WTS database

Title Sort descending	Pub Year	Author	SearchLink
Safe transport of water and sewage	1974		Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Periodical, Abbrev. STRASSEN TIEFBAU Pub Date Free Form 1974/ Volume 28 Issue 8-Jul Start Page 36 Other Pages 38 Notes Place of Publication ISSN/ISBN Accession Number Language SubFile DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID Abstract Safe transport of sewage effluents is ensured by the use of asbestos and cement pressure pipes of 2000 mm gauge which withstand pressures of up to 16 atmospheres. They have excellent properties for this purpose, such as adequate strength; density; negligible chemical, biological, mechanical and electrolytic sensitivities; low incrustration tendency and low resistance to flow. The pipes are 5 m long and are joined together by sleeves and sealed by rubber rings. The pipes are used for the transport of drinking water, the transport of waste waters to treatment plants, and from there towards recirculation. They are also used for well construction and in places where the drinking water and waste water pipe lines are too close to one another. Descriptors environmental health Links Book Title SICHERER TRANSPORT VON WASSER UND ABWASSER Database Embase Publisher Data Source Embase Authors Mlynarek,L. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Safety and efficacy of the nicotine patch and gum for the treatment of adolescent tobacco addiction	2005	Teen Tobacco Addiction Research Clinic, Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, 5500 Nathan Shock Dr, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, USA. emoolcha@intra.nida.nih.gov	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Pediatrics Periodical, Abbrev. Pediatrics Pub Date Free Form Apr Volume 115 Issue 4 Start Page e407 Other Pages 14 Notes LR: 20151119; JID: 0376422; 0 (Chewing Gum); 0 (Nicotinic Agonists); 6M3C89ZY6R (Nicotine); ppublish Place of Publication United States ISSN/ISBN 1098-4275; 0031-4005 Accession Number PMID: 15805342 Language eng SubFile Clinical Trial; Journal Article; Randomized Controlled Trial; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.; AIM; IM DOI 115/4/e407 [pii] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 15805342 Abstract OBJECTIVES: To determine the safety and efficacy of the nicotine patch and gum for adolescents who want to quit smoking. DESIGN: Double-blind, double-dummy, randomized, 3-arm trial with a nicotine patch (21 mg), nicotine gum (2 and 4 mg), or a placebo patch and gum; all participants received cognitive-behavioral group therapy. SETTING: Inner-city, outpatient clinic on the East Coast. Subjects. Thirteen- to 17-year-old adolescents who smoked > or =10 cigarettes per day (CPD), scored > or =5 on the Fagerstrom Test of Nicotine Dependence, and were motivated to quit smoking. Intervention. Twelve weeks of nicotine patch or gum therapy with cognitive-behavioral therapy, with a follow-up visit at 6 months (3 months after the end of treatment). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Safety assessed on the basis of adverse event reports for all 3 groups, prolonged abstinence, assessed through self-report and verified with exhaled carbon monoxide (CO) levels of < or =6 ppm, in intent-to-treat analyses, and smoking reduction (CPD and thiocyanate concentrations) among trial completers. RESULTS: A total of 120 participants were randomized (72% white, 70% female; age: 15.2 +/- 1.33 years; smoking: 18.8 +/- 8.56 CPD; Fagerstrom Test of Nicotine Dependence score: 7.04 +/- 1.29) from 1999 to 2003. Participants started smoking at 11.2 +/- 1.98 years of age and had been smoking daily for 2.66 +/- 1.56 years; 75% had at least 1 current psychiatric diagnosis. Mean compliance across groups was higher for the patch (mean: 78.4-82.8%) than for the gum (mean: 38.5-50.7%). Both the patch and gum were well tolerated, and adverse events were similar to those reported in adult trials. Changes in mean saliva cotinine concentrations throughout treatment were not statistically significant. Intent-to-treat analyses of all randomized participants showed CO-confirmed prolonged abstinence rates of 18% for the active-patch group, 6.5% for the active-gum group, and 2.5% for the placebo group; the difference between the active-patch and placebo arms was statistically significant. There was no significant effect of patch versus gum or gum versus placebo on cessation outcomes. Abstinence rates at the 3-month follow-up assessment were sustained but were not significantly associated with treatment group. Mean smoking rates, but not CO or thiocyanate concentrations, decreased significantly in all 3 arms but not as a function of treatment group. CONCLUSIONS: Nicotine patch therapy combined with cognitive-behavioral intervention was effective, compared with placebo, for treatment of tobacco dependence among adolescent smokers. Decreases in the numbers of cigarettes smoked appeared to be offset by compensatory smoking. Additional study of nicotine gum, with enhanced instructional support, is needed to assess its efficacy among adolescent smokers. Descriptors Administration, Cutaneous, Adolescent, Chewing Gum/adverse effects, Double-Blind Method, Female, Humans, Logistic Models, Male, Nicotine/adverse effects/therapeutic use, Nicotinic Agonists/adverse effects/therapeutic use, Smoking Cessation/methods, Tobacco Use Disorder/drug therapy Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Moolchan,E. T., Robinson,M. L., Ernst,M., Cadet,J. L., Pickworth,W. B., Heishman,S. J., Schroeder,J. R. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Salinity independent measurement of gas volume fraction in oil/gas/water pipe flows	2000	Johansen, G.A., Department of Physics, University of Bergen, N-5007 Bergen, Norway	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Applied Radiation and Isotopes Periodical, Abbrev. Appl.Radiat.Isot. Pub Date Free Form 2000/11 Volume 53 Issue 5-Apr Start Page 595 Other Pages 601 Notes Place of Publication ISSN/ISBN 0969-8043 Accession Number Language SubFile DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID Abstract Dual mode densitometry is presented as a novel method of measuring the gas volume fraction in gas/oil/water pipe flows independent of the salinity of the water component. The different response in photoelectric attenuation and Compton scattering to changes in salinity is utilized. The total attenuation coefficient is found through traditional transmission measurements with a detector positioned outside the pipe wall diametrically opposite the source. The scatter response is measured with a second detector positioned somewhere between the source and the transmission detector. The feasibility of the method is demonstrated for homogeneously mixed flows. Copyright (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. Descriptors oil, petroleum, calibration, compton effect, conference paper, densitometry, flow measurement, gamma radiation, gas flow, petrochemical industry, priority journal, radiation energy, tube Links Book Title Database Embase Publisher Data Source Embase Authors Johansen,G. A., Jackson,P. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Saliva cotinine and exhaled carbon monoxide levels in natural environment waterpipe smokers	2007		Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Inhal Toxicol Periodical, Abbrev. Inhal.Toxicol. Pub Date Free Form Volume 19 Issue 9 Start Page 771 Other Pages 7 Notes ID: 17613086 Place of Publication ISSN/ISBN Accession Number Language en SubFile DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID Abstract The purpose of this study is to evaluate the variations in exhaled CO and saliva cotinine in natural environment waterpipe smokers and compare them with cigarette smokers and absolute nonsmokers. Three groups were included in the study: nonsmokers (n = 20), waterpipe smokers (n = 15), and cigarette smokers (n = 20). A questionnaire was completed for each participant, exhaled CO was measured before and after waterpipe or cigarette smoking, and saliva cotinine was measured immediately after. We excluded from our study mixed smokers of both waterpipe and cigarettes. Mean values of saliva cotinine in waterpipe and cigarette smokers were very close: 77.8 ng/ml (SD = 110.4) and 87.1 (SD = 82.7) respectively. The weight and height of the persons as well as the size of the waterpipe bottle affected saliva cotinine. However, in waterpipe smokers, CO increased by 300% after 1 h of smoking, while in cigarette smokers, it only increased by 60%. In nonsmokers, exhaled CO was similar to environmental CO (10.2 ppm). The results of our study confirm that waterpipe device water does not filter nicotine and that the smoker him- or herself, by the frequency and the depth of inhalation, controls smoke inhalation. Like cigarette smokers, waterpipe smokers are exposed to harmful substances, such as CO, which was found to be quite high. The levels of expired CO and salivary cotinine could be good tools to detect exposure to waterpipe smoking. Descriptors Carbon Monoxide/metabolism, Cotinine/metabolism, Saliva/chemistry, Smoking/adverse effects, Adult, Carbon Monoxide/analysis, Cotinine/analysis, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Tobacco, Water Links http://pesquisa.bvsalud.org/ghl/resource/en/mdl-17613086 Book Title Database MEDLINE; http://www.globalhealthlibrary.net/ Publisher Data Source Authors Bacha,Zeina Aoun, Salameh,Pascale, Waked,Mirna Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Salivary calcium concentration in relation to periodontal health of female tobacco smokers: a pilot study	2010	Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary. kissendre@stoma.szote	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Quintessence international (Berlin, Germany : 1985) Periodical, Abbrev. Quintessence Int. Pub Date Free Form Oct Volume 41 Issue 9 Start Page 779 Other Pages 785 Notes LR: 20131121; JID: 0342677; SY7Q814VUP (Calcium); ppublish Place of Publication Germany ISSN/ISBN 1936-7163; 0033-6572 Accession Number PMID: 20806103 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; D DOI 19524 [pii] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 20806103 Abstract OBJECTIVE: The aim of this pilot study was to assess the possibility of differences in the calcium concentration of the saliva between smoker and nonsmoker patients with or without periodontitis. METHOD AND MATERIALS: A total of 44 women were enrolled in this study. Exclusion criteria were severe general health problems, the prescription of medication, and fewer than 16 remaining teeth. The study population comprised 24 smokers (4 periodontitis free, 16 with chronic and 4 with aggressive periodontitis; mean age 50.2 years +/- 6.9) and 20 nonsmokers (10 periodontitis free, 9 with chronic and 1 with aggressive periodontitis; mean age 54.7 years +/- 15.6). Clinical parameters (bone loss; plaque, gingival and calculus indices; and pocket depth) were recorded, and stimulated saliva samples were collected. The calcium concentration of each saliva sample was measured by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Statistical analysis was performed with the MANOVA test. RESULTS: The mean salivary calcium level in the smokers (57.76 mug/mL +/- 18.8) was significantly (P < .05) higher than in the nonsmokers (44.6 mug/mL +/- 7.8). Periodontal examination revealed significantly greater bone loss, a deeper mean probing depth, and a higher amount of calculus (P < .05) among the smokers. However, there were no statistically significant differences between the smokers and the nonsmokers as concerns the plaque and bleeding indices. CONCLUSIONS: Within their limits, the present findings seem to indicate that patients with periodontitis who smoke exhibit higher salivary calcium levels than those in nonsmokers. However, the clinical significance of these findings remains to be determined in large-scale controlled studies. Descriptors Adult, Aged, Aggressive Periodontitis/classification/metabolism, Alveolar Bone Loss/classification, Calcium/analysis, Chronic Periodontitis/classification/metabolism, Dental Calculus/classification, Dental Plaque Index, Female, Gingival Hemorrhage/classification, Humans, Middle Aged, Oral Hygiene Index, Periodontal Index, Periodontal Pocket/classification, Pilot Projects, Saliva/chemistry, Smoking/metabolism, Spectrophotometry, Atomic Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Kiss,E., Sewon,L., Gorzo,I., Nagy,K. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Salivary cotinine, doctor-diagnosed asthma and respiratory symptoms in primary schoolchildren	2008	Child and Reproductive Health Group, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK. delpishe@liv.ac.uk	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Maternal and child health journal Periodical, Abbrev. Matern.Child Health J. Pub Date Free Form Mar Volume 12 Issue 2 Start Page 188 Other Pages 193 Notes LR: 20151119; JID: 9715672; 0 (Tobacco Smoke Pollution); K5161X06LL (Cotinine); 2006/10/18 [received]; 2007/04/27 [accepted]; 2007/06/08 [aheadofprint]; ppublish Place of Publication United States ISSN/ISBN 1092-7875; 1092-7875 Accession Number PMID: 17557199 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI 10.1007/s10995-007-0229-9 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 17557199 Abstract Due to impaired airway function, children are at risk for adverse respiratory symptoms if exposed to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS). A community-based, cross-sectional study of 425 children (5-11 years) attending 15 primary schools in a low socio-economic area of Merseyside/UK was undertaken to investigate the association of adverse respiratory symptoms and ETS exposure using a parent-completed questionnaire and children's salivary cotinine measurements. Overall, 28.9% of children had doctor-diagnosed asthma (DDA) and 11.3% a history of hospital admission for respiratory illnesses. The symptom triad of cough, wheeze and breathlessness (C+W+B+) occurred in 12.6% of children. The geometric mean cotinine level was 0.37 ng/ml (95% CI, 0.33-0.42 ng/ml) and it was estimated that 45.6% of children were ETS exposed. A history of asthma in the family was reported for 9.2% of fathers and 7.2% of mothers. Salivary cotinine level was significantly increased in children with DDA compared to those without (P = 0.002). Cotinine-validated levels [adjusted odds ratio (AOR), 1.8; 95% CI, 1.4-2.5), low socio-economic (disadvantaged) status (AOR, 1.4; 1.1-2.9), child's male gender (AOR, 1.6; 1.1-2.5) and maternal smoking (AOR, 2.2; 1.4-3.1) were significantly associated with DDA. The cotinine-validated level (AOR, 1.4; 1.1-2.9) as well as maternal smoking (AOR, 1.8; 1.1-2.5), were also independently associated with C+W+B+. The use of salivary cotinine as an indicator of ETS exposure could be used to inform parents of exposure risk to their asthmatic children and may help re-enforce deterrent efforts to reduce childhood parental smoking exposure. Descriptors Asthma/diagnosis/epidemiology/etiology/metabolism, Child, Child, Preschool, Cotinine/analysis, Cough/etiology, Cross-Sectional Studies, Dyspnea/etiology, Female, Great Britain/epidemiology, Humans, Logistic Models, Male, Poverty Areas, Respiratory Sounds/etiology, Saliva/chemistry, Schools, Smoking/adverse effects/epidemiology, Social Class, Surveys and Questionnaires, Tobacco Smoke Pollution/adverse effects Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Delpisheh,A., Kelly,Y., Rizwan,S., Brabin,B. J. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20070608 PMCID Editors
Salt-assisted dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction coupled with programmed temperature vaporization gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for the determination of haloacetonitriles in drinking water	2014	Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China.; Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, C	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Journal of chromatography.A Periodical, Abbrev. J.Chromatogr.A Pub Date Free Form 5-Sep Volume 1358 Issue Start Page 14 Other Pages 19 Notes CI: Copyright (c) 2014; JID: 9318488; 0 (Acetonitriles); 0 (Drinking Water); 0 (Hydrocarbons, Halogenated); 0 (Sulfates); 0 (Water Pollutants, Chemical); 0YPR65R21J (sodium sulfate); OTO: NOTNLM; 2013/12/17 [received]; 2014/06/06 [revised]; 2014/06/06 [ac Place of Publication Netherlands ISSN/ISBN 1873-3778; 0021-9673 Accession Number PMID: 24997512 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.06.021 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 24997512 Abstract We report here a new analytical method for the simultaneous determination of seven haloacetonitriles (HANs) in drinking water by coupling salt-assisted dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (SADLLME) with programmed temperature vaporizer-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (PTV-GC-MS). The newly developed method involves the dispersion of the extractant in aqueous sample by addition of a few grams of salt and no dispersion liquid was required as compared to the traditional DLLME methods. The extractant (CH2Cl2, 50muL) and the salt (Na2SO4, 2.4g) were successively added to water (8mL) in a conical centrifuge tube that was shaken for 1min and centrifuged (3500rpm, 3min). The aliquot of sedimented phase (4muL) was then directly injected into the PTV-GC-MS system. The limits of detection and quantification for the HANs were 0.4-13.2ngL(-1) and 1.2-43.9ngL(-1), respectively. The calibration curves showed good linearity (r(2)>/=0.9904) over 3 orders of magnitude. The repeatability of the method was investigated by evaluating the intra- and inter-day precisions. The relative standard deviations (RSDs) obtained were lower than 10.2% and 7.8% at low and high concentration levels. The relative recoveries ranged from 79.3% to 105.1%. The developed methodology was applied for the analysis of seven HANs in several drinking water samples in coastal and inland cities of China. It was demonstrated to be a simple, sensible, reproducible and environment friendly method for the determination of trace HANs in drinking water samples. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Elsevier B.V Data Source Authors Ma,H., Li,Y., Zhang,H., Shah,S.M., Chen,J. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20140612 PMCID Editors
Sapling leaf trait responses to light, tree height and soil nutrients for three conifer species of contrasting shade tolerance	2014	Bulkley Valley Centre for Natural Resources Research and Management, Box 4274, Smithers, BC V0J 2N0, Canada erica.lilles@bvcentre.ca.; Bulkley Valley Centre for Natural Resources Research and Management, Box 4274, Smithers, BC V0J 2N0, Canada Norwegian Fo	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Tree physiology Periodical, Abbrev. Tree Physiol. Pub Date Free Form Dec Volume 34 Issue 12 Start Page 1334 Other Pages 1347 Notes LR: 20151119; CI: (c) The Author 2014; JID: 100955338; 0 (Soil); N762921K75 (Nitrogen); OTO: NOTNLM; 2014/11/23 [aheadofprint]; ppublish Place of Publication Canada ISSN/ISBN 1758-4469; 0829-318X Accession Number PMID: 25422385 Language eng SubFile Comparative Study; Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI 10.1093/treephys/tpu092 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 25422385 Abstract We developed models to describe the responses of four commonly examined leaf traits (mass per area, weight, area and nitrogen (N) concentration) to gradients of light, soil nutrients and tree height in three conifer species of contrasting shade tolerance. Our observational dataset from the sub-boreal spruce forests of British Columbia included subalpine fir (Abies lasioscarpa [Hook.] Nutt; high shade tolerance), interior spruce (Picea glauca x Picea engelmannii [Moench] Voss; intermediate shade tolerance) and lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud. var. latifolia; low shade tolerance) saplings from 0.18 to 4.87 m tall, in 8-98% of total incident light, from field sites with 46.8 kg ha(-1) total dissolved N. Leaf weights and areas showed strong positive responses to light and height, but little or no response to soil nutrients. Parameter estimates indicated that the shape of leaf weight and area responses to light corresponded with shade tolerance ranking for the three species; pine had the most linear response whereas spruce and fir had asymptotic responses. Leaf N concentration responded positively to soil nutrients, negatively to light and idiosyncratically to height. The negative effect of light was only apparent on sites of high soil nutrient availability, and parameter estimates for the shape of the negative response also corresponded to shade tolerance ranking (apine = -0.79, aspruce = -0.15, afir = -0.07). Of the traits we measured, leaf mass per area showed the least response to light, soil nutrient and height gradients. Although it is a common practice in comparisons across many species, characterizing these conifers by mean values of their leaf traits would miss important intraspecific variation across environmental and size gradients. In these forests, parameter estimates representing the intraspecific variability of leaf trait responses can be used to understand relative shade tolerances. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher . Published by Oxford University Press Data Source Authors Lilles,E.B., Astrup,R., Lefrancois,M.L., David Coates,K. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20141123 PMCID Editors
School-based programmes for preventing smoking	2013	Department of Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada. rthomas@ucalgary.ca.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full The Cochrane database of systematic reviews Periodical, Abbrev. Cochrane Database Syst.Rev. Pub Date Free Form 30-Apr Volume (4):CD001293. doi Issue 4 Start Page CD001293 Other Pages Notes LR: 20160602; JID: 100909747; epublish Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1469-493X; 1361-6137 Accession Number PMID: 23633306 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Meta-Analysis; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Review; IM DOI 10.1002/14651858.CD001293.pub3 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 23633306 Abstract BACKGROUND: Helping young people to avoid starting smoking is a widely endorsed public health goal, and schools provide a route to communicate with nearly all young people. School-based interventions have been delivered for close to 40 years. OBJECTIVES: The primary aim of this review was to determine whether school smoking interventions prevent youth from starting smoking. Our secondary objective was to determine which interventions were most effective. This included evaluating the effects of theoretical approaches; additional booster sessions; programme deliverers; gender effects; and multifocal interventions versus those focused solely on smoking. SEARCH METHODS: We searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), the Cochrane Tobacco Addiction Group's Specialised Register, MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycINFO, ERIC, CINAHL, Health Star, and Dissertation Abstracts for terms relating to school-based smoking cessation programmes. In addition, we screened the bibliographies of articles and ran individual MEDLINE searches for 133 authors who had undertaken randomised controlled trials in this area. The most recent searches were conducted in October 2012. SELECTION CRITERIA: We selected randomised controlled trials (RCTs) where students, classes, schools, or school districts were randomised to intervention arm(s) versus a control group, and followed for at least six months. Participants had to be youth (aged 5 to 18). Interventions could be any curricula used in a school setting to deter tobacco use, and outcome measures could be never smoking, frequency of smoking, number of cigarettes smoked, or smoking indices. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two reviewers independently assessed studies for inclusion, extracted data and assessed risk of bias. Based on the type of outcome, we placed studies into three groups for analysis: Pure Prevention cohorts (Group 1), Change in Smoking Behaviour over time (Group 2) and Point Prevalence of Smoking (Group 3). MAIN RESULTS: One hundred and thirty-four studies involving 428,293 participants met the inclusion criteria. Some studies provided data for more than one group.Pure Prevention cohorts (Group 1) included 49 studies (N = 142,447). Pooled results at follow-up at one year or less found no overall effect of intervention curricula versus control (odds ratio (OR) 0.94, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.85 to 1.05). In a subgroup analysis, the combined social competence and social influences curricula (six RCTs) showed a statistically significant effect in preventing the onset of smoking (OR 0.49, 95% CI 0.28 to 0.87; seven arms); whereas significant effects were not detected in programmes involving information only (OR 0.12, 95% CI 0.00 to 14.87; one study), social influences only (OR 1.00, 95% CI 0.88 to 1.13; 25 studies), or multimodal interventions (OR 0.89, 95% CI 0.73 to 1.08; five studies). In contrast, pooled results at longest follow-up showed an overall significant effect favouring the intervention (OR 0.88, 95% CI 0.82 to 0.96). Subgroup analyses detected significant effects in programmes with social competence curricula (OR 0.52, 95% CI 0.30 to 0.88), and the combined social competence and social influences curricula (OR 0.50, 95% CI 0.28 to 0.87), but not in those programmes with information only, social influence only, and multimodal programmes.Change in Smoking Behaviour over time (Group 2) included 15 studies (N = 45,555). At one year or less there was a small but statistically significant effect favouring controls (standardised mean difference (SMD) 0.04, 95% CI 0.02 to 0.06). For follow-up longer than one year there was a statistically nonsignificant effect (SMD 0.02, 95% CI -0.00 to 0.02).Twenty-five studies reported data on the Point Prevalence of Smoking (Group 3), though heterogeneity in this group was too high for data to be pooled.We were unable to analyse data for 49 studies (N = 152,544).Subgroup analyses (Pure Prevention cohorts only) demonstrated that at longe Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Thomas,R.E., McLellan,J., Perera,R. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20130430 PMCID Editors
School-level substance use: effects on early adolescents' alcohol, tobacco, and marijuana use	2010	Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, CH 415, 1530 3rd Avenue South, Birmingham, Alabama 35294-1170, USA. smrug@uab.edu	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Journal of studies on alcohol and drugs Periodical, Abbrev. J.Stud.Alcohol.Drugs Pub Date Free Form Jul Volume 71 Issue 4 Start Page 488 Other Pages 495 Notes LR: 20141203; GR: K01 DA024700/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States; GR: K01DA024700/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States; GR: R49-CCR418569/PHS HHS/United States; JID: 101295847; OID: NLM: PMC2887919; ppublish Place of Publication United States ISSN/ISBN 1938-4114; 1937-1888 Accession Number PMID: 20557827 Language eng SubFile Comparative Study; Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.; IM DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 20557827 Abstract OBJECTIVE: School-level use of tobacco and alcohol are related to individual students' use in high school, but few studies have examined the effects of school-level substance use in early adolescence. In addition, little is known about factors modifying individuals' vulnerability to school-level influences. This study examined school-wide levels of alcohol, cigarette, and marijuana use in relation to early adolescents' substance use and the role of peer deviance and parenting practices as modifiers of school-level effects. METHOD: This cross-sectional study included 542 students attending 49 public middle schools in a single metropolitan area. Students reported on their use of alcohol, cigarettes, and marijuana, and friends' deviant behavior in the last 12 months. Parents provided information about parental nurturance and harsh and inconsistent discipline. School-wide levels of substance use were obtained from the Pride Surveys completed by all students in Grades 6-8 at each school. Multilevel logistic regressions modeled individual use as a function of school-level use for each substance. Interactions of friends' deviance and poor parenting with school-level substance use evaluated differential susceptibility. RESULTS: Among the three substances, only school-level rates of cigarette smoking were associated with individual smoking. The relationships of school-level smoking and alcohol use with individual use were stronger for students whose parents reported poorer parenting practices. CONCLUSIONS: Antismoking programs may need to preferentially target middle schools with high rates of cigarette smoking. Students who receive suboptimal parenting may benefit from increased support to deter them from early initiation of smoking and alcohol use, especially in high-risk schools. Descriptors Adolescent, Adolescent Behavior/psychology, Age Factors, Alcohol Drinking/epidemiology/psychology, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Humans, Male, Marijuana Smoking/epidemiology/psychology, Parenting/psychology, Peer Group, Schools, Smoking/epidemiology/psychology, Social Environment, Substance-Related Disorders/epidemiology/psychology Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Mrug,S., Gaines,J., Su,W., Windle,M. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID PMC2887919 Editors

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