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Operational control of supply lines erected by Lake Constance water supply association (BWV)	1974		Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Periodical, Abbrev. WASSERWIRTSCHAFT Pub Date Free Form 1974/ Volume 64 Issue 6 Start Page 167 Other Pages 173 Notes Place of Publication ISSN/ISBN Accession Number Language SubFile DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID Abstract In the years 1967-1971 the Zweckverband Bodensee Wasserversorgung (BWV) erected a second long distance water pipeline from the Bodensee to Stuttgart at a total expenditure of nearly 300 million DM. The article describes the supervisory remote control equipment with control panel and attached data processing plant delivered by Brown Boveri. Descriptors environmental health Links Book Title BETRIEBSUBERWACHUNG DER VERSORGUNGSLEITUNGEN DES ZWECKVERBANDES BODENSEE WASSERVERSORGUNG Database Embase Publisher Data Source Embase Authors Baensch,G., Muench,G. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Opinions about electronic cigarette use in smoke-free areas among U.S. Adults, 2012	2015	School of Public Health, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA bmajeed1@student.gsu.edu.; School of Public Health, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA.; School of Public Health, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA.; School of Public Health, Georgia St	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco Periodical, Abbrev. Nicotine Tob.Res. Pub Date Free Form Jun Volume 17 Issue 6 Start Page 675 Other Pages 681 Notes LR: 20160715; CI: (c) The Author 2014; GR: P50 DA036128/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States; GR: P50DA036128/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States; GR: R03 CA159909/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States; GR: R21 CA180934/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States; JID: 9815751; OID: NLM: PMC Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1469-994X; 1462-2203 Accession Number PMID: 25358659 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.; IM DOI 10.1093/ntr/ntu235 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 25358659 Abstract INTRODUCTION: In the United States, electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) are currently unregulated, extensively marketed, and experiencing a rapid increase in use. The purpose of this study was to examine the opinions of U.S. adults about e-cigarette use in smoke-free public areas. METHODS: Data were obtained from the online HealthStyle survey administered to a probability sample of a nationally representative online panel. The study included 4,043U.S. adults, aged 18 years or older who responded to this question, "Do you think e-cigarette should be allowed to be used in public areas where tobacco smoking is prohibited?" Multinomial logistic regression analyses were used to examine opinions on e-cigarette use in smoke-free areas by sex, age, race/ethnicity, household income, education, census region, and cigarette smoking status and e-cigarette awareness and ever use. RESULTS: Overall, about 40% of adults were uncertain whether e-cigarettes should be allowed in smoke-free areas, 37% opposed, while 23% favored their use in smoke-free public places. Multinomial logistic regression analyses showed that adults who were aware, ever used e-cigarettes, and current cigarette smokers were more likely to express an "in favor" opinion than adults who expressed an uncertain opinion (don't know). CONCLUSION: Over 75% of U.S. adults reported uncertainty or disapproval of the use of e-cigarettes in smoke-free areas. Current cigarette smokers, adults aware or have ever used e-cigarettes were more supportive to exempting e-cigarettes from smoking restrictions. With impending regulation and the changing e-cigarette landscape, continued monitoring and research on public opinions about e-cigarette use in smoke-free places are needed. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher . Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco Data Source Authors Majeed,B.A., Dube,S.R., Sterling,K., Whitney,C., Eriksen,M.P. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20141030 PMCID PMC4838050 Editors
Opioid antagonists for smoking cessation	2013	Center for Education in Family & Community Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA. spdavid@stanford.edu.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full The Cochrane database of systematic reviews Periodical, Abbrev. Cochrane Database Syst.Rev. Pub Date Free Form 6-Jun Volume (6):CD003086. doi Issue 6 Start Page CD003086 Other Pages Notes LR: 20160602; GR: P50 DA009253/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States; GR: P50 DA009253/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States; GR: R01 MH083684/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/United States; GR: R01 MH083684/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/United States; JID: 100909747; 0 (Narcotic Antagonists); 36B82AM Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1469-493X; 1361-6137 Accession Number PMID: 23744347 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Meta-Analysis; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Review; IM DOI 10.1002/14651858.CD003086.pub3 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 23744347 Abstract BACKGROUND: The reinforcing properties of nicotine may be mediated through release of various neurotransmitters both centrally and systemically. People who smoke report positive effects such as pleasure, arousal, and relaxation as well as relief of negative affect, tension, and anxiety. Opioid (narcotic) antagonists are of particular interest to investigators as potential agents to attenuate the rewarding effects of cigarette smoking. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the efficacy of opioid antagonists in promoting long-term smoking cessation. The drugs include naloxone and the longer-acting opioid antagonist naltrexone. SEARCH METHODS: We searched the Cochrane Tobacco Addiction Group Specialised Register for trials of naloxone, naltrexone and other opioid antagonists and conducted an additional search of MEDLINE using 'Narcotic antagonists' and smoking terms in April 2013. We also contacted investigators, when possible, for information on unpublished studies. SELECTION CRITERIA: We considered randomised controlled trials comparing opioid antagonists to placebo or an alternative therapeutic control for smoking cessation. We included in the meta-analysis only those trials which reported data on abstinence for a minimum of six months. We also reviewed, for descriptive purposes, results from short-term laboratory-based studies of opioid antagonists designed to evaluate psycho-biological mediating variables associated with nicotine dependence. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: We extracted data in duplicate on the study population, the nature of the drug therapy, the outcome measures, method of randomisation, and completeness of follow-up. The main outcome measure was abstinence from smoking after at least six months follow-up in patients smoking at baseline. Abstinence at end of treatment was a secondary outcome. We extracted cotinine- or carbon monoxide-verified abstinence where available. Where appropriate, we performed meta-analysis, pooling risk ratios using a Mantel-Haenszel fixed-effect model. MAIN RESULTS: Eight trials of naltrexone met inclusion criteria for meta-analysis of long-term cessation. One trial used a factorial design so five trials compared naltrexone versus placebo and four trials compared naltrexone plus nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) versus placebo plus NRT. Results from 250 participants in one long-term trial remain unpublished. No significant difference was detected between naltrexone and placebo (risk ratio (RR) 1.00; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.66 to 1.51, 445 participants), or between naltrexone and placebo as an adjunct to NRT (RR 0.95; 95% CI 0.70 to 1.30, 768 participants). The estimate was similar when all eight trials were pooled (RR 0.97; 95% CI 0.76 to 1.24, 1213 participants). In a secondary analysis of abstinence at end of treatment, there was also no evidence of any early treatment effect, (RR 1.03; 95% CI 0.88 to 1.22, 1213 participants). No trials of naloxone or buprenorphine reported abstinence outcomes. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: Based on data from eight trials and over 1200 individuals, there was no evidence of an effect of naltrexone alone or as an adjunct to NRT on long-term smoking abstinence, with a point estimate strongly suggesting no effect and confidence intervals that make a clinically important effect of treatment unlikely. Although further trials might narrow the confidence intervals they are unlikely to be a good use of resources. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors David,S.P., Lancaster,T., Stead,L.F., Evins,A.E., Prochaska,J.J. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20130606 PMCID PMC4038652 Editors
Opium, tobacco, and alcohol use in relation to oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma in a high-risk area of Iran	2008		Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Br J Cancer Periodical, Abbrev. Br.J.Cancer Pub Date Free Form Volume 98 Issue 11 Start Page 1857 Other Pages 63 Notes ID: 18475303 Place of Publication ISSN/ISBN Accession Number Language en SubFile DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID Abstract The very high incidence of oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) in Golestan Province in northeastern Iran was suggested by studies in the 1970s as partly due to opium use, which is not uncommon in this area, but based on limited numbers. From December 2003 to June 2007, we administered a validated structured questionnaire to 300 ESCC cases and 571 controls, matched on neighbourhood of residence, age (+/-2 years), and sex. We used conditional logistic regression models to calculate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) adjusted for potential confounders. Compared with those who used neither tobacco nor opium, risk of ESCC was increased in those who used tobacco only (OR, 95% CI: 1.70, 1.05-2.73), in those who used opium only (2.12, 1.21-3.74), and in those who used both tobacco and opium (2.35, 1.50-3.67). All forms of tobacco use (cigarettes, hookah, and nass) were associated with higher ESCC risk. Similarly, use of both crude opium and other forms of opium were associated with higher risk. Alcohol consumption was seen in only 2% of the cases and 2% of the controls, and was not associated with ESCC risk. Descriptors Alcohol Drinking/adverse effects, Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/etiology, Esophageal Neoplasms/etiology, Opium/adverse effects, Smoking/adverse effects, Adult, Aged, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Mutagens/toxicity, Risk Factors Links http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2410115/?tool=pubmed; http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.bjc.6604369 Book Title Database MEDLINE; http://www.globalhealthlibrary.net/ Publisher Data Source Authors Nasrollahzadeh,D., Kamangar,F., Aghcheli,K., Sotoudeh,M., Islami,F., Abnet,C. C., Shakeri,R., Pourshams,A., Marjani,H. A., Nouraie,M., Khatibian,M., Semnani,S., Ye,W., Boffetta,P., Dawsey,S. M., Malekzadeh,R. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Opium: an emerging risk factor for gastric adenocarcinoma	2013		Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Int J Cancer Periodical, Abbrev. Int.J.Cancer Pub Date Free Form Volume 133 Issue 2 Start Page 455 Other Pages 61 Notes ID: 23319416 Place of Publication ISSN/ISBN Accession Number Language en SubFile DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID Abstract Opium use has been associated with higher risk of cancers of the esophagus, bladder, larynx, and lung; however, no previous study has examined its association with gastric cancer. There is also little information on the associations between hookah (water pipe) smoking or the chewing of tobacco products and the risk of gastric cancer. In a case-control study in Golestan Province of Iran, we enrolled 309 cases of gastric adenocarcinoma (118 noncardia, 161 cardia and 30 mixed-location adenocarcinomas) and 613 matched controls. Detailed information on long-term use of opium, tobacco products and other covariates were collected using structured and validated lifestyle and food frequency questionnaires. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were obtained using conditional logistic regression models. Opium use was associated with an increased risk of gastric adenocarcinoma, with an adjusted OR (95% CI) of 3.1 (1.9-5.1), and this increased risk was apparent for both anatomic subsites (cardia and noncardia). There was a dose-response effect, and individuals with the highest cumulative opium use had the strongest association (OR: 4.5; 95% CI: 2.3-8.5). We did not find a statistically significant association between the use of any of the tobacco products and risk of gastric adenocarcinoma, overall or by anatomic subsite. We showed, for the first time, an association between opium use and gastric adenocarcinoma. Given that opium use is a traditional practice in many parts of the world, these results are of public health significance. Descriptors Links Book Title Database MEDLINE; http://www.globalhealthlibrary.net/ Publisher Data Source Authors Shakeri,Ramin, Malekzadeh,Reza, Etemadi,Arash, Nasrollahzadeh,Dariush, Aghcheli,Karim, Sotoudeh,Masoud, Islami,Farhad, Pourshams,Akram, Pawlita,Michael, Boffetta,Paolo, Dawsey,Sanford M., Abnet,Christian C., Kamangar,Farin Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Opportunistic insights into occupational health hazards associated with waterpipe tobacco smoking premises in the United Kingdom	2015	Queen Mary, University of London, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Institute of Dentistry, London, UK E-mail : s.kassim@qmul.ac.uk.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention : APJCP Periodical, Abbrev. Asian Pac.J.Cancer.Prev. Pub Date Free Form Volume 16 Issue 2 Start Page 621 Other Pages 626 Notes JID: 101130625; 0 (Tobacco Smoke Pollution); 7U1EE4V452 (Carbon Monoxide); ppublish Place of Publication Thailand ISSN/ISBN 1513-7368; 1513-7368 Accession Number PMID: 25684497 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; IM DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 25684497 Abstract BACKGROUND: Smokefree laws aim to protect employees and the public from the dangers of secondhand smoke. Waterpipe premises have significantly increased in number in the last decade, with anecdotal reports of poor compliance with the smokefree law. The literature is bereft of information pertaining to waterpipe premise employees. This study aimed to opportunistically gather knowledge about the occupational health hazards associated with working in waterpipe premises in London, England. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Employees from seven convenience-sampled, smokefree-compliant waterpipe premises in London were observed for occupational activities. Opportunistic carbon monoxide (CO) measurements were made among those with whom a rapport had developed. Observations were thematically coded and analysed. RESULTS: Occupational hazards mainly included environmental smoke exposure. Waterpipe-serving employees were required to draw several puffs soon after igniting the coals, thereby providing quality assurance of the product. Median CO levels were 27.5 ppm (range 21-55 ppm) among these employees. Self-reported employee health was poor, with some suggestion that working patterns and smoke exposure was a contributory factor. CONCLUSIONS: The smokefree law in England does not appear to protect waterpipe premise employees from high levels of CO. Continued concerns surrounding chronic smoke exposure may contribute to poor self-reported physical and mental wellbeing. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Al-Bakri,A., Jawad,M., Salameh,P., al'Absi,M., Kassim,S. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Opportunities for policy interventions to reduce youth hookah smoking in the United States	2012		Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Prev Chronic Dis Periodical, Abbrev. Pub Date Free Form Volume 9 Issue Start Page E165 Other Pages E165 Notes ID: 23153772 Place of Publication ISSN/ISBN Accession Number Language en SubFile DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID Abstract Preventing youth smoking initiation is a priority for tobacco control programs, because most adult tobacco smokers become addicted during adolescence. Interventions that restrict the affordability, accessibility, and marketing of cigarettes have been effective in reducing youth cigarette smoking. However, increasing numbers of youth are smoking tobacco using hookahs. Predictors of smoking tobacco with hookahs are the same as those for smoking cigarettes. Established interventions that curb youth cigarette smoking should therefore be effective in reducing hookah use. Potential policy interventions include equalizing tobacco tax rates for all tobacco types, requiring warning labels on hookah tobacco and accurate labeling of product contents, extending the cigarette flavoring ban to hookah tobacco, enacting smoke-free air laws and removing exemptions for hookah lounges, and expanding shipping restrictions on tobacco products. Descriptors Links Book Title Database MEDLINE; http://www.globalhealthlibrary.net/ Publisher Data Source Authors Morris,Daniel S., Fiala,Steven C., Pawlak,Rebecca Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Optimal planning model for rehabilitation of water networks	2004	Kim, J.-H., Dept. of Civ. and Environ. Eng., Korea University, Seoul, South Korea	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Water Science and Technology: Water Supply Periodical, Abbrev. Water Sci.Technol.Water Supply Pub Date Free Form 2004/ Volume 4 Issue 3 Start Page 133 Other Pages 147 Notes Place of Publication ISSN/ISBN 1606-9749 Accession Number Language SubFile DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID Abstract An optimal planning model for rehabilitation of water networks is presented. Capital costs (replacement, rehabilitation and repairing costs), benefits (by the reduction of pumping cost and leakage cost), and hydraulic reliability are used for making an optimal decision for the rehabilitation plan of a water pipe network. KYPIPE is used for checking the hydraulic reliability. A multi-objective optimization model is successfully developed in this study. And the task is tackled using a new meta-heuristic algorithm, Harmony Search, for solving a large optimization problem to which conventional optimization techniques are poorly suited. Five different models with different objective functions are developed and tested according to various conditions considered in this study. These models provide more options for the rehabilitation of pipe network systems compared to previously suggested models in the literature. Descriptors algorithm, conference paper, cost, hydrology, reliability, theoretical model, water management, water supply Links Book Title Database Embase Publisher Data Source Embase Authors Kim,J. -H, Baek,C. -W, Jo,D. -J, Kim,E. -S, Park,M. -J Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Optimization of a GC/MS procedure that uses parallel factor analysis for the determination of bisphenols and their diglycidyl ethers after migration from polycarbonate tableware	2013	Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Burgos, Plaza Misael Banuelos s/n, 09001 Burgos, Spain.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Talanta Periodical, Abbrev. Talanta Pub Date Free Form 15-Mar Volume 106 Issue Start Page 266 Other Pages 280 Notes CI: Copyright (c) 2012; JID: 2984816R; 0 (Benzhydryl Compounds); 0 (Epoxy Compounds); 0 (Epoxy Resins); 0 (Phenols); 0 (Polycarboxylate Cement); 0 (bisphenol F diglycidyl ether); 25766-59-0 (polycarbonate); MLT3645I99 (bisphenol A); QD2C19044Z (4,4'-bisph Place of Publication Netherlands ISSN/ISBN 1873-3573; 0039-9140 Accession Number PMID: 23598127 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI 10.1016/j.talanta.2012.10.086 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 23598127 Abstract Bisphenol A (BPA), bisphenol F (BPF) and their corresponding diglycidyl ethers (BADGE and BFDGE) are simultaneously determined using a programmed-temperature vaporizer-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (PTV-GC/MS) system. BPA is used in the production of polycarbonate (PC), whereas BADGE and BFDGE are for manufacturing epoxy resins. Several food alerts caused by the migration of this kind of substances from contact food materials have led to the harmonization of the European legislation in Commission Regulation (EU) No. 10/2011, in force from 14 January 2011. In consequence, the use of BPA has been prohibited in the manufacture of plastic infant feeding bottles from 1 May 2011 and from 1 June 2011 regarding the placing on the market and importation into the European Union. Recently, the French Parliament has decreed that the presence of BPA in any food containers will be banned. Similarly, the use and/or presence of BFDGE are not allowed. In this work, a GC/MS method has been developed for the simultaneous determination of BPF, BPA, BFDGE and BADGE. For each one of the I samples that are analyzed, the abundance of J characteristic m/z ratios is recorded at K times around the retention time of each peak, so a data tensor of dimension IxJxK is obtained for every analyte. The decomposition of this tensor by means of parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC) enables to: (a) identify unequivocally each analyte according to the maximum permitted tolerances for relative ion intensities, and (b) quantify each analyte, even in the presence of coeluents. This identification, based on the mass spectrum and the retention time, guarantees the specificity of the analysis. This specificity could fail if the total ion chromatogram (TIC) is considered when there is poor resolution between some peaks or whether interferents coelute. With the aim of studying the effect of shortening the time of the analysis on the quality of the determinations while maintaining the specificity of the identifications, two of the heating ramps in the oven temperature program are changed according to a two-level factorial design. Each analyte is identified by means of a PARAFAC decomposition of a data tensor obtained from several concentration levels, in such a way that five figures of merit are calculated for each experiment of the design. The analysis of these figures of merit for the 16 objects (4 compoundsx4 heating ramps) using principal component analysis (PCA) shows that the shortest temperature program should be considered, since this is the one the best figures of merit for BPA and BFDGE (both banned) are achieved with. At these conditions and with probabilities of false positive and false negative fixed at 0.05, values of detection capability (CCbeta) between 2.65 and 4.71 mug L(-1) when acetonitrile is the injection solvent, and between 1.97 and 5.53 mug L(-1) when acetone, are obtained. This GC/MS method has been applied to the simultaneous determination of BPF, BPA, BFDGE and BADGE in food simulant D1 (ethanol-H2O, 1:1 v/v), which had been previously in contact with PC tableware for 24h at 70 degrees C and then pretreated by a solid-phase extraction (SPE) step. The migration of BPA from the new PC containers analyzed is confirmed, and values between 104.67 and 181.46 mug L(-1) (0.73 and 1.27 mug L(-1) after correction) of BPA have been estimated. None of the results obtained exceeds the specific migration limit of 600 mug L(-1) established by law for BPA in plastic food materials different from PC infant feeding bottles. Severe problems of coelution of interferents have been overcome using PARAFAC decompositions in the analysis of these food simulant samples. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Elsevier B.V Data Source Authors Oca,M.L., Ortiz,M.C., Herrero,A., Sarabia,L.A. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20121102 PMCID Editors
Optimization of a novel method for determination of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes in hair and waste water samples by carbon nanotubes reinforced sol-gel based hollow fiber solid phase microextraction and gas chromatography using factorial ex	2011	Department of Chemistry, Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran. zarrin eshaghi@yahoo.com	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Journal of chromatography.A Periodical, Abbrev. J.Chromatogr.A Pub Date Free Form 27-May Volume 1218 Issue 21 Start Page 3400 Other Pages 3406 Notes LR: 20151119; CI: Copyright (c) 2011; JID: 9318488; 0 (Benzene Derivatives); 0 (Nanotubes, Carbon); 0 (Water Pollutants, Chemical); 451W47IQ8X (Sodium Chloride); 2011/01/02 [received]; 2011/03/16 [revised]; 2011/03/17 [accepted]; 2011/04/12 [aheadofprint] Place of Publication Netherlands ISSN/ISBN 1873-3778; 0021-9673 Accession Number PMID: 21489540 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.03.043 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 21489540 Abstract A novel design of solid phase microextraction fiber containing carbon nanotube reinforced sol-gel which was protected by polypropylene hollow fiber (HF-SPME) was developed for pre-concentration and determination of BTEX in environmental waste water and human hair samples. The method validation was included and satisfying results with high pre-concentration factors were obtained. In the present study orthogonal array experimental design (OAD) procedure with OA(16) (4(4)) matrix was applied to study the effect of four factors influencing the HF-SPME method efficiency: stirring speed, volume of adsorption organic solvent, extraction and desorption time of the sample solution, by which the effect of each factor was estimated using individual contributions as response functions in the screening process. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was employed for estimating the main significant factors and their percentage contributions in extraction. Calibration curves were plotted using ten spiking levels of BTEX in the concentration ranges of 0.02-30,000ng/mL with correlation coefficients (r) 0.989-0.9991 for analytes. Under the optimized extraction conditions, the method showed good linearity (0.3-20,000ng/L), repeatability, low limits of detections (0.49-0.7ng/L) and excellent pre-concentration factors (185-1872). The best conditions which were estimated then applied for the analysis of BTEX compounds in the real samples. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Elsevier B.V Data Source Authors Es'haghi,Z., Ebrahimi,M., Hosseini,M.S. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20110412 PMCID Editors

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