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Ebola virus disease outbreak - Nigeria, July-September 2014	2014		Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full MMWR.Morbidity and mortality weekly report Periodical, Abbrev. MMWR Morb.Mortal.Wkly.Rep. Pub Date Free Form 3-Oct Volume 63 Issue 39 Start Page 867 Other Pages 872 Notes JID: 7802429; ppublish Place of Publication United States ISSN/ISBN 1545-861X; 0149-2195 Accession Number PMID: 25275332 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; IM DOI mm6339a5 [pii] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 25275332 Abstract On July 20, 2014, an acutely ill traveler from Liberia arrived at the international airport in Lagos, Nigeria, and was confirmed to have Ebola virus disease (Ebola) after being admitted to a private hospital. This index patient potentially exposed 72 persons at the airport and the hospital. The Federal Ministry of Health, with guidance from the Nigeria Centre for Disease Control (NCDC), declared an Ebola emergency. Lagos, (pop. 21 million) is a regional hub for economic, industrial, and travel activities and a setting where communicable diseases can be easily spread and transmission sustained. Therefore, implementing a rapid response using all available public health assets was the highest priority. On July 23, the Federal Ministry of Health, with the Lagos State government and international partners, activated an Ebola Incident Management Center as a precursor to the current Emergency Operations Center (EOC) to rapidly respond to this outbreak. The index patient died on July 25; as of September 24, there were 19 laboratory-confirmed Ebola cases and one probable case in two states, with 894 contacts identified and followed during the response. Eleven patients with laboratory-confirmed Ebola had been discharged, an additional patient was diagnosed at convalescent stage, and eight patients had died (seven with confirmed Ebola; one probable). The isolation wards were empty, and 891 (all but three) contacts had exited follow-up, with the remainder due to exit on October 2. No new cases had occurred since August 31, suggesting that the Ebola outbreak in Nigeria might be contained. The EOC, established quickly and using an Incident Management System (IMS) to coordinate the response and consolidate decision making, is largely credited with helping contain the Nigeria outbreak early. National public health emergency preparedness agencies in the region, including those involved in Ebola responses, should consider including the development of an EOC to improve the ability to rapidly respond to urgent public health threats. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Shuaib,F., Gunnala,R., Musa,E.O., Mahoney,F.J., Oguntimehin,O., Nguku,P.M., Nyanti,S.B., Knight,N., Gwarzo,N.S., Idigbe,O., Nasidi,A., Vertefeuille,J.F., Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Ebola Virus Disease--Sierra Leone and Guinea, August 2015	2015		Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full MMWR.Morbidity and mortality weekly report Periodical, Abbrev. MMWR Morb.Mortal.Wkly.Rep. Pub Date Free Form 11-Sep Volume 64 Issue 35 Start Page 981 Other Pages 984 Notes JID: 7802429; epublish Place of Publication United States ISSN/ISBN 1545-861X; 0149-2195 Accession Number PMID: 26355422 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; IM DOI 10.15585/mmwr.mm6435a6 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 26355422 Abstract The Ebola virus disease (Ebola) outbreak in West Africa began in late 2013 in Guinea (1) and spread unchecked during early 2014. By mid-2014, it had become the first Ebola epidemic ever documented. Transmission was occurring in multiple districts of Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leone, and for the first time, in capital cities (2). On August 8, 2014, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared the outbreak to be a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (3). Ministries of Health, with assistance from multinational collaborators, have reduced Ebola transmission, and the number of cases is now declining. While Liberia has not reported a case since July 12, 2015, transmission has continued in Guinea and Sierra Leone, although the numbers of cases reported are at the lowest point in a year. In August 2015, Guinea and Sierra Leone reported 10 and four confirmed cases, respectively, compared with a peak of 526 (Guinea) and 1,997 (Sierra Leone) in November 2014. This report details the current situation in Guinea and Sierra Leone, outlines strategies to interrupt transmission, and highlights the need to maintain public health response capacity and vigilance for new cases at this critical time to end the outbreak. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Hersey,S., Martel,L.D., Jambai,A., Keita,S., Yoti,Z., Meyer,E., Seeman,S., Bennett,S., Ratto,J., Morgan,O., Akyeampong,M.A., Sainvil,S., Worrell,M.C., Fitter,D., Arnold,K.E. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20150911 PMCID Editors
Economics of long-distance transmission, storage, and distribution of heat from nuclear plants with existing and newer techniques	1978	Margen, Peter H., AB Atomenergi, Studsvik, Fack 611 01 Nykoping	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Nuclear Technology Periodical, Abbrev. Nucl Technol Pub Date Free Form 1978/04 Volume 38 Issue 2 Start Page 192 Other Pages 203 Notes Place of Publication ISSN/ISBN 0029-5450 Accession Number Language SubFile DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID Abstract Conventional and newer types of hot-water pipes are applied to the bulk transport of reject heat from central nuclear power plants to the district heating network of cities or groups of cities. With conventional pipes, the transport of 300 to 2000 MW of heat over distances of 30 to 100 km can be justified, while with newer pipe types, even longer distances would often be economic. For medium-size district heating schemes, low-temperature heat transport from simple heat-only reactors suitable for closer location to cities is of interest. For daily storage of heat on district heating systems, steel heat accumulators are currently used in Sweden. The development of more advanced cheaper heat accumulators, such as lake storage schemes, could make even seasonal heat storage economic. Newer distribution technology extends the economic field of penetration of district heating even to suburban one-family house districts. With proper design and optimization, nuclear district heating can be competitive in a wide market and achieve very substantial fossil-fuel savings. Descriptors methodology, nuclear reactor, thermogenesis Links Book Title Database Embase Publisher Data Source Embase Authors Margen,P. H. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Ecotoxicity testing of heavy metals using methods of sediment microbiology	1993	Reichardt, W., Institut fur Meereskunde, Universitat Kiel, W-2300 Kiel, Germany	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Environmental Toxicology and Water Quality Periodical, Abbrev. Environ.Toxicol.Water Qual. Pub Date Free Form 1993/ Volume 8 Issue 3 Start Page 299 Other Pages 311 Notes Place of Publication ISSN/ISBN 1053-4725 Accession Number Language SubFile DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID Abstract Current measures of microbe-mediated biogeochemical processes in sediments were examined for their potential use as indicators of heavy metal ecotoxicity in both river sediments and bacterial cultures. Assays were carried out with HgCl2, CuSO4, and 3CdSO4.8H2O added to sediment samples and bacterial cell suspensions at concentra,ions ranging from 0.1 to 10 mM and 0.1 Î¼M to 1 mM, respectively. Chemoautotrophic CO2, fixation by Elbe River sediment microbiota was most sensitive to Hg2+ and Cd2+, but not to Cu2+. Among the estimates of heterotrophic productivity, incorporation of leucine into cellular protein showed clearer dose responses than incorporation of thymidine into bacterial DNA. Thymidine incorporation was highly resistant to and even stimulated by metal ions, particularly in starved and anaerobic cultures of a test strain of Vibrio arguillarum. Similar metal ion induced 'overshoot' responses beyond the levels of untreated controls were noted for mineralization of 14C-glucose by V. anguillarum and, in the case of Cd2+, also in sediment. As a less complex measure of microbial respiratory activity, succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) showed normal dose responses without stimulatory effects, as long as acterial cell homogenates were assayed. Despite this result, it is concluded that levels of SDH in natural sediment microbiota are inevitably affected by metal-induced processes of selection and enzyme synthesis, and would thus fail to provide an appropriate measure of metal ecotoxicity. The final conclusion is that current parameters of microbial production and activity often reveal dose responses that do not fulfill basic requirements of ecotoxicity testing in metal-polluted sediments. Descriptors cadmium sulfate, carbon 14, carbon dioxide, cell protein, copper sulfate, DNA, glucose, heavy metal, leucine, mercuric chloride, succinate dehydrogenase, thymidine, anaerobic bacterium, article, assay, bacterium culture, cell free system, cell suspension, controlled study, DNA synthesis, dose response, ecotoxicity, enzyme activity, enzyme synthesis, isotope labeling, microbiology, mineralization, nonhuman, pollution, river, sediment, toxicity testing, Vibrio Links Book Title Database Embase Publisher Data Source Embase Authors Reichardt,W., Heise,S., Piker,L. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Ectomycorrhizal fungal community structure across a bog-forest ecotone in southeastern Alaska	2004	Wurzburger, N., Warnell School of Forest Resources, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602-2152, United States	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Mycorrhiza Periodical, Abbrev. Mycorrhiza Pub Date Free Form / Volume 14 Issue 6 Start Page 383 Other Pages 389 Notes Place of Publication ISSN/ISBN 0940-6360 Accession Number Language SubFile DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID Abstract We examined the ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungal community across a bog-forest ecotone in southeastern Alaska. The bog and edge were both characterized by poorly drained Histosols and a continuous layer of Sphagnum species, ericaceous shrubs, Carex species, and shore pine [Pinus conforta Dougl. ex Loud. var. contorta]. The forest had better-drained Inceptisols and Spodosols, a tree community comprised of western hemlock [Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.], yellow cedar (Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don.), Sitka spruce [Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.] and shore pine, and an under-storey of ericaceous shrubs and herbs. ECM root tip density (tips cm-3 soil) was significantly greater in the forest than the edge or bog and ECM colonization was significantly different in all three plant communities. The below ground ECM fungal taxa were analyzed using molecular techniques (PCR-RFLP and DNA sequencing). Three ECM fungal taxa, Suillus tomentosus (Kauffman) Singer, Cenococcum geophilum Fr.:Fr, and a Russula species, differed in relative frequency, yet were among the four most frequent in all three plant communities. Although differences in ECM fungal richness were observed across plant communities, unequal sampling of ECM roots due to root density and colonization differences confounded richness comparisons. Using resampling procedures for creating taxon-accumulation curves as a function of sampled ECM roots revealed similarities in cumulative ECM fungal taxa richness across the ecotone. Â© Springer-Verlag 2004. Descriptors article, biodiversity, ecosystem, microbiology, mycorrhiza, physiology, plant root, tree, United States Links Book Title Database MEDLINE Publisher Data Source Embase Authors Wurzburger,N., Hartshorn,A. S., Hendrick,R. L. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Education Against Tobacco (EAT): a quasi-experimental prospective evaluation of a programme for preventing smoking in secondary schools delivered by medical students: a study protocol	2014	Institute of Occupational Medicine, Social Medicine and Environmental Medicine, Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany.; Institute of Medical Sociology, Charite University Medicine, Berlin, Germany.; University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), M	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full BMJ open Periodical, Abbrev. BMJ Open Pub Date Free Form 24-Jul Volume 4 Issue 7 Start Page e004909 Other Pages 2014-004909 Notes CI: Published by the BMJ Publishing Group Limited. For permission to use (where not already granted under a licence) please go to http://group.bmj.com/group/rights-licensing/permissions.; JID: 101552874; OID: NLM: PMC4120302; OTO: NOTNLM; GN: NLM: Origina Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 2044-6055; 2044-6055 Accession Number PMID: 25059969 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; IM DOI 10.1136/bmjopen-2014-004909 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 25059969 Abstract INTRODUCTION: A survey conducted by the German Federal Centre for Health Education in 2012 showed that 35.2% of all young adults (18-25 years) and 12.0% of all adolescents (12-17 years) in Germany are regular cigarette smokers. Most smoked their first cigarette in early adolescence. We recently reported a significantly positive short-term effect of a physician-delivered school-based smoking prevention programme on the smoking behaviour of schoolchildren in Germany. However, physician-based programmes are usually very expensive. Therefore, we will evaluate and optimise Education against Tobacco (EAT), a widespread, low-cost programme delivered by about 400 medical students from 16 universities in Germany. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: A prospective quasi-experimental study design with two measurements at baseline (t1) and 6 months post-intervention (t2) to investigate an intervention in 10-15-year-olds in grades 6-8 at German secondary schools. The intervention programme consists of two 60-min school-based medical-student-delivered modules with (module 1) and without the involvement of patients with tobacco-related diseases and control groups (no intervention). The study questionnaire measuring smoking status (water pipe and cigarette smoking), smoking-related cognitions, and gender, social and cultural aspects was designed and pre-tested in advance. The primary end point is the prevalence of smokers and non-smokers in the two study arms at 6 months after the intervention. The percentage of former smokers and new smokers in the two groups and the measures of smoking behaviour will be studied as secondary outcome measures. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: In accordance with Good Epidemiologic Practice (GEP) guidelines, the study protocol was submitted for approval by the responsible ethics committee, which decided that the study does not need ethical approval (Goethe University, Frankfurt-Main, Germany). Findings will be disseminated in peer-reviewed journals, at conferences, within our scientific advisory board and through medical students within the EAT project. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Brinker,T.J., Stamm-Balderjahn,S., Seeger,W., Groneberg,D.A. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20140724 PMCID PMC4120302 Editors
Effect of a fluoridated etchant on the shear bond strength of a composite resin to enamel	1992	Department of Pediatric Dentistry, University of Texas.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full International journal of paediatric dentistry / the British Paedodontic Society [and] the International Association of Dentistry for Children Periodical, Abbrev. Int.J.Paediatr.Dent. Pub Date Free Form Apr Volume 2 Issue 1 Start Page 25 Other Pages 30 Notes LR: 20121115; JID: 9107511; 0 (Composite Resins); 0 (Fluorides, Topical); 0 (Phosphoric Acids); E4GA8884NN (phosphoric acid); ppublish Place of Publication ENGLAND ISSN/ISBN 0960-7439; 0960-7439 Accession Number PMID: 1525128 Language eng SubFile Clinical Trial; Journal Article; Randomized Controlled Trial; D DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 1525128 Abstract The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of a fluoridated etching gel on the shear bond strength of a composite resin to enamel. A total of 75 extracted human permanent molars were used. A flat enamel surface was obtained with 600-grit silicon carbide paper and cleaned with a rubber cup and a water slurry of fine flour of pumice. The teeth were randomly distributed into 5 groups of 15 teeth each and etched as follows: group 1: 37% non-fluoridated phosphoric acid gel (Coe) for 60 seconds (control); group 2: 60% phosphoric acid gel with 0.5% NaF (Orthoprep) for 5 seconds; group 3: Orthoprep for 15 seconds; group 4: Orthoprep for 30 seconds; group 5: Orthoprep for 60 seconds. After etching, rinsing and drying, an unfilled resin (Coe Bond) was thinly applied with a brush and cured for 30 seconds. A nylon ring was placed over the area and filled with a light-cured composite resin (Occlusin). The teeth were thermocyled (100x), mounted in plastic cups and plaster, and sheared with a knife-edged blade in an Instron machine running at a crosshead speed of 1 mm/min. The results in MPa were as follows: group 1: 14.49 +/- 4.43; group 2: 10.81 +/- 3.70; group 3: 13.51 +/- 3.21; group 4: 14.79 +/- 3.76; group 5: 15.47 +/- 4.07. An analysis of variance showed that the results in groups 1, 4 and 5 were not significantly different but that the bond strengths in groups 2 and 3 were significantly lower. Fracture within the enamel occurred in 8 specimens in group 1, 5 in group 2, 6 in group 3, 8 in group 4, and 13 in group 5. In the fluoridated etchant groups the number of specimens showing enamel fracture increased as the application time of the etchant increased. Descriptors Acid Etching, Dental, Composite Resins, Dental Bonding, Dental Enamel, Fluorides, Topical, Humans, Phosphoric Acids, Tensile Strength Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Garcia-Godoy,F., Dodge,W. W., Donohue,M., O'Quinn,J. A. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Effect of a fluoridated etching gel on enamel morphology and shear bond strength of orthodontic brackets	1991	Department of Pediatric Dentistry, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics : Official Publication of the American Association of Orthodontists, its Constituent Societies, and the American Board of Orthodontics Periodical, Abbrev. Am.J.Orthod.Dentofacial Orthop. Pub Date Free Form Aug Volume 100 Issue 2 Start Page 163 Other Pages 170 Notes LR: 20131121; JID: 8610224; 0 (Gels); 0 (Phosphoric Acids); 8ZYQ1474W7 (Sodium Fluoride); E4GA8884NN (phosphoric acid); ppublish Place of Publication UNITED STATES ISSN/ISBN 0889-5406; 0889-5406 Accession Number PMID: 1867167 Language eng SubFile Clinical Trial; Journal Article; Randomized Controlled Trial; D; IM DOI S0889-5406(05)81523-9 [pii] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 1867167 Abstract The purpose of this study was to compare the enamel morphology and shear bond strengths of orthodontic brackets bonded to enamel etched with a fluoridated or a nonfluoridated phosphoric acid gel. Ten extracted third molars were used for the enamel morphology evaluation. The buccal surfaces were divided in two sections separated by an occlusogingival groove. One side was etched for 60 seconds with a 38% phosphoric acid gel, and the other side was etched with a 60% phosphoric acid gel containing 0.5% sodium fluoride. The specimens were then examined with a scanning electron microscope. For the shear bond strength tests, 30 extracted third molars were used. The buccal enamel surfaces of the mesial cusp were used, and the teeth were randomly divided into two groups of 15 teeth each--group 1, 38% phosphoric acid gel for 60 seconds; group 2, 60% phosphoric acid gel with 0.5% sodium fluoride for 60 seconds. Orthodontic lingual buttons were bonded to the etched surfaces with a composite resin. The results showed that the overall morphologic etching effect was similar in both groups. The mean shear bond strength for group 1 was 11.8 MPa +/- 4.2, and for group 2 it was 16.5 MPa +/- 5.1. This difference was statistically significant (p less than 0.01). Descriptors Acid Etching, Dental, Dental Bonding, Dental Enamel/drug effects/ultrastructure, Gels, Humans, Materials Testing, Orthodontic Appliances, Phosphoric Acids/pharmacology, Sodium Fluoride/administration & dosage, Tensile Strength Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Garcia-Godoy,F., Hubbard,G. W., Storey,A. T. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Effect of acid and laser etching on shear bond strength of conventional and resin-modified glass-ionomer cements to composite resin	2012	Department of Operative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Lasers in medical science Periodical, Abbrev. Lasers Med.Sci. Pub Date Free Form Mar Volume 27 Issue 2 Start Page 305 Other Pages 311 Notes JID: 8611515; 0 (Composite Resins); 0 (Dental Materials); 0 (Glass Ionomer Cements); 0 (Phosphoric Acids); 0 (Resin Cements); E4GA8884NN (phosphoric acid); 2010/02/26 [received]; 2010/11/30 [accepted]; 2011/01/14 [aheadofprint]; ppublish Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1435-604X; 0268-8921 Accession Number PMID: 21234634 Language eng SubFile Comparative Study; Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI 10.1007/s10103-010-0868-8 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 21234634 Abstract Success in sandwich technique procedures can be achieved through an acceptable bond between the materials. The aim of this study was to compare the effect of 35% phosphoric acid and Er,Cr:YSGG laser on shear bond strength of conventional glass-ionomer cement (GIC) and resin-modified glass-ionomer cement (RMGIC) to composite resin in sandwich technique. Sixty-six specimens were prepared from each type of glass-ionomer cements and divided into three treatment groups as follows: without pretreatment, acid etching by 35% phosphoric acid for 15 s, and 1-W Er,Cr:YSGG laser treatment for 15 s with a 600-mum-diameter tip aligned perpendicular to the target area at a distance of 1 mm from the surface. Energy density of laser irradiation was 17.7 J/cm(2). Two specimens in each group were prepared for evaluation under a scanning electron microscope (SEM) after surface treatment and the remainder underwent bonding procedure with a bonding agent and composite resin. Then the shear bond strength was measured at a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/min. Two-factor analysis of variance and post-hoc Tukey test showed that the cement type, surface treatment method, and the interaction of these two factors significantly affect the shear bond strength between glass-ionomer cements and composite resin (p Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Navimipour,E.J., Oskoee,S.S., Oskoee,P.A., Bahari,M., Rikhtegaran,S., Ghojazadeh,M. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20110114 PMCID Editors
Effect of acid etching duration on tensile bond strength of composite resin bonded to erbium:yttrium-aluminium-garnet laser-prepared dentine. Preliminary study	2010	Department of Dental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Liege, Quai Godfroid Kurth, 45, 4000, Liege, Belgium.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Lasers in medical science Periodical, Abbrev. Lasers Med.Sci. Pub Date Free Form Nov Volume 25 Issue 6 Start Page 855 Other Pages 859 Notes LR: 20151119; JID: 8611515; 0 (Composite Resins); 2009/01/12 [received]; 2009/07/15 [accepted]; 2009/08/15 [aheadofprint]; ppublish Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1435-604X; 0268-8921 Accession Number PMID: 19685196 Language eng SubFile Comparative Study; Evaluation Studies; Journal Article; IM DOI 10.1007/s10103-009-0719-7 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 19685196 Abstract The purpose of this study was to compare the tensile bond strength of composite resin bonded to erbium:yttrium-aluminium-garnet (Er:YAG) laser-prepared dentine after different durations of acid etching. The occlusal third of 68 human third molars was removed in order to expose the dentine surface. The teeth were randomly divided into five groups: group B (control group), prepared with bur and total etch system with 15 s acid etching [37% orthophosphoric acid (H(3)PO(4))]; group L15, laser photo-ablated dentine (200 mJ) (laser irradiation conditions: pulse duration 100 micros, air-water spray, fluence 31.45 J/ cm(2), 10 Hz, non-contact hand pieces, beam spot size 0.9 mm, irradiation speed 3 mm/s, and total irradiation time 2 x 40 s); group L30, laser prepared, laser conditioned and 30 s acid etching; group L60, laser prepared, laser conditioned and 60 s acid etching; group L90, laser prepared, laser conditioned and 90 s acid etching. A plot of composite resin was bonded onto each exposed dentine and then tested for tensile bond strength. The values obtained were statistically analysed by analysis of variance (ANOVA) coupled with the Tukey-Kramer test at the 95% level. A 90 s acid etching before bonding showed the best bonding value (P < 0.05) when compared with all the other groups including the control group. There is no significance difference between other groups, nor within each group and the control group. There was a significant increase in tensile bond strength of the samples acid etched for 90 s. Descriptors Acid Etching, Dental/methods, Composite Resins, Dental Bonding/methods, Dental Etching/methods, Dental Stress Analysis, Dentin/physiology/radiation effects, Humans, In Vitro Techniques, Lasers, Solid-State/therapeutic use, Low-Level Light Therapy/methods, Tensile Strength, Time Factors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Chousterman,M., Heysselaer,D., Dridi,S. M., Bayet,F., Misset,B., Lamard,L., Peremans,A., Nyssen-Behets,C., Nammour,S. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20090815 PMCID Editors

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