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Title	Pub Year	Author	SearchLink Sort descending
Electronic Cigarette Use among Irish Youth: A Cross Sectional Study of Prevalence and Associated Factors	2015	TobaccoFree Research Institute Ireland, DIT Focas, Camden Row, Dublin, Ireland.; TobaccoFree Research Institute Ireland, DIT Focas, Camden Row, Dublin, Ireland.; TobaccoFree Research Institute Ireland, DIT Focas, Camden Row, Dublin, Ireland.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full PloS one Periodical, Abbrev. PLoS One Pub Date Free Form 27-May Volume 10 Issue 5 Start Page e0126419 Other Pages Notes LR: 20150610; JID: 101285081; OID: NLM: PMC4446031; 2015 [ecollection]; 2015/01/05 [received]; 2015/03/31 [accepted]; 2015/05/27 [epublish]; epublish Place of Publication United States ISSN/ISBN 1932-6203; 1932-6203 Accession Number PMID: 26018542 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0126419 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 26018542 Abstract PURPOSE: To examine prevalence of, and factors associated with, e-cigarette use among young people aged 16-17 in Ireland. METHODS: In 2014, a representative sample of 821 young people aged 16-17 recruited from secondary schools completed a pen and paper survey on e-cigarette use, tobacco use, and socio-demographic items. FINDINGS: A total of 23.8% of respondents had used e-cigarettes at least once. Dual trial of tobacco and e-cigarettes was common with 69.5% of regular smokers and 30.4% of 'ever' smokers having tried e-cigarettes and 10.6% of current smokers using e-cigarettes regularly. 4.2% of never smokers have tried e-cigarettes. Overall, current e-cigarette use (once a month or more) was low (3.2%). Binary logistic regression conducted through generalized estimating equations (GEE) determined that controlling for other variables, current tobacco use and 'ever' tobacco use predicted ever e-cigarette use. Gender and school-level socioeconomic status were also independent predictors of ever e-cigarette use. Gender stood as the only predictor of on-going e-cigarette use, with males being more likely to regularly use e-cigarettes at least once a month. CONCLUSIONS: E-cigarette use among 16-17 year olds in Ireland is of note, with nearly a quarter of students having tried them. Concurrent or experimental use of e-cigarettes and tobacco is more common than sole use, while a small number have tried e-cigarettes without having tried tobacco. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Babineau,K., Taylor,K., Clancy,L. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20150527 PMCID PMC4446031 Editors
Lactic acid microflora of the gut of snail Cornu aspersum	2014	Faculty of Biology, Sofia University 'St. Kliment Ohridski' , Sofia , Bulgaria.; Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences , Sofia , Bulgaria.; Faculty of Biology, Sofia University 'St. Kliment Ohridski' , Sofia , Bul	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Biotechnology, biotechnological equipment Periodical, Abbrev. Biotechnol.Biotechnol.Equip. Pub Date Free Form 4-Jul Volume 28 Issue 4 Start Page 627 Other Pages 634 Notes LR: 20150531; JID: 101128940; OTO: NOTNLM; 2014/03/20 [received]; 2014/06/20 [accepted]; 2014/10/21 [epublish]; ppublish Place of Publication ISSN/ISBN 1310-2818; 1310-2818 Accession Number PMID: 26019550 Language ENG SubFile JOURNAL ARTICLE DOI 10.1080/13102818.2014.947071 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 26019550 Abstract The intestinal lactic acid microflora of the edible snail Cornu aspersum was studied by culture-based methods and was phenotypically and molecularly characterized. The antibacterial activity of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) isolates was investigated. Snails in different stages of development were collected from farms located in several regions of Bulgaria. One hundred twenty-two isolates, belonging to the group of LAB, were characterized morphologically and were divided into four groups. Representative isolates from each morphological type were subjected to phenotypic characterization and molecular identification. The snail gut lactic acid microflora was composed by Enterococcus (17 isolates), Lactococcus (12 isolates), Leuconostoc (7 isolates), Lactobacillus (18 isolates) and Weissella (1 isolate). The species affiliation of Lactococcus lactis (12), Leuconostoc mesenteroides (4) and Lactobacillus plantarum (2) was confirmed by species-specific primers. The Lactobacillus isolates were identified by sequence analysis of 16S rDNA as Lactobacillus brevis (12), L. plantarum (2), Lactobacillus graminis (1) and Lactobacillus curvatus (3). The species L. brevis, L. graminis and L. curvatus were found in snails in a phase of hibernation, whereas L. plantarum was identified both in active and hibernation phases. Antibacterial activity (bacteriocine-like) was shown only by one strain of L. mesentereoides P4/8 against Propionibacterium acnes. The present study showed that the LAB are a component of the microbial communities in the snail digestive system. This is the first report on Lactobacillus strains detected in the gut of C. aspersum. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Koleva,Z., Dedov,I., Kizheva,J., Lipovanska,R., Moncheva,P., Hristova,P. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20141021 PMCID PMC4433887 Editors
Epidemiology of Barrett's Esophagus and Esophageal Adenocarcinoma	2015	Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Center for Esophageal Diseases and Swallowing, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB#7080, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7080, USA.; Division of Digestive and	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Gastroenterology clinics of North America Periodical, Abbrev. Gastroenterol.Clin.North Am. Pub Date Free Form Jun Volume 44 Issue 2 Start Page 203 Other Pages 231 Notes LR: 20160601; CI: Copyright (c) 2015; GR: K24 DK100548/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States; GR: K24DK100548/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States; GR: T32 DK007634/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States; GR: T32 DK07634/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States; JID: 8706257; 0 (Biomar Place of Publication United States ISSN/ISBN 1558-1942; 0889-8553 Accession Number PMID: 26021191 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Review; IM DOI 10.1016/j.gtc.2015.02.001 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 26021191 Abstract Barrett's esophagus (BE) is the precursor to esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC), a disease with increasing burden in the Western world, especially in white men. Risk factors for BE include obesity, tobacco smoking, and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). EAC is the most common form of esophageal cancer in the United States. Risk factors include GERD, tobacco smoking, and obesity, whereas nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs and statins may be protective. Factors predicting progression from nondysplastic BE to EAC include dysplastic changes on esophageal histology and length of the involved BE segment. Biomarkers have shown promise, but none are approved for clinical use. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Elsevier Inc Data Source Authors Runge,T.M., Abrams,J.A., Shaheen,N.J. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20150409 PMCID PMC4449458 Editors
Predictors of waterpipe smoking progression among youth in Irbid, Jordan: A longitudinal study (2008-2011)	2015	Department of Epidemiology, Robert Stempel College of Public Health, Florida International University, Miami, 33199 FL, United States. Electronic address: rjabe001@fiu.edu.; Department of Epidemiology, Robert Stempel College of Public Health, Florida Inte	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Drug and alcohol dependence Periodical, Abbrev. Drug Alcohol Depend. Pub Date Free Form 1-Aug Volume 153 Issue Start Page 265 Other Pages 270 Notes LR: 20160801; CI: Copyright (c) 2015; GR: R01 DA024876/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States; GR: R01 DA024876/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States; GR: R01 DA035160/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States; GR: R01 DA035160/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States; JID: 7513587; NIHMS692646 Place of Publication Ireland ISSN/ISBN 1879-0046; 0376-8716 Accession Number PMID: 26024787 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; IM DOI 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.05.008 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 26024787 Abstract BACKGROUND: The predictors of waterpipe smoking progression are yet to be examined using a longitudinal study that is guided by a theoretical model of behavioral change. This study identifies the gender-specific predictors of waterpipe smoking progression among adolescents in Irbid, Jordan. METHODS: This study uses data from a school longitudinal study of smoking behavior in Irbid, Jordan. A random sample of 19 schools was selected by probability proportionate to size. A total of 1781 seventh graders were enrolled at baseline, and completed a questionnaire annually from 2008 through 2011. Students who reported ever smoking waterpipe (N=864) at any time point were assessed for progression (escalation in the frequency of waterpipe smoking) in the subsequent follow-up. Grouped-time survival analysis was used to identify the risk of progression. RESULTS: During the three years of follow-up, 29.6% of students progressed in waterpipe smoking. Predictors of waterpipe smoking progression were higher mother's education, enrollment in public school, frequent physical activity, and low refusal self-efficacy among boys, having ever smoked cigarettes, and having friends and siblings who smoke waterpipe among girls. Awareness of harms of waterpipe was protective among boys and seeing warning labels on the tobacco packs was protective among girls. CONCLUSIONS: Even at this early stage, about a third of waterpipe smokers progressed in their habit during the 3 year follow up. Factors predicting progression of use differed by gender, which calls for gender-specific approaches to waterpipe interventions among Jordanian youth. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Elsevier Ireland Ltd Data Source Authors Jaber,R., Madhivanan,P., Khader,Y., Mzayek,F., Ward,K.D., Maziak,W. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20150519 PMCID PMC4510020 Editors
Oral squamous cell carcinoma and associated risk factors in Jazan, Saudi Arabia: a hospital based case control study	2015	Faculty of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia E-mail : faeq_ali@yahoo.com.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention : APJCP Periodical, Abbrev. Asian Pac.J.Cancer.Prev. Pub Date Free Form Volume 16 Issue 10 Start Page 4335 Other Pages 4338 Notes JID: 101130625; ppublish Place of Publication Thailand ISSN/ISBN 1513-7368; 1513-7368 Accession Number PMID: 26028095 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; IM DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 26028095 Abstract BACKGROUND: Oral cancer is the third most common malignancy in Saudi Arabia, the highest incidence of which is reported from Jazan province. The objective of this study was to evaluate the association of various locally used substances, especially shamma, with oral cancer in the Jazan region of Saudi Arabia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A hospital-based case-control study was designed and patient records were scanned for histologically confirmed oral cancer cases. Forty eight patients who were recently diagnosed with oral cancer were selected as cases. Two healthy controls were selected for each observed case and they were matched with age (+/-5 years) gender and location. Use of different forms of tobacco such as cigarettes, pipe-smoking and shamma (smokeless- tobacco) was assessed. Khat, a commonly used chewing substance in the community was also included. Descriptive analysis was first performed followed by multiple logistic regression (with and without interaction) to derive odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence interval (CIs). RESULTS: Mean age of the study sample (56% males and 44% females) was 65.3 years. Multinomial regression analysis revealed that shamma use increased the odds of developing oral cancer by 29 times (OR=29.3; 10.3-83.1). Cigarette (OR=6.74; 2.18-20.8) was also seen to have an effect. With the interaction model the odds ratio increased significantly for shamma users (OR=37.2; 12.3-113.2) and cigarette smokers (OR=10.5; 2.88-3.11). Khat was observed to have negative effect on the disease occurrence when used along with shamma (OR=0.01; 0.00-0.65). CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that shamma, a moist form of smokeless tobacco is a major threat for oral cancer occurrence in the Jazan region of Saudi Arabia. This study gives a direction to conduct further longitudinal studies in the region with increased sample size representing the population in order to provide more substantial evidence. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Quadri,M.F., Alharbi,F., Bajonaid,A.M., Moafa,I.H., Sharwani,A.A., Alamir,A.H. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
K2 and Spice use among a cohort of college students in southeast region of the USA	2015	Departments of Social Sciences and Health Policy .	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse Periodical, Abbrev. Am.J.Drug Alcohol Abuse Pub Date Free Form Volume 41 Issue 4 Start Page 317 Other Pages 322 Notes LR: 20160701; GR: R01 CA141643/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States; GR: R01CA141643/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States; JID: 7502510; 0 (Street Drugs); NIHMS698888; OID: NLM: NIHMS698888; OID: NLM: PMC4526379; OTO: NOTNLM; 2015/06/01 [aheadofprint]; ppublish Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1097-9891; 0095-2990 Accession Number PMID: 26030768 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; IM DOI 10.3109/00952990.2015.1043438 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 26030768 Abstract BACKGROUND: K2 and Spice consist of an herbal blend of plant matter and chemical synthetic cannabinoids. These substances emerged in the early 2000s as a popular alternative to marijuana among youth and young adults. OBJECTIVES: This study sought to identify rates and correlates of K2 and Spice at college entry and first use during college. METHODS: In Fall 2010, 3146 students at 11 colleges in North Carolina and Virginia were recruited to participate in a longitudinal cohort survey. The cohort was invited to participate in a total of six surveys over their college career. Random-effects logistic regression models were used to identify factors associated with lifetime K2 and Spice use at college entry and first use during college, adjusting for clustering within schools and sample weights. RESULTS: Weighted lifetime prevalence of K2 and Spice use at college entry was 7.6%. An additional 6.6% of students reported first use during college. By the cohort's fourth year, 17.0% reported lifetime K2 and Spice use. While lifetime prevalence increased, past 6-month prevalence decreased substantially over time. K2 and Spice use at college entry was associated with sensation seeking; hookah, marijuana, and illicit drug use; and low religiosity. First use during college was associated with having a father with less than a four-year degree; alcohol and hookah use. CONCLUSION: Universities should ensure that prevention efforts address current substance use, including K2/Spice, and that treatment options are available for first year students who use substances. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Egan,K.L., Suerken,C.K., Reboussin,B.A., Spangler,J., Wagoner,K.G., Sutfin,E.L., Debinski,B., Wolfson,M. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20150601 PMCID PMC4526379 Editors
A review of the health effects of smoking shisha	2015	University of London, London, UK.; University of London, London, UK.; University of London, London, UK.; University of London, London, UK.; University of London, London, UK brendan.madden@stgeorges.nhs.uk.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Clinical medicine (London, England) Periodical, Abbrev. Clin.Med.(Lond) Pub Date Free Form Jun Volume 15 Issue 3 Start Page 263 Other Pages 266 Notes LR: 20151225; CI: (c) Royal College of Physicians 2015; JID: 101092853; CIN: Clin Med (Lond). 2015 Oct;15(5):499. PMID: 26430197; OTO: NOTNLM; ppublish Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1470-2118; 1470-2118 Accession Number PMID: 26031977 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Review; IM DOI 10.7861/clinmedicine.15-3-263 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 26031977 Abstract There is emerging evidence, although at early stages, of various detrimental health effects after smoking shisha. With regard to the cardiovascular system, there is a significant acute rise in cardiovascular markers, such as heart rate and blood pressure. The long-term effects on the cardiovascular system are yet to be established. Shisha smoking has also been significantly associated with lung cancer. Various other forms of cancer have also been documented, but have not reached statistical significance and require further research. Finally, shisha smoking increases the risk of infection and has been associated with outbreaks in the Middle East. Therefore, with the increasing consumption of shisha in Europe, especially in the UK, more research is required to tackle this potential public health threat. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Kadhum,M., Sweidan,A., Jaffery,A.E., Al-Saadi,A., Madden,B. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Policy Options to Promote Smokefree Environments for Children and Adolescents	2015	University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, School of Public Health, Milwaukee, WI 53201.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Current problems in pediatric and adolescent health care Periodical, Abbrev. Curr.Probl.Pediatr.Adolesc.Health.Care. Pub Date Free Form Jun Volume 45 Issue 6 Start Page 146 Other Pages 181 Notes CI: Copyright (c) 2015; JID: 101134613; 0 (Tobacco Smoke Pollution); 2015/03/23 [received]; 2015/04/14 [accepted]; 2015/05/29 [aheadofprint]; ppublish Place of Publication United States ISSN/ISBN 1538-3199; 1538-3199 Accession Number PMID: 26032229 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Review; IM DOI 10.1016/j.cppeds.2015.04.001 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 26032229 Abstract Secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure among children is associated with a wide variety of adverse health risks, including: asthma, otitis media, respiratory infections, impaired lung growth and function, decreased exercise tolerance, cognitive impairments, behavior problems, and sudden infant death syndrome. Unfortunately, over 40% of children aged 3-11 years-15.1 million children-are currently exposed to SHS, with nearly 70% of black children in this age group being exposed. Over the past three decades, great strides have been made in establishing smokefree environments for adults, ultimately reducing their SHS exposure. Regulations have been passed at the organizational, local, and state levels that increasingly ban smoking in the workplace and public places. Children's SHS exposure patterns, however, differ from adults' exposures, with greater time spent in the home and other potentially unregulated venues (school, child care, and car). This means that children have been afforded relatively less protection from SHS by these smokefree regulations. It is imperative, therefore, to seek alternative options for promoting smokefree environments for children throughout the United States. This article explores policy options that promote smokefree environments for children and adolescents: comprehensive smokefree/tobacco-free policies covering indoor/outdoor public places, housing, private vehicles, and child care, as well as Clinical Guidelines regarding patient/family interviews on smoking, SHS, cessation, and voluntary smokefree efforts. The policy section highlights the role of child and adolescent health practitioners in promoting these policies with the hope of fostering engagement of these key stakeholders in the policy process. Note, there are a wide range of important policy and regulatory strategies aimed at reducing tobacco initiation and use among children, adolescents, and young adults; while essential in tobacco prevention and control efforts, a discussion of these strategies is beyond the scope of this article. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Mosby, Inc Data Source Authors Bartholomew,K.S. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20150529 PMCID Editors
Factors associated with smoking frequency among current waterpipe smokers in the United States: Findings from the National College Health Assessment II	2015	Department of Health Services Policy and Management, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA; Department of Public Health and Informatics, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh.; Department of Health Ou	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Drug and alcohol dependence Periodical, Abbrev. Drug Alcohol Depend. Pub Date Free Form 1-Aug Volume 153 Issue Start Page 359 Other Pages 363 Notes LR: 20160801; CI: Copyright (c) 2015; GR: R01 DA035160/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States; GR: R01 DA035160/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States; JID: 7513587; NIHMS693785; OID: NLM: NIHMS693785; OID: NLM: PMC4821569; OTO: NOTNLM; 2015/03/04 [received]; 2015/05/02 [r Place of Publication Ireland ISSN/ISBN 1879-0046; 0376-8716 Accession Number PMID: 26036602 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; IM DOI 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.05.015 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 26036602 Abstract BACKGROUND: Some waterpipe smokers exhibit nicotine dependent behaviors such as increased use over time and inability to quit, placing them at high risk of adverse health outcomes. This study examines the determinants of dependence by measuring frequency of use among current waterpipe smokers using a large national U.S. METHODS: Data were drawn from four waves (Spring/Fall 2009 and Spring/Fall 2010) of the American College Health Association-National College Health Assessment datasets. The sample was restricted to students who smoked a waterpipe at least once in the past 30 days (N=19,323). Ordered logistic regression modeled the factors associated with higher frequency of waterpipe smoking. RESULTS: Among current waterpipe smokers, 6% used a waterpipe daily or almost daily (20-29 days). Daily cigarette smokers were at higher odds of smoking a waterpipe at higher frequencies compared with non-smokers of cigarettes (OR=1.81; 95% CI=1.61-2.04). There was a strong association between daily cigar smoking and higher frequency of waterpipe smoking (OR=7.77; 95% CI=5.49-11.02). Similarly, students who used marijuana had higher odds of smoking a waterpipe at higher frequencies (OR=1.57; 95% CI=1.37-1.81). CONCLUSIONS: Daily consumers of other addictive substances are at a higher risk of intensive waterpipe smoking and thus higher risk of waterpipe dependence. Intervention programs must incorporate methods to reduce waterpipe dependence and subsequently prevent its deleterious health effects. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Elsevier Ireland Ltd Data Source Authors Haider,M.R., Salloum,R.G., Islam,F., Ortiz,K.S., Kates,F.R., Maziak,W. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20150521 PMCID PMC4821569 Editors
Gender differences influence overweight smokers' experimentation with electronic nicotine delivery systems	2015	Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States. Electronic address: dstrong@ucsd.edu.; Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States.; Department	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Addictive Behaviors Periodical, Abbrev. Addict.Behav. Pub Date Free Form Oct Volume 49 Issue Start Page 20 Other Pages 25 Notes LR: 20151001; CI: Copyright (c) 2015; GR: T32 HL079891/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/United States; JID: 7603486; NIHMS696056; OID: NLM: NIHMS696056; OID: NLM: PMC4478105; OTO: NOTNLM; 2014/08/28 [received]; 2015/04/28 [revised]; 2015/05/04 [accepted]; 2015/05/09 [ahe Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1873-6327; 0306-4603 Accession Number PMID: 26036665 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI 10.1016/j.addbeh.2015.05.003 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 26036665 Abstract INTRODUCTION: Overweight and obese tobacco users possess increased risk of cancer, diabetes, heart disease and chronic tobacco-related disease. Efforts to prevent tobacco-related health risk in this comorbid population would be informed by better understanding and monitoring of trends in the concurrent use of electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) among smokers in the US marketplace. METHOD: The California Longitudinal Smokers Study (CLSS) established a cohort of current cigarette smokers in 2011 who were surveyed for tobacco use and health behavior at baseline and again in 2012 at follow-up. RESULTS: We observed a large increase in reported experimentation with ENDS. As hypothesized, overweight or obese smokers were more likely to report experimentation with ENDS, an increase that was also observed among women. Experimentation with ENDS was not associated with a reduction in use of cigarettes or a decrease in cigarette dependence in this high risk population of smokers. CONCLUSIONS: Continued surveillance of this vulnerable population is needed to better understand how experimentation with new ENDS products may impact health, facilitate switching to non-combustible tobacco or facilitate persistent cigarette dependence. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher . Published by Elsevier Ltd Data Source Authors Strong,D.R., Myers,M., Linke,S., Leas,E., Hofstetter,R., Edland,S., Al-Delaimy,W.K. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20150509 PMCID PMC4478105 Editors

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