108 Language eng SubFile Journal Article DOI 10.4103/0970-0218.69269 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 21031108 Abstract OBJECTIVES: This research was undertaken with the aim of assessing the indoor air quality in popular hospitality venues, as also to evaluate the effectiveness of the nationwide comprehensive public smoking ban. The analysis was split into two halves - baseline study taken up prior to implementation of the said ban on 2(nd) October 2008, and the follow-up study after it came into effect. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty-five venues including five restaurants, fourteen resto-bars, two hookah (smoking water-pipe) cafes and four pubs were selected using a mix of random, convenience and purposeful sampling. Particulate matter (PM(2.5)) measurements at these venues were made using TSI SidePak AM510 Personal Aerosol Monitor. RESULTS: The average PM(2.5) level in venues where smoking was permitted prior to implementation of ban was found to be 669.95 mug/m(3) in the baseline study. Post ban, the average PM(2.5) level in same test venues reduced to 240.8 mug/m(3). The hookah cafes were an exception as the average PM(2.5) levels exceeded the permissible limits before as well as post ban. CONCLUSION: The baseline study showed that the hospitality venues had hazardous levels of PM(2.5) particles arising from second-hand smoke prior to smoking ban. These decreased by a maximum of 64% after the law took effect. A substantial improvement in air quality at these venues post implementation of the smoking ban indicated the effectiveness of the law. Descriptors Air quality, PM2.5 levels, cigarette, hookah, secondhand smoke, smoking ban, tobacco Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Deshpande,A., Kudtarkar,P., Dhaware,D., Chowgule,R. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID PMC2963881 Editors
Study on anti-androgenic effects of bisphenol a diglycidyl ether (BADGE), bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) and their derivatives using cells stably transfected with human androgen receptor, AR-EcoScreen	2004	Department of Environmental Health and Toxicology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, 24-1 Hyakunincho 3-chome, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-0073, Japan. Kanako_Satou@member.netro.tokyo.jp	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Food and chemical toxicology : an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association Periodical, Abbrev. Food Chem.Toxicol. Pub Date Free Form Jun Volume 42 Issue 6 Start Page 983 Other Pages 993 Notes LR: 20131121; JID: 8207483; 0 (Androgen Antagonists); 0 (Benzhydryl Compounds); 0 (Carcinogens); 0 (Epoxy Compounds); 0 (Receptors, Androgen); 0 (bisphenol F diglycidyl ether); F3XRM1NX4H (2,2-bis(4-glycidyloxyphenyl)propane); 2003/10/20 [received]; 2004/ Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 0278-6915; 0278-6915 Accession Number PMID: 15110108 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; IM DOI 10.1016/j.fct.2004.02.011 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 15110108 Abstract We studied in vitro hormonal activity of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE), which are used as a material of interior coating for food cans. We also examined related compounds such as 2,2-bis[4-(3-chloro-2-hydroxypropoxy)phenyl]propane (BADGE.2HCl), and bis[4-(3-chloro-2-hydroxypropoxy)phenyl]methane (BFDGE.2HCl) etc. For this purpose, we constructed two stably transfected CHO-K1 cell lines (AR-EcoScreen for androgenic activity and c-luc for cell toxicity evaluation). One stably expresses luciferase with induction of androgen. The other stably expresses luciferase without androgen induction. Also, we have determined the androgenic and anti-androgenic effects of the test chemicals by reporter gene assay with these cell lines. None of the chemicals tested by this assay exhibited androgen agonistic activity. However, BADGE.2HCl and BFDGE.2HCl had the conspicuous antagonistic activity for androgen. These compounds had a high binding affinity for androgen receptor. Furthermore, these two compounds did not show the estrogenic activity in vitro assays. On the contrary, bisphenol A and bisphenol F exhibited anti-androgenic activity in vitro in addition to the estrogenic activity. These results suggest that these chlorohydroxy compounds of BADGE and BFDGE act as androgen antagonist through the process of binding to androgen receptor. Descriptors Androgen Antagonists/pharmacology, Animals, Benzhydryl Compounds, CHO Cells, Carcinogens/pharmacology, Cricetinae, Cricetulus, Epoxy Compounds/pharmacology, Female, Food Packaging, Genes, Reporter, Receptors, Androgen/drug effects, Transfection Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Satoh,K., Ohyama,K., Aoki,N., Iida,M., Nagai,F. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Study on folk caring in Korea for cultural nursing	1990	Ko, S.H.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Kanho Hakhoe chi [The Journal of Nurses Academic Society] Periodical, Abbrev. Kanho Hakhoe Chi Pub Date Free Form / Volume 20 Issue 3 Start Page 430 Other Pages 458 Notes Place of Publication ISSN/ISBN 0378-004X Accession Number Language SubFile DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID Abstract Care is a central concept of nursing. Nursing would not exist without caring. Care and quality of life are closely related. Human behavior is a manifestation of culture. We can say that caring and nursing care are expression of culture. The nurse must understand the relationship of culture with care for ensure quality nursing care. But knowledge of cultural factors in nursing is not well developed. Time and in-depth study are needed to find meaningful relationships between culture and care. Nurses recognized the importance of culturally appropriate nursing. There are two care systems in culturally based nursing. The folk care system and the professional nursing care system. The folk care system existed long before the professional nursing care system was introduced into this culture. If the discrepancy between these two care systems is great, the client may receive inappropriate nursing care. Culture and subcultures are diverse and dynamic in nature. Nurses need to know the caring behaviors, patterns, and their meaning in their own culture. In Korea we have taken some first step to study cultural nursing phenomena. It is not our intent necessarily to return to the past and develop a nationalistic of nursing, but to identify the core of traditional caring and relate that to professional nursing care. Our Assumptions are as follows: 1) Care is essential for human growth, well being and survival. 2) There are diverse and universal forma, expressions, patterns, and processes of human care that exist transculturally. 3) The behaviors and functions of caring differ according to the social structure of each culture. 4) Cultures have folk and professional care values, beliefs, and practices. To promote the quality of nursing care we must understand the folk care value, beliefs, and practices. We undertook this study to understand caring in our traditional culture. The Goals of this study were as follows: 1) To identify patterns in caring behavior, 2) To identify the structural components of caring, and 3) To understand the meaning and some principles of caring. We faced several questions in this study. Who is the care-giver? Who is the care-recipient? Was the woman the major care-giver at any time? What are the patterns in caring behavior? What art the principles underlying the caring process? We used an interdisciplinary team approach, composed of representatives from nursing and anthropology, to contribute in-depth understanding of caring through a sociocultural perspective. A Field study was conducted in Ro-Bong, a small agricultural kinship village.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) Descriptors article, cultural anthropology, human, Korea, nursing care, traditional medicine Links Book Title Database MEDLINE Publisher Data Source Embase Authors Ko,S. H., Cho,M. O., Cohi,Y. H., Kang,S. P. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors

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