WTS database

Title Sort descending	Pub Year	Author	SearchLink
A pilot study of StopAdvisor: a theory-based interactive internet-based smoking cessation intervention aimed across the social spectrum	2012	Cancer Research UK Health Behaviour Research Centre, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK. jamie.brown@ucl.ac.uk	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Addictive Behaviors Periodical, Abbrev. Addict.Behav. Pub Date Free Form Dec Volume 37 Issue 12 Start Page 1365 Other Pages 1370 Notes LR: 20141007; CI: Copyright (c) 2012; GR: 14135/Cancer Research UK/United Kingdom; GR: G0802035/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom; JID: 7603486; 2012/03/20 [received]; 2012/05/29 [revised]; 2012/05/30 [accepted]; 2012/06/09 [aheadofprint]; ppublish Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1873-6327; 0306-4603 Accession Number PMID: 22795643 Language eng SubFile Evaluation Studies; Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI 10.1016/j.addbeh.2012.05.016 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 22795643 Abstract BACKGROUND: This article reports a pilot study of a new smoking cessation website ('StopAdvisor'), which has been developed on the basis of PRIME theory, evidence, web-design expertise and user-testing. The aims were to i) evaluate whether cessation, website usage and satisfaction were sufficiently high to warrant a randomised controlled trial (RCT) and ii) assess whether outcomes were affected by socio-economic status. METHODS: This was an uncontrolled pilot study. Two hundred and four adult daily smokers willing to make a serious quit attempt were included. All participants received support from 'StopAdvisor', which recommends a structured quit plan and a variety of evidence-based behaviour change techniques for smoking cessation. A series of tunnelled sessions and a variety of interactive menus provide tailored support for up to a month before quitting through until one-month post-quit (http://www.lifeguideonline.org/player/play/stopadvisordemonstration). The primary outcome was self-report of at least 1month of continuous abstinence collected at 2months post-enrolment and verified by saliva cotinine or anabasine. Usage was indexed by log-ins and page views. Satisfaction was assessed by dichotomous ratings of helpfulness, personal relevance, likelihood of recommendation and future use, which were collected using an online questionnaire at 2months post-enrolment. Outcomes according to socio-economic status were assessed. RESULTS: At 8weeks post-enrolment, 19.6% (40/204) of participants were abstinent according to the primary outcome criteria (95% C.I.=14.1% to 25.1%). Participants viewed a mean of 133.5 pages (median=71.5) during 6.4 log-ins (median=3). A majority of respondents rated the website positively on each of the four satisfaction `ratings (range=66.7% to 75.3%). There was no evidence of an effect of socio-economic status on abstinence (OR=1.01, C.I.=0.50-2.07), usage (page-views, t(202)=0.11, p=.91; log-ins, t(202)=0.21, p=.83), or satisfaction (helpfulness, OR=1.09, C.I.=0.41-2.88; personal relevance, OR=0.55, C.I.=0.20-1.56; recommendation, OR=0.98, C.I.=0.34-2.81; use in future, OR=1.45, C.I.=0.49-4.27). CONCLUSIONS: The systematic application of theory, evidence, web-design expertise, and user-testing has resulted in a website that shows sufficiently promising efficacy and usability to warrant evaluation in a RCT. The website appears to be similarly effective and acceptable to users across the social spectrum. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Elsevier Ltd Data Source Authors Brown,J., Michie,S., Geraghty,A.W., Miller,S., Yardley,L., Gardner,B., Shahab,L., Stapleton,J.A., West,R. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20120609 PMCID Editors
A pilot study of three methods for the reduction of bacterial contamination of dental unit water systems in routine use	2002	Jatzwauk, L., Dept. for Hospital Infection Control, Universitatsklinik der TU Dresden, D-01307 Dresden, Germany	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full International journal of hygiene and environmental health Periodical, Abbrev. Int.J.Hyg.Environ.Health Pub Date Free Form 2002/ Volume 204 Issue 6-May Start Page 303 Other Pages 308 Notes Place of Publication ISSN/ISBN 1438-4639 Accession Number Language SubFile DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID Abstract Three different methods for minimizing the bacterial contamination of the water system in a SIRONA C2 type dental unit were investigated sequentially. Without any decontamination method, water from the hand piece, air-water-jet and mouthwash were continuously contaminated by 10³ to 10⁵ colony forming units (cfu) of aerobic mesophilic bacteria per milliliter. A reduction to below 100 cfu/ml was achieved by continuous adding of a chemical microbicide based on hydrogen peroxide and silver ions. However, this was only possible after rinsing the system thoroughly for at least two minutes after interruptions of the treatment. Long-lasting low counts of below 100/ml were obtained by means of an in-line bacteria filter, in connection with the provision of a thermo-chemical or thermal decontamination of the water pipes and hand pieces after the filter. The electrolyte release of chlorine from the dental unit tap water by anodic oxidation without addition of any chemical disinfectant also resulted in continuously low colony numbers of the water. In this case, regular decontamination of the end parts of the pipes and hand pieces was not necessary. Descriptors hydrogen peroxide, silver derivative, aerobic bacterium, article, bacterial count, bacterium colony, culture medium, environmental sanitation, hospital waste, intermethod comparison, oxidation, physical chemistry, pilot study, waste water management Links Book Title Database Embase; MEDLINE Publisher Data Source Embase Authors Jatzwauk,L., Reitemeier,B. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
A pleasure among friends: how narghile (waterpipe) smoking differs from cigarette smoking in Syria	2008	Syrian Center for Tobacco Studies, PO Box 16542, Aleppo, Syria. fadi@scts-sy.org	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Tobacco control Periodical, Abbrev. Tob.Control Pub Date Free Form Apr Volume 17 Issue 2 Start Page e3 Other Pages Notes GR: R01-TW05962/TW/FIC NIH HHS/United States; GR: R01DA024876-01/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States; GR: R03-TW07233/TW/FIC NIH HHS/United States; JID: 9209612; ppublish Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1468-3318; 0964-4563 Accession Number PMID: 18375726 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI 10.1136/tc.2007.020529 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 18375726 Abstract BACKGROUND: Throughout the Eastern Mediterranean region (EMR), tobacco is used primarily in two forms: cigarette smoking and waterpipe (called narghile (nar-GIL-eh) in Syria) smoking. OBJECTIVE: To explore whether narghile smokers are different from cigarette smokers in how their smoking habits are embedded in their everyday lives. METHODS: One-to-one interviews with 16 adult narghile smokers and 16 adult cigarette smokers about their feelings, experiences and beliefs regarding their initiation, use patterns, and attempts to quit. FINDINGS: Narghile smokers found that narghile was a pleasurable social experience embedded in cultural rituals. By contrast, cigarette smokers saw their cigarette smoking as a mundane, oppressive, personal addiction. Narghile smokers generally started in their 20s and found that smoking narghile fostered a sense of togetherness and cultural identity, while cigarette smokers started in their early teens, males having started to becoming a "real man". Unlike cigarette smokers who felt stigmatised, narghile smokers generally felt that smoking narghile was socially accepted. Cigarette smokers believed that cigarettes were harmful to their health and harmful to those around them, but narghile smokers believed smoking narghile was relatively harmless to themselves or to others. Unlike cigarette smokers who used cigarettes to manage stress, narghile smokers used narghile for entertainment, leisure, and escape. However, frequent narghile smokers confessed that they felt addicted in much the same way as cigarette smokers. Cigarette smokers and narghile smokers viewed quitting as a matter of will and conviction. Most cigarette smokers had tried to quit. Very few narghile smokers had ever tried to quit, and most were not interested in quitting. Disturbingly, some cigarette smokers had tried to quit cigarettes by switching to smoking narghile, but later relapsed to smoking cigarettes. CONCLUSIONS: This exploratory study suggests that Syrian narghile smokers are different from Syrian cigarette smokers in their perceptions and beliefs about their smoking, and in their smoking patterns and lived experiences with tobacco. Our findings indicate that further in-depth research is need in the EMR to understand both modes of smoking to develop effective mode-specific prevention and cessation approaches. This study also raises concerns about a possible pattern where cigarette smokers are using narghile as a method for quitting cigarettes, and then relapsing. Descriptors Adult, Aged, Culture, Female, Friends, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Motivation, Smoking/psychology, Smoking Cessation, Syria Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Hammal,F., Mock,J., Ward,K. D., Eissenberg,T., Maziak,W. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
A population-based examination of cigarette smoking and mental illness in Black Americans	2010	Department of Psychiatry, Treatment Research Center, Langley Porter Psychiatric Institute, University of California, 401 Parnassus Avenue, Box TRC-0984, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA. norval.hickman@ucsf.edu	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco Periodical, Abbrev. Nicotine Tob.Res. Pub Date Free Form Nov Volume 12 Issue 11 Start Page 1125 Other Pages 1132 Notes LR: 20141202; GR: 5R25 CA113710/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States; GR: K23 DA018691/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States; GR: P50 DA09253/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States; GR: R01 MH083684/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/United States; GR: R01 MH083684/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/United States; JI Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1469-994X; 1462-2203 Accession Number PMID: 20855413 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI 10.1093/ntr/ntq160 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 20855413 Abstract INTRODUCTION: This study examines the relation between tobacco use and cessation with lifetime and past year mental illness in a nationally representative sample of Blacks. METHODS: This cross-sectional study analyzed nationally representative data from 3,411 adult Blacks participating in the 2001-2003 National Survey of American Life. Smoking prevalence and quit rates according to lifetime and past year Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition mental disorders were assessed by a modified version of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview. RESULTS: Compared with those without mental illness, respondents with a lifetime, past year, or past month mental illness had a higher smoking prevalence (20.6%, 35.6%, 36.0%, and 45.4%, respectively) and lower quit rate (40.5%, 31.2%, and 26.2%, respectively). The odds of being a current smoker among Blacks with mental illness in their lifetime, past year, and past month, after adjusting for age, gender, education, poverty, and marital status were 1.76 (95% CI = 1.39-2.22), 1.57 (95% CI = 1.22-2.03), and 2.20 (95% CI = 1.56-3.12), respectively. Mental illness also was associated with heavier smoking. Blacks with past year mental illness represented 18.1% of the sample, yet consumed 23.9% of cigarettes smoked by Black smokers. Past year (odds ratio [OR] = 0.72, 95% CI = 0.53-0.97) and past month (OR = 0.54, 95% CI = 0.29-0.98) mental illness were associated with a lower odds of quitting for at least 1 year. CONCLUSIONS: Findings indicate that mental illness is significantly associated with tobacco use in Blacks. Tobacco cessation interventions that address mental illness as a barrier to cessation are needed. Descriptors Adult, African Americans/psychology/statistics & numerical data, Aged, Attitude to Health/ethnology, Comorbidity, Confidence Intervals, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Humans, Male, Mental Disorders/ethnology/prevention & control, Middle Aged, Odds Ratio, Population Surveillance, Risk Factors, Smoking/ethnology/prevention & control, Smoking Cessation/statistics & numerical data, Socioeconomic Factors, Tobacco Use Disorder/ethnology/prevention & control, United States/epidemiology, Young Adult Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Hickman,N. J.,3rd, Delucchi,K. L., Prochaska,J. J. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20100920 PMCID PMC2964922 Editors
A portable, low-resistance puff topography instrument for pulsating, high-flow smoking devices.	2005	Shihadeh, A., Department of Mechanical Engineering, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Behavior research methods Periodical, Abbrev. Behav Res Methods Pub Date Free Form / Volume 37 Issue 1 Start Page 186 Other Pages 191 Notes Place of Publication ISSN/ISBN 1554-351X Accession Number Language SubFile DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID Abstract A smoking topography instrument appropriate for pulsating high flow rate smoking devices, such as the narghile water pipe, has been developed and tested. Instrument precision and repeatability was determined using a digitally controlled smoking machine, and the added draw resistance due to the topography instrument was measured over the range of expected puff flow rates. The maximum error in any topography variable was found to be less than 5%. The instrument was successfully demonstrated in a pilot field study of 30 volunteer narghile smokers. The pilot study yielded an average smoker puff volume, duration, and interpuff interval of 0.531, 2.47 sec, 16.28 sec, respectively. Descriptors article, artifact, computer graphics, equipment design, flow kinetics, human, information processing, devices, Lebanon, lung ventilation, mathematical computing, nebulizer, pathophysiology, physiology, pilot study, pressure transducer, signal processing, smoking, tobacco dependence Links Book Title Database MEDLINE Publisher Data Source Embase Authors Shihadeh,A., Antonios,C., Azar,S. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
A prospective study of tobacco smoking and mortality in Bangladesh	2013		Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full PLoS One Periodical, Abbrev. Pub Date Free Form Volume 8 Issue 3 Start Page e58516 Other Pages e58516 Notes ID: 23505526 Place of Publication ISSN/ISBN Accession Number Language en SubFile DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID Abstract BACKGROUND: Limited data are available on smoking-related mortality in low-income countries, where both chronic disease burden and prevalence of smoking are increasing. METHODS: Using data on 20,033 individuals in the Health Effects of Arsenic Longitudinal Study (HEALS) in Bangladesh, we prospectively evaluated the association between tobacco smoking and all-cause, cancer, and cardiovascular disease mortality during Ã¢ÂˆÂ¼7.6 years of follow-up. Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and their 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for deaths from all-cause, cancer, CVD, ischemic heart disease (IHD), and stroke, in relation to status, duration, and intensity of cigarette/bidi and hookah smoking. RESULTS: Among men, cigarette/bidi smoking was positively associated with all-cause (HR 1.40, 95% CI 1.06 1.86) and cancer mortality (HR 2.91, 1.24 6.80), and there was a dose-response relationship between increasing intensity of cigarette/bidi consumption and increasing mortality. An elevated risk of death from ischemic heart disease (HR 1.87, 1.08 3.24) was associated with current cigarette/bidi smoking. Among women, the corresponding HRs were 1.65 (95% CI 1.16 2.36) for all-cause mortality and 2.69 (95% CI 1.20 6.01) for ischemic heart disease mortality. Similar associations were observed for hookah smoking. There was a trend towards reduced risk for the mortality outcomes with older age at onset of cigarette/bidi smoking and increasing years since quitting cigarette/bibi smoking among men. We estimated that cigarette/bidi smoking accounted for about 25.0% of deaths in men and 7.6% in women. CONCLUSIONS: Tobacco smoking was responsible for substantial proportion of premature deaths in the Bangladeshi population, especially among men. Stringent measures of tobacco control and cessation are needed to reduce tobacco-related deaths in Bangladesh. Descriptors Links Book Title Database MEDLINE; http://www.globalhealthlibrary.net/ Publisher Data Source Authors Wu,Fen, Chen,Yu, Parvez,Faruque, Segers,Stephanie, Argos,Maria, Islam,Tariqul, Ahmed,Alauddin, Rakibuz-Zaman, Muhammad, Hasan,Rabiul, Sarwar,Golam, Ahsan,Habibul Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
A qualitative analysis among regular waterpipe tobacco smokers in London universities	2013		Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Int J Tuberc Lung Dis Periodical, Abbrev. Int.J.Tuberc.Lung Dis. Pub Date Free Form Volume 17 Issue 10 Start Page 1364 Other Pages 9 Notes ID: 24025391 Place of Publication ISSN/ISBN Accession Number Language en SubFile DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID Abstract BACKGROUND: Waterpipe smoking is popular in the West despite the significant harm associated with its use. Little is known about the habits and practices of British smokers. DESIGN: A total of 32 regular waterpipe smokers attended focus groups, where trained facilitators explored knowledge, belief and attitudes to waterpipes. Transcripts were thematically analysed and grouped into seven broad categories. RESULTS: Waterpipes played a clearly defined social role, accentuated by reduced harm perception and greater social acceptance than cigarettes. Knowledge about waterpipes was lacking, partly due to the lack of media attention. Addiction was described as a 'social addiction', although this may mask true nicotine addiction. Waterpipe smokers were less interested in quitting due to intermittent smoking patterns, reinforcing the belief of reduced exposure to harm. Legislative issues were explored, including the need to legislate on waterpipes on a par with cigarettes. CONCLUSION: Waterpipe smokers exhibited specific habits and attitudes not traditionally seen in cigarette smokers. It is important to encourage education to dispel the myths surrounding reduced harm perception and addiction to tackle its strong social acceptance. Legislation should play a more active role in prevention and education, and more emphasis should be placed on gathering nationwide epidemiological data to gauge the potential for escalation. Descriptors Links http://dx.doi.org/10.5588/ijtld.12.0923 Book Title Database MEDLINE; http://www.globalhealthlibrary.net/ Publisher Data Source Authors Jawad,M., Jawad,S., Mehdi,A., Sardar,A., Jawad,A M., Hamilton,F L. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
A qualitative analysis of factors impacting resilience among youth in post-conflict Liberia	2016	The Chester M. Pierce, MD Division of Global Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, 5 Longfellow Place, Boston, MA 02114 USA ; Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck St., Boston, MA 02115 USA ; University of Illinois College of Medicine, 1853 West Polk	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Child and adolescent psychiatry and mental health Periodical, Abbrev. Child.Adolesc.Psychiatry.Ment.Health. Pub Date Free Form 12-Aug Volume 10 Issue Start Page 26 Other Pages 016-0114-7. eCollection 2016 Notes LR: 20160817; JID: 101297974; OID: NLM: PMC4983000; OTO: NOTNLM; 2016 [ecollection]; 2016/05/03 [received]; 2016/08/02 [accepted]; 2016/08/12 [epublish]; epublish Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1753-2000; 1753-2000 Accession Number PMID: 27525038 Language eng SubFile Journal Article DOI 10.1186/s13034-016-0114-7 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 27525038 Abstract BACKGROUND: In 2008, 5 years after the Liberian civil war ended, there were an estimated 340,000 orphans in Liberia, 18 % of the total child population of the country. Given that children make up half the population and that these children experienced significant trauma and loss both through direct exposure to the war and then to the Ebola epidemic, and indirectly as a result of the trauma experienced by their parents, the recovery of these children is essential to the recovery of the nation as a whole. The goal of this research was to identify factors contributing to resilience among youth in post-conflict Liberia. Resilience was defined as evidence of adaptive functioning and psychological health. METHODS: Seventy-five young people (age 13-18) in the capital city of Monrovia, Liberia were recruited in 2012. Semi-structured interviews were conducted, and demographic data were collected. Interviews were then transcribed and coded thematically. RESULTS: Forty-six of the participants were attending school, and 29 were not enrolled in school. Youth enrolled in school demonstrated greater adaptive functioning. This was particularly true for boys in any school setting and girls attending private school. Youth not attending school were more likely to have lost family members or become estranged from them, and many were also engaging in substance use. Emotion regulation, cognitive flexibility, agency, social intelligence and, in some cases, meaning-making were found in participants who showed resilient outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: Caregiver relationships mediate the development of psychological capacities that impact resilience. These findings suggest that youth who have lost a caregiver, many of whom are not attending school, are experiencing a significant ongoing burden in terms of their daily functioning and psychological health in the post-war period and should be the focus of further study and intervention targeting substance use and community reintegration. Trial registration Partners Healthcare IRB Protocol# 2012P000367. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Levey,E.J., Oppenheim,C.E., Lange,B.C., Plasky,N.S., Harris,B.L., Lekpeh,G.G., Kekulah,I., Henderson,D.C., Borba,C.P. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20160812 PMCID PMC4983000 Editors
A qualitative assessment of the perceived risks of electronic cigarette and hookah use in pregnancy	2015	Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA. maike.sachs@bcm.edu.; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Baylor C	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full BMC public health Periodical, Abbrev. BMC Public Health Pub Date Free Form 21-Dec Volume 15 Issue Start Page 1273 Other Pages 015-2586-4 Notes LR: 20151224; GR: P30ES023512/ES/NIEHS NIH HHS/United States; JID: 100968562; OID: NLM: PMC4687310; 2015/06/04 [received]; 2015/12/08 [accepted]; 2015/12/21 [aheadofprint]; epublish Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1471-2458; 1471-2458 Accession Number PMID: 26692352 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI 10.1186/s12889-015-2586-4 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 26692352 Abstract BACKGROUND: Studies reveal that electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) and hookah use are increasing among adolescents and young adults. However, the long-term health effects are unknown, especially with regards to pregnancy. Because of the increased use in women of reproductive age, and the unknown long-term health risks, our primary objectives were to determine the perceived risks of e-cigarette and hookah use in pregnancy, and learn common colloquial terms associated with e-cigarettes. Furthermore, we sought to determine if there is a stigma associated with e-cigarette use in pregnancy. METHODS: Eleven focus groups including 87 participants were conducted immediately following regularly scheduled CenteringPregnancy(R) prenatal care with women at three different clinics in the greater Houston area. A minimum of two facilitators led the groups, using ten lead-in prompts, with Spanish translation as necessary. Facilitators took notes which were compared immediately following each group discussion and each group was audio recorded and transcribed. Three facilitators utilized NVivo 9.0 software to organize the transcribed data into nodes to identify major themes. To increase rigor, transcripts were further analyzed by two obstetricians who were instructed to find the major themes. RESULTS: Analyses revealed contradicting themes concerning e-cigarette use. In general, e-cigarettes were perceived as safer alternatives to regular tobacco cigarettes, especially if used as smoking cessation devices. A major theme is that use in pregnancy is harmful to the fetus. However, it was perceived that use for smoking cessation in pregnancy may have fewer side effects. We found that a common term for e-cigarettes is "Blu." In our discussion of hookah use, participants perceived use as popular among teenagers and that use in pregnancy is dangerous for the fetus. CONCLUSIONS: Although a strong theme emerged against hookah use, we found contradicting themes in our discussions on e-cigarette use in pregnancy. It is possible that e-cigarette use will not carry the same stigma as regular cigarette smoking in pregnancy. In addition, the impression of e-cigarettes as a healthier alternative to smoking may influence use in pregnancy. Clinicians need to be prepared for questions of e-cigarette safety and efficacy as smoking cessation devices from their pregnant patients who smoke, and women who smoke and are planning to become pregnant. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Kahr,M.K., Padgett,S., Shope,C.D., Griffin,E.N., Xie,S.S., Gonzalez,P.J., Levison,J., Mastrobattista,J., Abramovici,A.R., Northrup,T.F., Stotts,A.L., Aagaard,K.M., Suter,M.A. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20151221 PMCID PMC4687310 Editors
A Qualitative Evidence of the Breeding Sites of Anopheles arabiensis Patton (Diptera: Culicidae) in and Around Kassala Town, Eastern Sudan	2016	Department of Biology, Faculty of Education, University of Kassala, Kassala State, Sudan.; Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full International journal of insect science Periodical, Abbrev. Int.J.Insect Sci. Pub Date Free Form 11-Aug Volume 8 Issue Start Page 65 Other Pages 70 Notes JID: 101668982; OTO: NOTNLM; 2016 [ecollection]; 2016/05/02 [received]; 2016/07/14 [revised]; 2016/07/16 [accepted]; 2016/08/11 [epublish]; epublish Place of Publication New Zealand ISSN/ISBN 1179-5433; 1179-5433 Accession Number PMID: 27547039 Language eng SubFile Journal Article DOI 10.4137/IJIS.S40071 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 27547039 Abstract Anopheles arabiensis Patton (Diptera: Culicidae) is considered the most efficient malaria vector in eastern Sudan. This study aims to characterize the breeding sites of An. arabiensis throughout the year in and around Kassala town, eastern Sudan. Diverse larval habitat types were visited and characterized based on the habitat type and chemical composition. Mosquito larvae were found in many diverse habitats. During the rainy season, rain pools and water bodies created by the seasonal Gash River serve as the main breeding sites. In the dry season, irrigation canals, seepage from water pipes, neglected wells, artificial containers, and man-made ditches serve as the main breeding sites. Breeding water showed a pH of 7.9 and a low concentration of the total dissolved salts. The results of this study may be considered in planning and implementing larval control programs in the area. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Hamza,A.M., El Rayah el,A. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20160811 PMCID PMC4982522 Editors

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