WTS database

Title Sort descending	Pub Year	Author	SearchLink
Electronic cigarettes in adults in outpatient substance use treatment: Awareness, perceptions, use, and reasons for use	2015	Battelle Memorial Institute, Health and Analytics, Baltimore, MD; Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full The American Journal on Addictions / American Academy of Psychiatrists in Alcoholism and Addictions Periodical, Abbrev. Am.J.Addict. Pub Date Free Form Apr Volume 24 Issue 3 Start Page 233 Other Pages 239 Notes CI: (c) American Academy of Addiction Psychiatry.; JID: 9208821; 2014/08/04 [received]; 2014/12/30 [revised]; 2015/01/11 [accepted]; 2015/03/24 [aheadofprint]; ppublish Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1521-0391; 1055-0496 Accession Number PMID: 25809200 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; IM DOI 10.1111/ajad.12206 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 25809200 Abstract BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Most studies on e-cigarettes have come from population-based surveys. The current research aimed to provide initial data on e-cigarette awareness, perceptions, use, and reasons for use among adults seeking substance use treatment. METHODS: A survey was conducted among 198 participants >/=18 years old in a community-based outpatient substance use treatment program. RESULTS: Of the 198 participants, 69% currently smoked cigarettes, 92% were aware of e-cigarettes, and 58% had ever used e-cigarettes. The proportion of the number of participants who had ever used e-cigarettes to the number who currently smoked (89.7%) appeared higher than the corresponding proportion in the 2012-13 National Adult Tobacco Survey (78.3%). Almost half of the sample who reported ever using e-cigarettes endorsed quitting or reducing smoking as a reason for use, and 32% endorsed reasons for use relating to curiosity/experimentation. A greater likelihood of e-cigarette ever-use was significantly associated with younger age (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 0.94, 95%confidence interval [CI] = 0.90, 0.98) and perceptions related to using e-cigarettes in public places where smoking cigarettes is not allowed (AOR = 2.96, 95%CI = 1.18, 7.42) but was not associated with primary drug of choice. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: E-cigarette use in adults seeking substance use treatment appears higher than it is in the US general population of smokers. The high frequency of use may be due to curiosity/experimentation or attempts to quit or reduce smoking. SCIENTIFIC SIGNIFICANCE: Future research may consider how e-cigarettes interact with other substance use and affect high rates of nicotine and tobacco use in this population. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Peters,E.N., Harrell,P.T., Hendricks,P.S., O'Grady,K.E., Pickworth,W.B., Vocci,F.J. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20150324 PMCID Editors
Electronic cigarettes in Canada: prevalence of use and perceptions among youth and young adults	2014	School of Public Health & Health Systems University of Waterloo. cczoli@uwaterloo.ca.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Canadian journal of public health = Revue canadienne de sante publique Periodical, Abbrev. Can.J.Public Health Pub Date Free Form 3-Feb Volume 105 Issue 2 Start Page e97 Other Pages e102 Notes GR: Canadian Institutes of Health Research/Canada; JID: 0372714; OTO: NOTNLM; 2013/07/03 [received]; 2014/01/18 [accepted]; 2014/01/09 [revised]; epublish Place of Publication Canada ISSN/ISBN 1920-7476; 0008-4263 Accession Number PMID: 24886856 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 24886856 Abstract OBJECTIVES: The goal of this study was to examine the prevalence and perceptions of electronic cigarette use among Canadian youth and young adults. METHODS: A sample of 1,188 youth and young adults age 16-30 years were recruited from an online panel of Canadians in 2012. After viewing an image of an e-cigarette, respondents answered questions regarding their use and perceptions of e-cigarettes. RESULTS: Close to half of respondents (43.4%) had seen e-cigarettes advertised or for sale. A total of 16.1% reported trying an e-cigarette (5.2% nonsmokers, 18.9% former smokers, and 34.5% current smokers), and 5.7% reported use in the past 30 days (0.8% non-smokers, 1.4% former smokers, and 15.0% current smokers). Compared to non-smokers, former smokers and current smokers were more likely to have tried e-cigarettes (OR=4.25 and OR=9.84, respectively), and current smokers were more likely to have tried e-cigarettes than former smokers (OR=2.32). Current smokers were also more likely to be current users of e-cigarettes than both former smokers (OR=15.15) and non-smokers (OR=4.43). Smokers were interested in trying e-cigarettes to help them quit smoking (80.4%), as a long-term replacement for cigarettes (77.8%), or to use in places where they cannot smoke (80.9%). CONCLUSIONS: Awareness of e-cigarettes among surveyed youth and young adults is quite high. Almost one fifth (16.1%) of participants reported trying e-cigarettes, with evidence of use among non-smokers. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Czoli,C.D., Hammond,D., White,C.M. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20140203 PMCID Editors
Electronic Cigarettes in Mississippi: Issues Facing Healthcare Providers and Policy Makers	2016		Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Journal of the Mississippi State Medical Association Periodical, Abbrev. J.Miss.State Med.Assoc. Pub Date Free Form Jun Volume 57 Issue 6 Start Page 181 Other Pages 189 Notes JID: 7505622; ppublish Place of Publication United States ISSN/ISBN 0026-6396; 0026-6396 Accession Number PMID: 27526493 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.; IM DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 27526493 Abstract BACKGROUND: Electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) are currently unregulated nicotine delivery products, and use is increasing among youth and young adults in the U.S. Little is known about use in Mississippi. DESIGN/METHODS: Surveys assessed e-cigarette use among Mississippi adolescents and adults. UMMC provided data on reported cases of e-cigarette poisonings. RESULTS: From 2010 to 2014, current e-cigarette use increased from 0.6% to 6.7% among middle school students, from 1.2% to 10.1% among high school students, and from 0.2% to 6.8% among adults. There were no reported cases of e-cigarette poisonings in 2010, 2011, or 2013. There was one case in 2012. Cases increased to 26 in 2014, and 17 cases were reported in 2015. CONCLUSION: E-cigarette use has increased substantially. E-cigarettes expose users and bystanders to harmful chemicals and cancer-causing compounds. Regulation of e-cigarettes at the local, state, and federal levels is needed to address the clear harms to non-smokers. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Valentine,N., McClelland,E., Bryant,J., McMillen,R. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Electronic cigarettes. A position statement of the forum of international respiratory societies	2014	1 Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep, and Allergy, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine Periodical, Abbrev. Am.J.Respir.Crit.Care Med. Pub Date Free Form 15-Sep Volume 190 Issue 6 Start Page 611 Other Pages 618 Notes LR: 20151119; JID: 9421642; 6M3C89ZY6R (Nicotine); OTO: NOTNLM; ppublish Place of Publication United States ISSN/ISBN 1535-4970; 1073-449X Accession Number PMID: 25006874 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Practice Guideline; AIM; IM DOI 10.1164/rccm.201407-1198PP [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 25006874 Abstract BACKGROUND: Awareness and usage of electronic cigarettes has exponentially increased during the last few years, especially among young people and women in some countries. The rapid acceptance of electronic cigarettes may be attributed in part to the perception created by marketing and the popular press that they are safer than combustible cigarettes. GOALS: To alert and advise policy makers about electronic cigarettes and their potential hazards. METHODS: Using The Union's position paper on electronic cigarettes as the starting template, the document was written using an iterative process. Portions of the manuscript have been taken directly from the position papers of participating societies. RESULTS: Because electronic cigarettes generate less tar and carcinogens than combustible cigarettes, use of electronic cigarettes may reduce disease caused by those components. However, the health risks of electronic cigarettes have not been adequately studied. Studies looking at whether electronic cigarettes can aid smoking cessation have had inconsistent results. Moreover, the availability of electronic cigarettes may have an overall adverse health impact by increasing initiation and reducing cessation of combustible nicotine delivery products. CONCLUSIONS: The health and safety claims regarding electronic nicotine delivery devices should be subject to evidentiary review. The potential benefits of electronic cigarettes to an individual smoker should be weighed against potential harm to the population of increased social acceptability of smoking and use of nicotine, the latter of which has addictive power and untoward effects. As a precaution, electronic nicotine delivery devices should be restricted or banned until more information about their safety is available. If they are allowed, they should be closely regulated as medicines or tobacco products. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Schraufnagel,D.E., Blasi,F., Drummond,M.B., Lam,D.C., Latif,E., Rosen,M.J., Sansores,R., Van Zyl-Smit,R., Forum of International Respiratory Societies Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Electronic nicotine delivery systems and/or electronic non-nicotine delivery systems for tobacco smoking cessation or reduction: a systematic review and meta-analysis	2017	Department of Anaesthesiology, Botucatu Medical School, UNESP-Univ Estadual Paulista, Sao Paulo, Brazil.; McMaster Institute of Urology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.; Institute of Science and Technology, Department of Bioscien(TRUNCATED	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full BMJ open Periodical, Abbrev. BMJ Open Pub Date Free Form 23-Feb Volume 7 Issue 2 Start Page e012680 Other Pages 2016-012680 Notes LR: 20190202; CI: Published by the BMJ Publishing Group Limited. For permission to use (where not already granted under a licence) please go to http://www.bmj.com/company/products-services/rights-and-licensing/.; JID: 101552874; 0 (Nicotinic Agonists); OT Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 2044-6055; 2044-6055 Accession Number PMID: 28235965 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Meta-Analysis; Review; Systematic Review; IM DOI 10.1136/bmjopen-2016-012680 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 28235965 Abstract OBJECTIVE: A systematic review and meta-analysis to investigate the impact of electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) and/or electronic non-nicotine delivery systems (ENNDS) versus no smoking cessation aid, or alternative smoking cessation aids, in cigarette smokers on long-term tobacco use. DATA SOURCES: Searches of MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycInfo, CINAHL, CENTRAL and Web of Science up to December 2015. STUDY SELECTION: Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and prospective cohort studies. DATA EXTRACTION: Three pairs of reviewers independently screened potentially eligible articles, extracted data from included studies on populations, interventions and outcomes and assessed their risk of bias. We used the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation approach to rate overall certainty of the evidence by outcome. DATA SYNTHESIS: Three randomised trials including 1007 participants and nine cohorts including 13 115 participants proved eligible. Results provided by only two RCTs suggest a possible increase in tobacco smoking cessation with ENDS in comparison with ENNDS (RR 2.03, 95% CI 0.94 to 4.38; p=0.07; I(2)=0%, risk difference (RD) 64/1000 over 6 to 12 months, low-certainty evidence). Results from cohort studies suggested a possible reduction in quit rates with use of ENDS compared with no use of ENDS (OR 0.74, 95% CI 0.55 to 1.00; p=0.051; I(2)=56%, very low certainty). CONCLUSIONS: There is very limited evidence regarding the impact of ENDS or ENNDS on tobacco smoking cessation, reduction or adverse effects: data from RCTs are of low certainty and observational studies of very low certainty. The limitations of the cohort studies led us to a rating of very low-certainty evidence from which no credible inferences can be drawn. Lack of usefulness with regard to address the question of e-cigarettes' efficacy on smoking reduction and cessation was largely due to poor reporting. This review underlines the need to conduct well-designed trials measuring biochemically validated outcomes and adverse effects. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors El Dib,R., Suzumura,E.A., Akl,E.A., Gomaa,H., Agarwal,A., Chang,Y., Prasad,M., Ashoorion,V., Heels-Ansdell,D., Maziak,W., Guyatt,G. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20170223 PMCID PMC5337697 Editors
Electronic nicotine delivery systems: adult use and awareness of the 'e-cigarette' in the USA	2013	Office on Smoking and Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta 30341, USA.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Tobacco control Periodical, Abbrev. Tob.Control Pub Date Free Form Jan Volume 22 Issue 1 Start Page 19 Other Pages 23 Notes LR: 20151119; JID: 9209612; 6M3C89ZY6R (Nicotine); 2011/10/27 [aheadofprint]; 2011/11/28 [aheadofprint]; ppublish Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1468-3318; 0964-4563 Accession Number PMID: 22034071 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; IM DOI 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2011-050044 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 22034071 Abstract BACKGROUND: Electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS), also referred to as electronic cigarettes or e-cigarettes, were introduced into the US market in 2007. Despite concerns regarding the long-term health impact of this product, there is little known about awareness and use of ENDS among adults in the USA. METHODS: A consumer-based mail-in survey (ConsumerStyles) was completed by 10,587 adults (>/= 18 years) in 2009 and 10,328 adults in 2010. Data from these surveys were used to monitor awareness, ever use and past month use of ENDS from 2009 to 2010 and to assess demographic characteristics and tobacco use of ENDS users. RESULTS: In this US sample, awareness of ENDS doubled from 16.4% in 2009 to 32.2% in 2010 and ever use more than quadrupled from 2009 (0.6%) to 2010 (2.7%). Ever use of ENDS was most common among women and those with lower education, although these were not the groups who had heard of ENDS most often. Current smokers and tobacco users were most likely to try ENDS. However, current smokers who had tried ENDS did not say they planned to quit smoking more often than smokers who had never tried them. CONCLUSIONS: Given the large increase in awareness and ever use of ENDS during this 1-year period and the unknown impact of ENDS use on cigarette smoking behaviours and long-term health, continued monitoring of these products is needed. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Regan,A.K., Promoff,G., Dube,S.R., Arrazola,R. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20111027 PMCID Editors
Electropolymerized multiwalled carbon nanotubes/polypyrrole fiber for solid-phase microextraction and its applications in the determination of pyrethroids	2011	Department of Chemistry and Environment Engineering, Wuyi University, Fujian 354300, China.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Talanta Periodical, Abbrev. Talanta Pub Date Free Form 15-Mar Volume 84 Issue 1 Start Page 104 Other Pages 108 Notes LR: 20131121; CI: Copyright (c) 2011; JID: 2984816R; 0 (Nanotubes, Carbon); 0 (Polymers); 0 (Pyrethrins); 0 (Pyrroles); 059QF0KO0R (Water); 12597-68-1 (Stainless Steel); 30604-81-0 (polypyrrole); 2010/09/14 [received]; 2010/12/07 [revised]; 2010/12/17 [ac Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1873-3573; 0039-9140 Accession Number PMID: 21315905 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI 10.1016/j.talanta.2010.12.027 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 21315905 Abstract A novel solid-phase microextraction (SPME) fiber coated with multiwalled carbon nanotubes/polypyrrole (MWCNTs/Ppy) was prepared with an electrochemical method and used for the extraction of pyrethroids in natural water samples. The results showed that the MWCNTs/Ppy coated fiber had high organic stability, and remarkable acid and alkali resistance. In addition, the MWCNTs/Ppy coated fiber was more effective and superior to commercial PDMS and PDMS/DVD fibers in extracting pyrethroids in natural water samples. Under optimized conditions, the calibration curves were found to be linear from 0.001 to 10 mug mL(-1) for five of the six pyrethroids studied, the exception being fenvalerate (which was from 0.005 to 10 mug mL(-1)), and detection limits were within the range 0.12-0.43 ng mL(-1). The recoveries of the pyrethroids spiked in water samples at 10 ng mL(-1) ranged from 83 to 112%. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Elsevier B.V Data Source Authors Chen,L., Chen,W., Ma,C., Du,D., Chen,X. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20101229 PMCID Editors
Elemental and molecular profiling of licit, illicit, and niche tobacco	2016	Centre for Materials Science, Division of Chemistry, University of Central Lancashire, Fylde Road, PR1 2HE, United Kingdom; Centre for Regional and Rural Futures, Deakin University, Locked Bag 20000, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia. Electronic address:	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Forensic science international Periodical, Abbrev. Forensic Sci.Int. Pub Date Free Form 1-Aug Volume 266 Issue Start Page 549 Other Pages 554 Notes LR: 20160811; CI: Copyright (c) 2016; JID: 7902034; OTO: NOTNLM; 2016/04/15 [received]; 2016/07/20 [revised]; 2016/07/25 [accepted]; aheadofprint Place of Publication ISSN/ISBN 1872-6283; 0379-0738 Accession Number PMID: 27514016 Language ENG SubFile JOURNAL ARTICLE DOI S0379-0738(16)30327-9 [pii] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 27514016 Abstract The recognition of differences between regulated large-scale mass manufactured products and the uncontrolled cultivation of tobaccos for illicit purposes plays a significant role within identification of provenance. This research highlights X-ray fluorescence and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy as useful analytical techniques for the rapid identification of tobacco samples of unknown provenance. Identification of key discriminative features within each technique allowed for the development of typical characteristic profiles for each type of tobacco. Analysis using X-ray fluorescence highlights chlorine, potassium, calcium and iron as key elemental indicators of tobacco provenance. Significant levels of chlorine seen within Snus samples prompted attempts to visualise chlorine containing regions and structures within the sample. Scanning electron microscopy images showed crystalline structures visible within the Snus tobacco, structures which Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy qualitatively confirmed to contain chlorine. Chloride levels within Snus samples were quantified using ion chromatography with levels found to range between 0.87mgmL-1 and 1.28mg. Additionally, FTIR indicated that absorbances attributed to carbonyl stretching at 1050-1150cm-1, alkane bending at 1350-1480cm-1 and amide I stretching at 1600-1700cm-1 highlighting a spectral fingerprint region that allowed for the clear differentiation between different types of tobaccos using PCA analysis, but was limited by differentiation between provenance of cigarettes and hand rolled tobacco. X-ray fluorescence and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy yielded different information with regards tobacco discrimination and provenance, however both methods overall analysis time and cost reduced indicating usefulness as potential handheld analytical techniques in the field. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Elsevier Ireland Ltd Data Source Authors Quayle,K., Clemens,G., Sorribes,T.G., Kinvig,H.M., Stevenson,P.G., Conlan,X.A., Baker,M.J. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20160801 PMCID Editors
Elemental carbon and respirable particulate matter in the indoor air of apartments and nursery schools and ambient air in Berlin (Germany)	2005	Bayerisches Landesamt fur Gesundheit und Lebensmittelsicherheit, Oberschleissheim, Germany. hermann.fromme@lgl.bayem.de	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Indoor air Periodical, Abbrev. Indoor Air Pub Date Free Form Oct Volume 15 Issue 5 Start Page 335 Other Pages 341 Notes LR: 20130520; JID: 9423515; 0 (Air Pollutants); 0 (Smoke); 0 (Solvents); 0 (Vehicle Emissions); 7440-44-0 (Carbon); ppublish Place of Publication Denmark ISSN/ISBN 0905-6947; 0905-6947 Accession Number PMID: 16108906 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; IM DOI INA377 [pii] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 16108906 Abstract This study was performed to examine exposure to typical carcinogenic traffic air pollutants in the city center of an urban area. In all, 123 apartments and 74 nursery schools were analyzed with and without tobacco smoke interference and the households in two measuring periods. Simultaneously, the air outside 61 apartment windows as well as the average daily traffic volume were measured. Elemental carbon (EC), the marker for particulate diesel exhaust and respirable particulate matter (RPM) were determined. The thermographic EC analysis was conducted with and without prior solvent extraction of the soluble carbon fraction. Comparison of these two thermographic EC measurements clearly showed that method-related differences in the results, especially for indoor measurements, when high background loads of organic material were present (e.g. tobacco smoke), existed. Solvent extraction prior to EC determination was therefore appropriate. For the first winter measuring period, the EC concentration levels without solvent extraction in the indoor air were about 50% higher than those measured in the spring/summer period. In the second measuring period (i.e. spring/summer), the median EC concentrations after solvent extraction were 1.9 microg/m3 for smokers' apartments and 2.1 microg/m3 for non-smokers' apartments, with RPM concentrations of 57 and 27 microg/m3, respectively. Nursery schools showed high concentrations with median values of 53 microg/m3 for RPM and 2.9 microg/m3 for EC after solvent extraction. A significant correlation between the fine dust and EC concentrations (after solvent extraction) in the indoor and ambient air was determined. Outdoor EC values were also correlated with the average daily traffic volume. The EC ratios between indoor and ambient concentration showed a median of 0.8 (range: 0.3-4.2) in non-smoker households and 0.9 (range: 0.4-1.5) in smoker apartments. Furthermore, the EC/RPM ratio in indoor and ambient air was 0.01-0.15 (median 0.06) and 0.04-0.37 (median 0.09), respectively. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS: In the absence of indoor sources a significant correlation with regard to respirable particulate matter (RPM) and elemental carbon concentrations between the indoor and ambient air of apartments was observed. The high degree of certainty resulting from this correlation underscores the importance of ambient air concentrations for indoor air quality. In nursery schools we found higher concentrations of RPM. An explanation of these results could be the high number of occupants in the room, their activity and the cleaning intensity. Descriptors Adult, Air Pollutants/adverse effects/analysis, Air Pollution, Indoor/adverse effects/analysis, Carbon/analysis, Child, Preschool, Germany, Housing, Humans, Schools, Nursery, Smoke/adverse effects/analysis, Solvents, Vehicle Emissions/adverse effects/analysis Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Fromme,H., Lahrz,T., Hainsch,A., Oddoy,A., Piloty,M., Ruden,H. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Elements in hair and nails of residents from a village adjacent to New Delhi. Influence of place of occupation and smoking habits	1992		Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Biol Trace Elem Res Periodical, Abbrev. Biol.Trace Elem.Res. Pub Date Free Form Volume 34 Issue 1 Start Page 99 Other Pages 105 Notes ID: 1382526 Place of Publication ISSN/ISBN Accession Number Language en SubFile DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID Abstract Samples of hair and nails collected from the residents of Wazirpur, a village adjacent to New Delhi, were analyzed for Cd, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn, and correlated with the residents' rural and urban places of occupations. It was observed that Pb and Cd hair levels of males working in rural areas were lower than in male businessmen and officers working in an urban area of New Delhi, thereby showing the different levels of elements exposure of the rural subjects. Such differences in the hair levels of elements were not observed among female subjects. The tobacco smoking habits of male and female rural subjects using hookah were associated with increased Cd levels in hair and nails. Descriptors Hair/chemistry, Metals/analysis, Nails/chemistry, Occupational Exposure, Rural Population, Smoking/metabolism, Adult, Female, Humans, India, Male, Middle Aged, Urban Population Links http://pesquisa.bvsalud.org/ghl/resource/en/mdl-1382526 Book Title Database MEDLINE; http://www.globalhealthlibrary.net/ Publisher Data Source Authors Sukumar,A., Subramanian,R. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors

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