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Title Sort descending	Pub Year	Author	SearchLink
Effects of 24 hours of tobacco withdrawal and subsequent tobacco smoking among low and high sensation seekers	2011	Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky College of Arts and Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40503, USA. dclee2@email.uky.edu	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco Periodical, Abbrev. Nicotine Tob.Res. Pub Date Free Form Oct Volume 13 Issue 10 Start Page 943 Other Pages 954 Notes LR: 20151119; GR: P50 DA05312/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States; JID: 9815751; 6M3C89ZY6R (Nicotine); 7U1EE4V452 (Carbon Monoxide); OID: NLM: PMC3179670; 2011/06/20 [aheadofprint]; ppublish Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1469-994X; 1462-2203 Accession Number PMID: 21690318 Language eng SubFile Comparative Study; Journal Article; Randomized Controlled Trial; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; IM DOI 10.1093/ntr/ntr102 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 21690318 Abstract INTRODUCTION: Previous studies have indicated that high sensation seekers are more sensitive to the reinforcing effects of nicotine, initiate smoking at an earlier age, and smoke greater amounts of cigarettes. This study examined the influence of sensation-seeking status on tobacco smoking following deprivation in regular tobacco users. METHODS: Twenty healthy tobacco-smoking volunteers with low or high impulsive sensation-seeking subscale scores completed 2 consecutive test days per week for 3 consecutive weeks. Each week, a range of self-report, performance, and cardiovascular assessments were completed during ad libitum smoking on Day 1 and before and after the paced smoking of a tobacco cigarette containing 0.05, 0.6, or 0.9 mg of nicotine following 24 hr of tobacco deprivation on Day 2. In addition, self-administration behavior was analyzed during a 2-hr free access period after the initial tobacco administration. RESULTS: In high sensation seekers, tobacco smoking independent of nicotine yield ameliorated deprivation effects, whereas amelioration of deprivation effects was dependent on nicotine yield among low sensation seekers. However, this effect was limited to a small subset of measures. Subsequent cigarette self-administration increased in a nicotine-dependent manner for high sensation seekers only. CONCLUSIONS: Compared with low sensation seekers, high sensation seekers were more sensitive to the withdrawal relieving effects of nonnicotine components of smoking following 24 hr of deprivation on selective measures and more sensitive to nicotine yield during subsequent tobacco self-administration. These results are consistent with studies suggesting that factors driving tobacco dependence may vary as a function of sensation-seeking status. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Lee,D.C., Perkins,K.A., Zimmerman,E., Robbins,G., Kelly,T.H. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20110620 PMCID PMC3179670 Editors
Effects of a guided web-based smoking cessation program with telephone counseling: a cluster randomized controlled trial	2014	Institute of General Practice, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universitat Munchen, Munich, Germany. michael.mehring@tum.de.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Journal of medical Internet research Periodical, Abbrev. J.Med.Internet Res. Pub Date Free Form 24-Sep Volume 16 Issue 9 Start Page e218 Other Pages Notes LR: 20151029; JID: 100959882; OID: NLM: PMC4211026; OTO: NOTNLM; 2014/05/13 [received]; 2014/08/23 [accepted]; 2014/07/18 [revised]; epublish Place of Publication Canada ISSN/ISBN 1438-8871; 1438-8871 Accession Number PMID: 25253539 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Randomized Controlled Trial; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI 10.2196/jmir.3536 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 25253539 Abstract BACKGROUND: Preliminary findings suggest that Web-based interventions may be effective in achieving significant smoking cessation. To date, very few findings are available for primary care patients, and especially for the involvement of general practitioners. OBJECTIVE: Our goal was to examine the short-term effectiveness of a fully automated Web-based coaching program in combination with accompanied telephone counseling in smoking cessation in a primary care setting. METHODS: The study was an unblinded cluster-randomized trial with an observation period of 12 weeks. Individuals recruited by general practitioners randomized to the intervention group participated in a Web-based coaching program based on education, motivation, exercise guidance, daily short message service (SMS) reminding, weekly feedback through Internet, and active monitoring by general practitioners. All components of the program are fully automated. Participants in the control group received usual care and advice from their practitioner without the Web-based coaching program. The main outcome was the biochemically confirmed smoking status after 12 weeks. RESULTS: We recruited 168 participants (86 intervention group, 82 control group) into the study. For 51 participants from the intervention group and 70 participants from the control group, follow-up data were available both at baseline and 12 weeks. Very few patients (9.8%, 5/51) from the intervention group and from the control group (8.6%, 6/70) successfully managed smoking cessation (OR 0.86, 95% CI 0.25-3.0; P=.816). Similar results were found within the intent-to-treat analysis: 5.8% (5/86) of the intervention group and 7.3% (6/82) of the control group (OR 1.28, 95% CI 0.38-4.36; P=.694). The number of smoked cigarettes per day decreased on average by 9.3 in the intervention group and by 6.6 in the control group (2.7 mean difference; 95% CI -5.33 to -0.58; P=.045). After adjustment for the baseline value, age, gender, and height, this significance decreases (mean difference 2.2; 95% CI -4.7 to 0.3; P=.080). CONCLUSIONS: This trial did not show that the tested Web-based intervention was effective for achieving smoking cessation compared to usual care. The limited statistical power and the high drop-out rate may have reduced the study's ability to detect significant differences between the groups. Further randomized controlled trials are needed in larger populations and to investigate the long-term outcome. TRIAL REGISTRATION: German Register for Clinical Trials, registration number DRKS00003067; http://drks-neu.uniklinik-freiburg.de/drks_web/navigate.do?navigationId=trial.HTM L&TRIAL_ ID=DRKS00003067 (Archived by WebCite at http://www.webcitation.org/6Sff1YZpx). Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Mehring,M., Haag,M., Linde,K., Wagenpfeil,S., Schneider,A. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20140924 PMCID PMC4211026 Editors
Effects of a Web-based tailored intervention to reduce alcohol consumption in adults: randomized controlled trial	2013	CAPHRI School for Public Health and Primary Care, Department of Health Promotion, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands. dn.schulz@maastrichtuniversity.nl	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Journal of medical Internet research Periodical, Abbrev. J.Med.Internet Res. Pub Date Free Form 17-Sep Volume 15 Issue 9 Start Page e206 Other Pages Notes LR: 20150422; ISRCTN/ISRCTN91623132; JID: 100959882; OID: NLM: PMC3785997; OTO: NOTNLM; 2013/02/06 [received]; 2013/07/01 [accepted]; 2013/05/30 [revised]; epublish Place of Publication Canada ISSN/ISBN 1438-8871; 1438-8871 Accession Number PMID: 24045005 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Randomized Controlled Trial; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI 10.2196/jmir.2568 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 24045005 Abstract BACKGROUND: Web-based tailored interventions provide users with information that is adapted to their individual characteristics and needs. Randomized controlled trials assessing the effects of tailored alcohol self-help programs among adults are scarce. Furthermore, it is a challenge to develop programs that can hold respondents' attention in online interventions. OBJECTIVE: To assess whether a 3-session, Web-based tailored intervention is effective in reducing alcohol intake in high-risk adult drinkers and to compare 2 computer-tailoring feedback strategies (alternating vs summative) on behavioral change, dropout, and appreciation of the program. METHODS: A single-blind randomized controlled trial was conducted with an experimental group and a control group (N=448) in Germany in 2010-2011. Follow-up took place after 6 months. Drinking behavior, health status, motivational determinants, and demographics were assessed among participants recruited via an online access panel. The experimental group was divided into 2 subgroups. In the alternating condition (n=132), the tailored feedback was split into a series of messages discussing individual topics offered while the respondent was filling out the program. Participants in the summative condition (n=181) received all advice at once after having answered all questions. The actual texts were identical for both conditions. The control group (n=135) only filled in 3 questionnaires. To identify intervention effects, logistic and linear regression analyses were conducted among complete cases (n=197) and after using multiple imputation. RESULTS: Among the complete cases (response rate: 197/448, 44.0%) who did not comply with the German national guideline for low-risk drinking at baseline, 21.1% of respondents in the experimental group complied after 6 months compared with 5.8% in the control group (effect size=0.42; OR 2.65, 95% CI 1.14-6.16, P=.02). The experimental group decreased by 3.9 drinks per week compared to 0.4 drinks per week in the control group, but this did not reach statistical significance (effect size=0.26; beta=-0.12, 95% CI -7.96 to 0.03, P=.05). Intention-to-treat analyses also indicated no statistically significant effect. Separate analyses of the 2 experimental subgroups showed no differences in intervention effects. The dropout rate during the first visit to the intervention website was significantly lower in the alternating condition than in the summative condition (OR 0.23, 95% CI 0.08-0.60, P=.003). Program appreciation was comparable for the 2 experimental groups. CONCLUSIONS: Complete case analyses revealed that Web-based tailored feedback can be an effective way to reduce alcohol intake among adults. However, this effect was not confirmed when applying multiple imputations. There was no indication that one of the tailoring strategies was more effective in lowering alcohol intake. Nevertheless, the lower attrition rates we found during the first visit suggest that the version of the intervention with alternating questions and advice may be preferred. TRIAL REGISTRATION: International Standard Randomized Controlled Trial Number (ISRCTN): 91623132; http://www.controlled-trials.com/ISRCTN91623132 (Archived by WebCite at http://www.webcitation.org/6J4QdhXeG). Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Schulz,D.N., Candel,M.J., Kremers,S.P., Reinwand,D.A., Jander,A., de Vries,H. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20130917 PMCID PMC3785997 Editors
Effects of acid mist on mature grafts of Sitka spruce: Part I - Frost hardiness and foliar nutrient concentrations	1994	Sheppard, L.J., Institute of Terrestrial Ecology, Bush Estate, Penicuik, Midlothian EH26 0QB, United Kingdom	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Environmental Pollution Periodical, Abbrev. Environ.Pollut. Pub Date Free Form 1994/ Volume 85 Issue 2 Start Page 229 Other Pages 238 Notes Place of Publication ISSN/ISBN 0269-7491 Accession Number Language SubFile DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID Abstract Mature grafts of five clones of Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis Bong. Sarg.) were exposed to simulated acid mist composed of an equimolar mixture of sulphuric acid and ammonium nitrate at pH 2.5 and pH 5.0 in open-top chambers from May to November 1991. Treatments were applied on consecutive days, four times a week. The pH 2.5 treatment provided an overall dose three times higher than that received by forests in upland areas of Britain. Frost hardiness was assessed in November by freezing detached current year shoots at a range of temperatures and assessing the rate of electrolyte leakage Foliar nutrient concentrations were determined on the same shoots. Acid mist at pH 2.5 significantly reduced frost hardiness in four of the five clones; the temperature causing 50% shoot death (LT50) was increased by 0 to 7Â°C. The clones varied in their level of hardiness, one clone being exceptionally frost sensitive. The frost hardiness of the frost sensitive clone was found to be less perturbed by acid mist than the hardiness of the more frost resistant clones. Mature grafts showed a smaller reduction in hardiness at an equivalent dose than that found previously with Sitka spruce seedlings. Compared with seedlings, grafts had lower absolute concentrations of foliar sulphur. Exposure to acid mist at pH 2.5 increased %S in current year foliage by <0.05% compared with absolute increases of more than 0.10% in current year foliage of seedlings. We conclude that the effect of acid mist on frost hardiness is likely to be less on mature trees than on seedlings and that the increased frost risk to mature trees of Sitka spruce from occult deposition alone is small. Descriptors ammonium nitrate, sulfuric acid, acid rain, article, cold tolerance, environmental temperature, forest, nutrient, plant leaf, tree, United Kingdom Links Book Title Database Embase Publisher Data Source Embase Authors Sheppard,L. J., Leith,I. D., Cape,J. N. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Effects of acid mist on needles from mature sitka spruce grafts. Part II. Influence of developmental stage, age and needle morphology on visible damage	1995	Leith, I.D., Institute of Terrestrial Ecology, Edinburgh Research Station, Bush Estate, Penicuik, Midlothian EH26 0QB, United Kingdom	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Environmental Pollution Periodical, Abbrev. Environ.Pollut. Pub Date Free Form 1995/ Volume 90 Issue 3 Start Page 363 Other Pages 370 Notes Place of Publication ISSN/ISBN 0269-7491 Accession Number Language SubFile DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID Abstract Mature grafts of five Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.) clones were exposed to simulated acid mist comprising an equimolar mixture of H2SO4 and NH4NO3 (16 and 0.01 mol m-3) at pH 2.5 and 5.0. Mist was applied to potted plants growing in open-top chambers on consecutive days, four times a week, at a precipitation equivalent of 1 mm per day. The total exposure to polluted mist was equivalent to three times that measured at an upland forest in SE Scotland. The aim of the experiment was to characterize the response of juvenile foliage produced by physiologically mature grafts (on seedling root stock) and compare it with the behaviour of juvenile foliage on seedlings. Development of visible foliar damage was followed through the growing season. Measurements of needle length, diameter, weight, surface area, surface wax weight and wettability were made on current year needles to determine whether particular foliar characteristics increased susceptibility to injury. Significant amounts (> 10%) of visible needle damage was observed on only one of the five clones. Damage was most severe on the clone with the most horizontal branch and needle habit, but over the five clones there was no relationship between angle of branch display and damage. Likewise no combination of needle characteristics (length, width, area, amount of wax) was indicative of potential susceptibility. A comparison with previous acid misting experiments using seedlings suggests that juvenile foliage on physiologically mature trees is equally susceptible to visible injury as juvenile seedling foliage. Date of budburst differed among clones, and in this experiment exerted the over-riding influence on development of injury symptoms. Foliage exposed to a combination of strong acidity and high sulphate concentrations over the few weeks immediately following budburst suffered most visible injury. The absence of significant amounts of visible damage in UK forests probably reflects the general low susceptibility to visible injury of Sitka spruce exposed to acid mist. Descriptors ammonium nitrate, sulfate, sulfuric acid, acid rain, article, comparative study, controlled study, forest, morphology, nonhuman, pH, plant growth, plant leaf, precipitation, simulation, tree, United Kingdom Links Book Title Database Embase Publisher Data Source Embase Authors Leith,I. D., Sheppard,L. J., Cape,J. N. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Effects of advertisements on smokers' interest in trying e-cigarettes: the roles of product comparison and visual cues	2014	Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.; Institute for H	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Tobacco control Periodical, Abbrev. Tob.Control Pub Date Free Form Jul Volume 23 Suppl 3 Issue Start Page iii31 Other Pages 6 Notes LR: 20151119; CI: Published by the BMJ Publishing Group Limited. For permission to use (where not already granted under a licence) please go to http://group.bmj.com/group/rights-licensing/permissions.; GR: R25 CA057726/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States; GR: R2 Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1468-3318; 0964-4563 Accession Number PMID: 24935896 Language eng SubFile Clinical Trial; Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; IM DOI 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2014-051718 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 24935896 Abstract INTRODUCTION: Electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) are battery-powered nicotine delivery devices that have become popular among smokers. We conducted an experiment to understand adult smokers' responses to e-cigarette advertisements and investigate the impact of ads' arguments and imagery. METHODS: A U.S. national sample of smokers who had never tried e-cigarettes (n=3253) participated in a between-subjects experiment. Smokers viewed an online advertisement promoting e-cigarettes using one of three comparison types (emphasising similarity to regular cigarettes, differences or neither) with one of three images, for nine conditions total. Smokers then indicated their interest in trying e-cigarettes. RESULTS: Ads that emphasised differences between e-cigarettes and regular cigarettes elicited more interest than ads without comparisons (p Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Pepper,J.K., Emery,S.L., Ribisl,K.M., Southwell,B.G., Brewer,N.T. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID PMC4078668 Editors
Effects of blending of desalinated and conventionally treated surface water on iron corrosion and its release from corroding surfaces and pre-existing scales	2013	Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA. haizhou@engr.ucr.edu	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Water research Periodical, Abbrev. Water Res. Pub Date Free Form 1-Jul Volume 47 Issue 11 Start Page 3817 Other Pages 3826 Notes CI: Copyright (c) 2013; JID: 0105072; 0 (Chlorides); 0 (Ferric Compounds); 0 (Iron Compounds); 0 (Minerals); 0 (Phosphates); 0 (Sulfates); 1310-14-1 (goethite); 39473-89-7 (ferrihydrite); E1UOL152H7 (Iron); SY7Q814VUP (Calcium); 2012/10/19 [received]; 201 Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1879-2448; 0043-1354 Accession Number PMID: 23651514 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.; IM DOI 10.1016/j.watres.2013.03.052 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 23651514 Abstract This study examined effects of blending desalinated water with conventionally treated surface water on iron corrosion and release from corroding metal surfaces and pre-existing scales exposed to waters having varying fractions of desalinated water, alkalinities, pH values and orthophosphate levels. The presence of desalinated water resulted in markedly decreased 0.45 mum-filtered soluble iron concentrations. However, higher fractions of desalinated water in the blends were also associated with more fragile corroding surfaces, lower retention of iron oxidation products and release of larger iron particles in the bulk water. SEM, XRD and XANES data showed that in surface water, a dense layer of amorphous ferrihydrite phase predominated in the corrosion products. More crystalline surface phases developed in the presence of desalinated water. These solid phases transformed from goethite to lepidocrocite with increased fraction of desalinated water. These effects are likely to result from a combination of chemical parameters, notably variations of the concentrations of natural organic matter, calcium, chloride and sulfate when desalinated and conventionally treated waters are blended. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Elsevier Ltd Data Source Authors Liu,H., Schonberger,K.D., Peng,C.Y., Ferguson,J.F., Desormeaux,E., Meyerhofer,P., Luckenbach,H., Korshin,G.V. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20130416 PMCID Editors
Effects of caloric restriction on nitrogen and carbon stable isotope ratios in adult rat bone	2014	Department of Anthropology, Box 117305, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA; Department of Psychology, Box 112250, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Rapid communications in mass spectrometry : RCM Periodical, Abbrev. Rapid Commun.Mass Spectrom. Pub Date Free Form 15-Oct Volume 28 Issue 19 Start Page 2065 Other Pages 2074 Notes CI: Copyright (c) 2014; JID: 8802365; 0 (Carbon Isotopes); 0 (Hormones); 0 (Nitrogen Isotopes); 2014/06/23 [received]; 2014/07/21 [revised]; 2014/07/22 [accepted]; ppublish Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1097-0231; 0951-4198 Accession Number PMID: 25156596 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; IM DOI 10.1002/rcm.6994 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 25156596 Abstract RATIONALE: Stable isotope analysis is a valuable technique for dietary estimation in ecological and archaeological research, yet many variables can potentially affect tissue stable isotope signatures. Controlled feeding studies across a range of species have consistently demonstrated impacts of caloric restriction on tissue stable isotope ratios, but most have focused on juvenile, fasting, and/or starving individuals, and most have utilized soft tissues despite the importance of bone for paleodietary analyses. The goal of this study was to determine whether temporally defined, moderate food restriction could affect stable carbon and/or nitrogen isotope ratios in adult mammalian bone - a tissue that arguably reflects long-term dietary signals. METHODS: Adult rats fed a standard laboratory diet were restricted to 45% of ad libitum intakes for 3 or 6 months. Relevant anatomical and physiological parameters were measured to confirm that the restriction protocol resulted in significant nutritional stress and to provide independent data to facilitate interpretation of stable isotope ratios. Femoral bone delta(13)Ccollagen, delta(15)Ncollagen, and delta(13)Capatite values were determined by isotope ratio mass spectrometry. RESULTS: Calorie-restricted animals exhibited a small, yet significant enrichment in (15)Ncollagen compared with control animals, reflecting protein-calorie stress. While the delta(13)Ccollagen values did not differ, the delta(13)Capatite values revealed less enrichment in (13)C than in controls, reflecting catabolism of body fat. Independent anatomical and physiological data from these same individuals support these interpretations. CONCLUSIONS: Results indicate that moderate caloric restriction does not appreciably undermine broad interpretations of dietary signals in adult mammalian bone. Significant variability among individuals or groups, however, is best explained by marked differences in energy intake over variable timescales. An inverse relationship between the delta(13)Capatite and delta(15)Ncollagen values observed in this study indicates that a more robust pattern is expected with more severe or prolonged restriction and suggests this pattern may have utility as a marker of food deprivation in archaeological populations. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher John Wiley & Sons, Ltd Data Source Authors Robertson,K.L., Rowland,N.E., Krigbaum,J. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Effects of chlorine level on the growth of biofilm in drinking water pipes	2003	Lu, C., Dept. of Environmental Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Water Science and Technology: Water Supply Periodical, Abbrev. Water Sc.Technol.Water Supply Pub Date Free Form 2003/ Volume 3 Issue 2-Jan Start Page 171 Other Pages 177 Notes Place of Publication ISSN/ISBN 1606-9749 Accession Number Language SubFile DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID Abstract Three analogous laboratory-scale water pipe systems were constructed to study the effects of three chlorine levels of finished water on the growth of biofilm. The experimental results indicated that the heterotrophic plate counts (HPCs) of biofilm for chlorine-free water were approximately 2 and 3 orders of magnitude higher than those for low-chlorine water (0.3-0.5 mg/l Cl2) and high-chlorine water (1.2-1.5 mg/l Cl2), respectively. The difference in HPCs between low-chlorine water and high-chlorine water was below 1 order. Average biofilm formation rates are 325 ATP pg/cm2 per day for chlorine-free water, 159 ATP pg/cm2 per day for low-chlorine water and 118 ATP pg/cm2 per day for high-chlorine water. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) observation showed that bacterial species separated from the biofilm were more complex than from the finished water. The Gram-negative bacteria were dominant. Descriptors adenosine triphosphate, chlorine, drinking water, bacterial growth, biofilm, chlorination, conference paper, controlled study, Gram negative bacterium, nonhuman, water analysis, water quality, water standard, water treatment Links Book Title Database Embase Publisher Data Source Embase Authors Chu,C., Lu,C., Lee,C. M., Tasi,C. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Effects of dissuasive packaging on young adult smokers	2011	Department of Marketing, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand. janet.hoek@otago.ac.nz	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Tobacco control Periodical, Abbrev. Tob.Control Pub Date Free Form May Volume 20 Issue 3 Start Page 183 Other Pages 188 Notes JID: 9209612; 2010/10/21 [aheadofprint]; ppublish Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1468-3318; 0964-4563 Accession Number PMID: 20966135 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI 10.1136/tc.2010.037861 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 20966135 Abstract BACKGROUND: Tobacco industry documents illustrate how packaging promotes smoking experimentation and reinforces existing smokers' behaviour. Plain packaging reduces the perceived attractiveness of smoking and creates an opportunity to introduce larger pictorial warnings that could promote cessation-linked behaviours. However, little is known about the effects such a combined policy measure would have on smokers' behaviour. METHODS: A 3 (warning size) 4 (branding level) plus control (completely plain pack) best-worst experiment was conducted via face-to-face interviews with 292 young adult smokers from a New Zealand provincial city. The Juster Scale was also used to estimate cessation-linked behaviours among participants. RESULTS: Of the 13 options tested, respondents were significantly less likely to choose those featuring fewer branding elements or larger health warnings. Options that featured more branding elements were still preferred even when they also featured a 50% health warning, but were significantly less likely to be chosen when they featured a 75% warning. Comparison of a control pack representing the status quo (branded with 30% front of pack warning) and a plain pack (with a 75% warning) revealed the latter would be significantly more likely to elicit cessation-related behaviours. CONCLUSIONS: Plain packs that feature large graphic health warnings are significantly more likely to promote cessation among young adult smokers than fully or partially branded packs. The findings support the introduction of plain packaging and suggest use of unbranded package space to feature larger health warnings would further promote cessation. Descriptors* Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Hoek,J., Wong,C., Gendall,P., Louviere,J., Cong,K. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20101021 PMCID Editors

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