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Levels of lead, cadmium, zinc and arsenic in the water in the province of Salamanca	1998	Hernandez, A.L.B., 37003 Salamanca, Spain	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Revista espanola de salud publica Periodical, Abbrev. Rev.Esp.Salud Publica Pub Date Free Form / Volume 72 Issue 1 Start Page 53 Other Pages 65 Notes Place of Publication ISSN/ISBN 1135-5727 Accession Number Language SubFile DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID Abstract Background: To establish the degree of contamination by lead, cadmium, zinc and arsenic in the water in Salamanca province and its relationship with the provenance of the samples and their collection point. Methods: Transverse, observational, descriptive epidemiological study. Province of Salamanca Results: Water from water pipes, fountains, springs, wells, rivers, streams and lakes in the province of Salamanca were studied, analyzing the lead, cadmium, zinc and arsenic contents of 180 samples using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy. Results indicated that 56% of samples analyzed showed toxic levels of cadmium, and 28% of samples gave toxic levels of lead, but showed tolerable levels of zinc and arsenic. No major differences were observed in the degree of contamination by the four elements between the four provincial district areas. Levels of contamination by the four elements were compared for water from the water supply, and samples from wells, fountains, springs and surface water, showing similar contents of the elements studied. Conclusions: Findings suggest that the water in the province of Salamanca shows 'naturally' high cadmium and lead content, probably due to the geological characteristics of the terrain. Descriptors arsenic, cadmium, ground water, lake water, lead, river water, surface water, tap water, well water, zinc, article, atomic absorption spectrometry, lake, river, Spain, water contamination, water quality Links Book Title Estudio de los niveles de plomo, cadmio, zinc y arsenico, en aguas de la provincia de Salamanca: Proyecto de investigacion coordinado multidepartamental subvencionado por la junta de castilla leon n. 1884 Database Embase; MEDLINE Publisher Data Source Embase Authors Blanco HernÃ¡ndez,A. L., GutiÃ©rrez,D. A., De Blas,O. J., GuervÃ³s,M. S., De Miguel Manzano,B. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Levels of maximum end-expiratory carbon monoxide and certain cardiovascular parameters following hubble-bubble smoking	2002	Shafagoj, Y.A., Dept. of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Saudi medical journal Periodical, Abbrev. Saudi Med.J. Pub Date Free Form 2002/08 Volume 23 Issue 8 Start Page 953 Other Pages 958 Notes Place of Publication ISSN/ISBN 0379-5284 Accession Number Language SubFile DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID Abstract Objective: The physiological effects of cigarette smoking have been widely studied, however, little is known regarding the effects of smoking hubble-bubble. We examined the acute effects of hubble-bubble smoking on heart rate, systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial blood pressure and maximum end-expiratory carbon monoxide. Methods: This study was carried out in, in the student laboratory, School of Medicine, Department of Physiology, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan, during the summer of 1999. In 18 healthy habitual hubble-bubble smokers, heart rate, blood pressure, and maximum end-expiratory carbon monoxide was measured before, during and post smoking of one hubble-bubble run (45 minutes). Results: Compared to base line (time zero), at the end of smoking heart rate, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, mean arterial blood pressure, and maximum end-expiratory carbon monoxide were increased 16 Â± 2.4 beats per minute, 6.7 Â± 2.5 mm Hg, 4.4 Â± 1.6 mm Hg, 5.2 Â± 1.7 mm Hg, and 14.2 Â± 1.8 ppm, (mean Â± standard error of mean, P<.05). Conclusions: Acute short-term active hubble-bubble smoking elicits a modest increase in heart rate, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, mean arterial blood pressure and maximum end-expiratory carbon monoxide in healthy hubble-bubble smokers. Descriptors carbon monoxide, adult, article, blood pressure, cardiovascular parameters, controlled study, diastolic blood pressure, heart rate, human, human experiment, Jordan, laboratory, male, mean arterial pressure, normal human, smoking, summer, systolic blood pressure, university Links Book Title Database Embase; MEDLINE Publisher Data Source Embase Authors Shafagoj,Y. A., Mohammed,F. I. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Levels of saliva cotinine in electronic cigarette users	2014	Institute of Global Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva 4, Switzerland.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Addiction (Abingdon, England) Periodical, Abbrev. Addiction Pub Date Free Form May Volume 109 Issue 5 Start Page 825 Other Pages 829 Notes LR: 20151119; CI: (c) 2014; JID: 9304118; 0 (Nicotinic Agonists); 6M3C89ZY6R (Nicotine); K5161X06LL (Cotinine); OTO: NOTNLM; 2013/05/23 [received]; 2013/08/13 [revised]; 2013/12/19 [accepted]; 2014/02/21 [aheadofprint]; ppublish Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1360-0443; 0965-2140 Accession Number PMID: 24401004 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI 10.1111/add.12475 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 24401004 Abstract AIMS: To assess saliva cotinine levels in experienced users of e-cigarettes ('vapers'). DESIGN, SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: An internet survey in 2011 and 2012, with collection of saliva vials by mail. Participants were 71 users of e-cigarettes enrolled mainly on websites and online forums dedicated to e-cigarettes. MEASUREMENTS: Use of e-cigarettes, tobacco and nicotine medications. Collection of saliva by mail and analysis of cotinine by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. FINDINGS: Most participants (89%) were former smokers, most (92%) were using e-cigarettes daily, had been using e-cigarettes for 12 months on average and puffed a median of 150 times per day on their e-cigarettes [mean = 220 puffs/day, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 169-271]. The median concentration of nicotine in refill liquids was 16 mg/ml (mean = 16.4, 95% CI = 14.5-18.3). In the 62 e-cigarette users who, in the past 5 days, had not used any tobacco or nicotine medications, the median cotinine level was 353 ng/ml (mean = 374, 95% CI = 318-429), the correlation between cotinine and nicotine concentration in e-liquids was r = 0.33 (P = 0.013), and the correlation between cotinine and the number of cigarettes smoked per day before quitting smoking was r = 0.48 (P Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Society for the Study of Addiction Data Source Authors Etter,J.F. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20140221 PMCID Editors
Levels of second hand smoke in pubs and bars by deprivation and food-serving status: a cross-sectional study from North West England	2006	Department of Public Health, Wellington School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand. Richard.Edwards@otago.ac.nz	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full BMC public health Periodical, Abbrev. BMC Public Health Pub Date Free Form 22-Feb Volume 6 Issue Start Page 42 Other Pages Notes LR: 20140909; JID: 100968562; 0 (Tobacco Smoke Pollution); OID: NLM: PMC1397813; 2006/01/25 [received]; 2006/02/22 [accepted]; 2006/02/22 [aheadofprint]; epublish Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1471-2458; 1471-2458 Accession Number PMID: 16504071 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; IM DOI 1471-2458-6-42 [pii] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 16504071 Abstract BACKGROUND: The UK government proposed introducing partial smokefree legislation for England with exemptions for pubs and bars that do not prepare and serve food. We set out to test the hypothesis that pubs from more deprived areas and non food-serving pubs have higher levels of particulate air pollution. METHODS: We conducted a cross sectional study in four mainly urban areas of the North West of England. We recruited a stratified random sample of 64 pubs divided into four groups based on whether their local population was affluent or deprived (using a UK area based deprivation measure), and whether or not they served food. The timing of air quality monitoring stratified to ensure similar distribution of monitoring by day of the week and time of evening between groups. We used a portable air quality monitor to collect fine particle (PM2.5) levels over a minimum of 30 minutes in areas where smoking was allowed,, and calculated mean time-time weighted average PM2.5 levels. RESULTS: Mean PM2.5 was 285.5 microg/m3 (95% CI 212.7 to 358.3). Mean levels in the four groups were: affluent food-serving pubs (n = 16) 188.1 microg/m3 (95%CI 128.1 to 248.1); affluent non food-serving (n = 16) 186.8 microg/m3 (95%CI 118.9 to 254.3); deprived food-serving (n = 17) 399.4 microg/m3 (95%CI 177.7 to 621.2); and deprived non food-serving (n = 15) 365.7 microg/m3 (195.6 to 535.7). Levels were higher in pubs in deprived communities: mean 383.6 microg/m3 (95% CI 249.2 to 518.0) vs 187.4 microg/m3 (144.8 to 229.9); geometric mean 245.2 microg/m3 vs 151.2 microg/m3 (p = 0.03). There was little difference in particulate levels between food and non food-serving pubs. CONCLUSION: This study adds to the evidence that the UK government's proposals for partial smokefree legislation in England would offer the least protection to the most heavily exposed group--bar workers and customers in non food-serving pubs in deprived areas. The results suggest these proposals would work against the UK government's stated aim to reduce health inequalities. Descriptors Air Pollution, Indoor/analysis/statistics & numerical data, Cross-Sectional Studies, England, Environmental Exposure/analysis/statistics & numerical data, Environmental Monitoring, Food Services/statistics & numerical data, Humans, Poverty Areas, Recreation, Restaurants/classification/standards, Sampling Studies, Tobacco Smoke Pollution/analysis/statistics & numerical data, Urban Population, Vulnerable Populations Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Edwards,R., Hasselholdt,C. P., Hargreaves,K., Probert,C., Holford,R., Hart,J., Van Tongeren,M., Watson,A. F. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20060222 PMCID PMC1397813 Editors
Levels of some electrolytes and glucose in Saudi water pipe smokers	2017		Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Journal of Health Research and Reviews Periodical, Abbrev. Pub Date Free Form Volume 4 Issue 1 Start Page 30 Other Pages Notes Place of Publication ISSN/ISBN Accession Number Language SubFile DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID Abstract Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Medknow Publications Data Source google Authors Mahassni, Sawsan Hassan, Alajlany, Khloud Abdullah Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Levels of Urine Cotinine from Hookah Smoking and Exposure to Hookah Tobacco Secondhand Smoke in Hookah Lounges and Homes	2018	Center for Behavioral Epidemiology and Community Health (CBEACH), Graduate School of Public Health, Division of Health Promotion, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, U.S.A.; Center for Behavioral Epidemiology and Community Health (TRUNCATED	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full International journal of high risk behaviors & addiction Periodical, Abbrev. Int.J.High.Risk Behav.Addict. Pub Date Free Form Mar Volume 7 Issue 1 Start Page 10.5812/ijhrba.67601. Epub 2018 Feb 19 Other Pages Notes LR: 20181114; GR: R01 CA138192/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States; GR: R01 HL103684/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/United States; JID: 101589648; NIHMS966762; OTO: NOTNLM; 2018/05/29 06:00 [entrez]; 2018/05/29 06:00 [pubmed]; 2018/05/29 06:01 [medline]; ppublish Place of Publication Netherlands ISSN/ISBN 2251-8711; 2251-8711 Accession Number PMID: 29805963 Language eng SubFile Journal Article DOI e67601 [pii] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 29805963 Abstract Background: Nicotine, an addictive drug, is present in all forms of tobacco products, including hookah tobacco, which is not yet regulated in the United States. Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the uptake of nicotine in hookah smokers and non-smokers exposed to secondhand smoke (SHS) at indoor hookah social events in natural settings where hookah tobacco was smoked exclusively. Patients and Methods: We quantified cotinine, a metabolite of nicotine, in the urine of 105 hookah smokers and 103 non-smokers. Participants provided spot urine samples the morning of and the morning after attending an indoor hookah-only smoking social event at a hookah lounge or in a private home. Results: Following a social event where exclusively hookah tobacco was smoked, urinary cotinine levels increased significantly 8.5 times (geometric mean (GM): 16.0 ng/mg to 136.1 ng/mg) among hookah smokers, and 2.5 times (GM: 0.4 ng/mg to 1.0 ng/mg) among non-smokers exposed exclusively to hookah tobacco SHS. Among hookah smokers, the highest increase in urinary cotinine levels post a hookah event was found in occasional hookah smokers in which GM levels increased significantly 31.2 times post smoking (from 2.0 ng/mg to 62.3 ng/mg). Reported reasons for preference to smoke hookah at home by hookah smokers who attended a hookah social event in a private home included recreational purposes, socializing with friends and family, 'Me' time and relaxing at home, more comfortable to smoke hookah at home, owning a hookah and hookah tobacco, eating and drinking while smoking hookah, and saving money by smoking at home and not going to hookah lounges. Conclusions: Hookah tobacco smoke is a source of substantial nicotine exposure. Our results call for protecting hookah smokers' and non-smokers' health by requiring accurate hookah tobacco labels, raising taxes on hookah tobacco, reducing the spread of hookah lounges, and encouraging voluntary bans on smoking hookah tobacco in private homes. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Kassem,N.O.F., Kassem,N.O., Liles,S., Jackson,S.R., Posis,A.I.B., Chatfield,D.A., Hovell,M.F. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20180219 PMCID PMC5967845 Editors
Levels, sources and health risks of carbonyls and BTEX in the ambient air of Beijing, China	2012	Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China. zhangyujie83@126.com	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Journal of Environmental Sciences (China) Periodical, Abbrev. J.Environ.Sci.(China) Pub Date Free Form Volume 24 Issue 1 Start Page 124 Other Pages 130 Notes LR: 20131121; JID: 100967627; 0 (Benzene Derivatives); 0 (Xylenes); 3FPU23BG52 (Toluene); 6WAC1O477V (4-xylene); J64922108F (Benzene); L5I45M5G0O (ethylbenzene); O9XS864HTE (3-xylene); Z2474E14QP (2-xylene); ppublish Place of Publication Netherlands ISSN/ISBN 1001-0742; 1001-0742 Accession Number PMID: 22783623 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 22783623 Abstract The atmospheric concentrations of carbonyls and BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, m,p-xylene and o-xylene) were measured simultaneously at a same sampling site in Beijing from September 2008 to August 2010. The average concentrations of the total measured carbonyls during autumn, winter, spring, and summer were 37.7, 31.3, 39.7, 50.5 microg/m3, respectively, and maximal values for their diurnal variations usually happened at noontime. In contrast to carbonyls, the average concentrations of the total measured BTEX during the four seasons were 27.2, 31.9, 23.2, 19.1 microg/m3, respectively, and minimal values for their diurnal variations always occurred in the early afternoon. The average concentration for carbonyls increased about 24% from September 2008-August 2009 to September 2009-August 2010, for BTEX, increased about 15%. Integrated life time cancer risks for three carcinogens (benzene, formaldehyde and acetaldehyde) in Beijing exceeded the value of 1E-06, and the hazard quotient (HQ) of non-cancer risk of exposure to formaldehyde exceeded unity. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Zhang,Y., Mu,Y., Liu,J., Mellouki,A. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Life cycle assessment: Comparing strategic options for the mains infrastructure - Part I	1999	Dennison, F.J., Thames Water Utilities Ltd., Spencer House, Reading, Berkshire RG2 0JN, United Kingdom	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Water Science and Technology Periodical, Abbrev. Water Sci.Technol. Pub Date Free Form 1999/ Volume 39 Issue 11-Oct Start Page 315 Other Pages 319 Notes Place of Publication ISSN/ISBN 0273-1223 Accession Number Language SubFile DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID Abstract This paper presents the preliminary results of a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) study which aims to compare two different potable water pipe materials: ductile iron (DI) and medium density polyethylene (MDPE). Stages where environmental impacts may be reduced in the life cycle of these pipes have been highlighted. A takeback scheme between water companies and pipe suppliers has been identified as an environmental improvement to the current disposal stage of the pipe life cycle. Potential exists for dual-use or reuse of abandoned mains. Descriptors drinking water, iron, polyethylene, conference paper, pipeline, water supply Links Book Title Database Embase Publisher Data Source Embase Authors Dennison,F. J., Azapagic,A., Clift,R., Colbourne,J. S. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Lifestyle-related determinants of hookah and cigarette smoking in Iranian adults	2010		Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full J Community Health Periodical, Abbrev. J.Community Health Pub Date Free Form Volume 35 Issue 1 Start Page 36 Other Pages 42 Notes ID: 19866347 Place of Publication ISSN/ISBN Accession Number Language en SubFile DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID Abstract To identify lifestyle-related determinants of hookah and cigarette smoking in Iranian adults, a total of 12,514 men and women aged >/=19 years in three counties in central Iran (Isfahan, Najafabad, Arak) were selected in multistage random sampling. Data on socio-demographic characteristics and lifestyle were collected in interviewer-administered questionnaires, as part of the baseline survey of the Isfahan Healthy Heart Program. Unhealthy lifestyle-related factors independently associated with cigarette and hookah smoking, were identified in sex-specific multivariate logistic regression analyses. High stress levels (OR: 1.55; 95% CI: 1.35-1.78 for men; OR: 1.63; 95% CI: 1.17-2.27 for women), family member smoking (OR: 1.61; 95% CI: 1.27-4.92 for men; OR: 2.49; 95% CI: 2.20-2.95 for women), and short/long sleep duration (OR: 1.18; 95% CI: 1.01-1.39 for men; OR: 1.52; 95% CI: 1.10-2.35 for women) were associated with cigarette smoking in both men and women. Poor diet was also related to cigarette smoking in men (OR: 1.55; 95% CI: 1.62-1.89). Family member smoking was associated with hookah smoking in both men (OR: 1.16; 95% CI: 1.05-3.12) and women (OR: 1.56; 95% CI: 1.02-4.92), and in addition high stress levels (OR: 2.87; 95% CI: 1.14-5.83) and short/long sleep duration (OR: 1.07; 95% CI: 1.02-2.41) were associated with hookah smoking in women. Unhealthy lifestyle-related factors co-occur with cigarette and hookah smoking in Iranian adults, likely increasing the risk for chronic health problems. Sex differences in the determinants of hookah and cigarette smoking may need to be taken into account in planning tobacco control strategies. Descriptors Health Behavior, Life Style, Smoking/psychology, Adult, Diet/psychology, Family/psychology, Female, Humans, Iran, Logistic Models, Male, Multivariate Analysis, Risk Factors, Sampling Studies, Sex Factors, Sleep, Smoking/epidemiology, Socioeconomic Factors, Stress, Psychological/epidemiology, Questionnaires Links http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10900-009-9186-0 Book Title Database MEDLINE; http://www.globalhealthlibrary.net/ Publisher Data Source Authors Sarrafzadegan,Nizal, Toghianifar,Nafiseh, Roohafza,Hamidreza, Siadat,Zahradana, Mohammadifard,Noushin, O'Loughlin,Jennifer Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Lifestyle, occupational, and reproductive factors in relation to pancreatic cancer risk	2007	Soliman, A.S., Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Pancreas Periodical, Abbrev. Pancreas Pub Date Free Form / Volume 35 Issue 2 Start Page 120 Other Pages 129 Notes Place of Publication ISSN/ISBN 0885-3177 Accession Number Language SubFile DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID Abstract OBJECTIVES: This study examined the epidemiology of pancreatic cancer in Egypt. METHODS: We obtained detailed information on smoking, occupational, medical, and reproductive histories from 194 pancreatic cancer cases and 194 controls. RESULTS: Compared with not smoking, smoking cigarettes alone or in conjunction with other smoking methods (eg, water pipe, cigar) was associated with an increased risk (odds ratio [OR], 4.5 and 7.8; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 1.9-10.7 and 3.0-20.6, respectively). Passive smoking was also a significant risk factor (OR, 6.0; 95% CI, 2.4-14.8). The risk of pancreatic cancer was elevated among subjects exposed to pesticides (OR, 2.6; 95% CI, 0.97-7.2). A prior diagnosis of diabetes mellitus for a period of 10 years was associated with higher risk (OR, 5.4; 95% CI, 1.5-19.9). For women, having 7 or more live births and lactating for 144 months or longer were associated with a reduced risk (OR, 0.5 and 0.2; 95% CI, 0.2-1.3 and 0.1-0.9, respectively). No association was found between family history, allergy, or obesity and pancreatic cancer in Egypt. CONCLUSIONS: Multiple tobacco consumption methods, passive smoking, pesticide exposures, and diabetes are associated with an increased risk for pancreatic cancer. Prolonged lactation and increased parity are associated with a reduced risk for pancreatic cancer. Â© 2007 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Inc. Descriptors pesticide, adolescent, adult, aged, allergy, article, cancer epidemiology, cancer risk, confidence interval, controlled study, diabetes mellitus, disease association, Egypt, female, human, lactation, lifestyle, major clinical study, male, multipara, obesity, occupational exposure, pancreas cancer, passive smoking, priority journal, reproduction, smoking, statistical significance Links Book Title Database Embase; MEDLINE Publisher Data Source Embase Authors Lo,A. -C, Soliman,A. S., El-Ghawalby,N., Abdel-Wahab,M., Fathy,O., Khaled,H. M., Omar,S., Hamilton,S. R., Greenson,J. K., Abbruzzese,J. L. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors

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