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Prevalence, patterns and correlates of cigarette smoking in male adolescents in northern Jordan, and the influence of waterpipe use and asthma diagnosis: a descriptive cross-sectional study 2014 Faculty of Nursing, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, P.O. Box 3030, Jordan. nasheyab@just.edu.jo.; Division of Physical Therapy, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, 22110 Jord
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Print(0)
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Journal Article
Periodical, Full
International journal of environmental research and public health
Periodical, Abbrev.
Int.J.Environ.Res.Public.Health.
Pub Date Free Form
1-Sep
Volume
11
Issue
9
Start Page
9008
Other Pages
9023
Notes
LR: 20151029; JID: 101238455; OID: NLM: PMC4199003; 2014/07/14 [received]; 2014/08/15 [revised]; 2014/08/26 [accepted]; epublish
Place of Publication
Switzerland
ISSN/ISBN
1660-4601; 1660-4601
Accession Number
PMID: 25257355
Language
eng
SubFile
Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM
DOI
10.3390/ijerph110909008 [doi]
Output Language
Unknown(0)
PMID
25257355
Abstract
Our study investigates the prevalence, patterns and predictors of tobacco smoking among early adolescent males in Northern Jordan and whether asthma diagnosis affects smoking patterns. A descriptive cross sectional design was used. Males in grades 7 and 8 from four randomly selected high schools in the city of Irbid were enrolled. Data on waterpipe (WP) use and cigarette smoking patterns were obtained (n = 815) using a survey in Arabic language. The overall prevalence of ever having smoked a cigarette was 35.6%, with 86.2% of this group smoking currently. Almost half of the sample reported WP use. The most common age in which adolescents started to experiment with cigarettes was 11-12 years old (49.1%), although 10 years was also common (25.3%). Significant predictors of male cigarette smoking were WP use (OR = 4.15, 95% CI = 2.99-5.76), asthma diagnosis (OR = 2.35, 95% CI = 1.46-3.78), grade 8 (OR = 1.52, 95% CI = 1.10-2.11), and having a sibling who smokes (OR = 2.23, 95% CI = 1.53-3.24). However, this cross-sectional study cannot establish causality, thus longitudinal studies are needed. Public health programs and school-based anti-tobacco smoking interventions that target children in early years at high schools are warranted to prevent the uptake of tobacco use among this vulnerable age group. High school students with asthma should be specifically targeted.
Descriptors
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Book Title
Database
Publisher
Data Source
Authors
Al-Sheyab,N., Alomari,M.A., Shah,S., Gallagher,P., Gallagher,R.
Original/Translated Title
URL
Date of Electronic
20140901
PMCID
PMC4199003
Editors
Examining differences in drinking patterns among Jewish and Arab university students in Israel 2015 a School of Public Health , University of Haifa , Haifa , Israel.
Source Type
Print(0)
Ref Type
Journal Article
Periodical, Full
Ethnicity & health
Periodical, Abbrev.
Ethn.Health
Pub Date Free Form
Volume
20
Issue
6
Start Page
594
Other Pages
610
Notes
JID: 9608374; OTO: NOTNLM; 2014/09/26 [aheadofprint]; ppublish
Place of Publication
England
ISSN/ISBN
1465-3419; 1355-7858
Accession Number
PMID: 25257830
Language
eng
SubFile
Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM
DOI
10.1080/13557858.2014.961411 [doi]
Output Language
Unknown(0)
PMID
25257830
Abstract
OBJECTIVES: Worldwide there is a dearth of studies examining drinking patterns in Arabs and how these compare to other populations. The few studies that exist have suggested distinct drinking patterns in Arabs, with not only high rates of abstinence but also high rates of heavy drinking among current drinkers. No studies have yet examined potential socio-cognitive mechanisms that may contribute to this distinct drinking pattern. Israel represents a unique and valuable resource for studying Arab population drinking patterns because Israeli Arabs are nonimmigrants living in areas where exposure to Western lifestyles, including alcohol consumption, is prevalent. The current study was set out to examine differences in alcohol consumption in a convenience sample of 1310 Jewish and Arab students from Israeli universities and colleges and to explore alcohol expectancies as potential mediators of ethno-religious differences. DESIGN: Logistic regressions were used to produce odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals to test differences between Jewish and Arab students on binary outcomes (lifetime, last month, and heavy drinking). Mediation of ethno-religious differences by alcohol expectancies was tested with bootstrapping procedures. RESULTS: Results show that while Israeli Arab students tend to be more likely to abstain from alcohol than Israeli Jewish students, among current drinkers, Israeli Arab students are at a particular high risk of heavy drinking. Results also show that this is partly mediated by the expectancy that alcohol only influences the drinker at high levels of intake. CONCLUSION: The current study confirms distinct Arab drinking patterns found in previous studies. The present study is the first demonstration that drinking expectations mediate ethno-religious differences in heavy drinking among Israeli Arabs and Jews. This work contributes to the understanding of ethno-religious group differences in harmful drinking, potentially informing future etiologic research and public health interventions aimed at reducing alcohol-related harm.
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Database
Publisher
Data Source
Authors
Sznitman,S.R., Bord,S., Elias,W., Gesser-Edelsburg,A., Shiftan,Y., Baron-Epel,O.
Original/Translated Title
URL
Date of Electronic
20140926
PMCID
Editors
Comparison of puff topography, toxicant exposure, and subjective effects in low- and high-frequency waterpipe users: a double-blind, placebo-control study 2015 Schroeder Institute for Tobacco Research and Policy Studies, Legacy, Washington, DC;; Department of Psychology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV;; Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA;; Department of Mechanical
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Print(0)
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Journal Article
Periodical, Full
Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco
Periodical, Abbrev.
Nicotine Tob.Res.
Pub Date Free Form
Jun
Volume
17
Issue
6
Start Page
667
Other Pages
674
Notes
LR: 20160701; CI: (c) The Author 2014; GR: F31DA028102/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States; GR: P50 DA036105/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States; GR: R01CA120142/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States; GR: R01DA025659/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States; JID: 9815751; 0 (Flavoring A
Place of Publication
England
ISSN/ISBN
1469-994X; 1462-2203
Accession Number
PMID: 25257982
Language
eng
SubFile
Comparative Study; Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; IM
DOI
10.1093/ntr/ntu196 [doi]
Output Language
Unknown(0)
PMID
25257982
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: Clinical laboratory work among intermittent and daily waterpipe tobacco smokers has revealed significant risks for tobacco dependence and disease associated with waterpipe tobacco smoking (WTS). No studies have compared these groups directly. This study examined whether WTS frequency was associated with differential puff topography, toxicant exposure, and subjective response using a placebo-control design. METHODS: Eighty participants reporting WTS of 2-5 episodes (LOW; n = 63) or >/=20 episodes (HIGH; n = 17) per month for >/=6 months completed 2 double-blind, counterbalanced 2-hr sessions that were preceded by >/=12hr of tobacco abstinence. Sessions differed by product smoked ad libitum for 45+ min: preferred brand/flavor of waterpipe tobacco (active) or a flavor-matched tobacco-free waterpipe product (placebo). Outcomes included puff topography, plasma nicotine, carboxyhemoglobin (COHb), and subjective response. RESULTS: HIGH users had more puffs, shorter inter-puff-intervals, and a higher total puff volume for placebo relative to active, as well as relative to LOW users during placebo. Plasma nicotine concentrations increased when smoking active (but not placebo) with no significant differences between groups at 25min post-product administration. COHb increased significantly during all conditions; the largest increase was for HIGH users when smoking placebo. There was some evidence of higher baseline scores for nicotine/tobacco nicotine abstinence symptomology. CONCLUSIONS: Higher frequency waterpipe users may be more sensitive to the effects of waterpipe smoke nicotine content. Among HIGH users, higher baseline nicotine/tobacco abstinence symptoms may indicate greater nicotine dependence. These data support continued surveillance of WTS and development of dependence measures specific to this product.
Descriptors
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Book Title
Database
Publisher
. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco
Data Source
Authors
Cobb,C.O., Blank,M.D., Morlett,A., Shihadeh,A., Jaroudi,E., Karaoghlanian,N., Kilgalen,B., Austin,J., Weaver,M.F., Eissenberg,T.
Original/Translated Title
URL
Date of Electronic
20140925
PMCID
PMC4838047
Editors
Release of drinking water contaminants and odor impacts caused by green building cross-linked polyethylene (PEX) plumbing systems 2014 Department of Civil Engineering, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, USA.; Department of Chemistry, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, USA.; Department of Statistics and Mathematics, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, USA.; Lyles School o
Source Type
Print(0)
Ref Type
Journal Article
Periodical, Full
Water research
Periodical, Abbrev.
Water Res.
Pub Date Free Form
15-Dec
Volume
67
Issue
Start Page
19
Other Pages
32
Notes
CI: Copyright (c) 2014; JID: 0105072; 0 (Drinking Water); 0 (Organic Chemicals); 0 (Water Pollutants, Chemical); 7440-44-0 (Carbon); 9002-88-4 (Polyethylene); OTO: NOTNLM; 2014/04/21 [received]; 2014/08/26 [revised]; 2014/08/31 [accepted]; 2014/09/10 [ahe
Place of Publication
England
ISSN/ISBN
1879-2448; 0043-1354
Accession Number
PMID: 25259680
Language
eng
SubFile
Evaluation Studies; Journal Article; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.; IM
DOI
10.1016/j.watres.2014.08.051 [doi]
Output Language
Unknown(0)
PMID
25259680
Abstract
Green buildings are increasingly being plumbed with crosslinked polyethylene (PEX) potable water pipe. Tap water quality was investigated at a six month old plumbing system and chemical and odor quality impacts of six PEX pipe brands were examined. Eleven PEX related contaminants were found in the plumbing system; one regulated (toluene) and several unregulated: Antioxidant degradation products, resin solvents, initiator degradation products, or manufacturing aides. Water chemical and odor quality was monitored for new PEX-a, -b and -c pipes with (2 mg/L free chlorine) and without disinfectant over 30 days. Odor and total organic carbon (TOC) levels decreased for all pipes, but odor remained greater than the USA's Environmental Protection Agency's (USEPA) secondary maximum contaminant level. Odors were not attributed to known odorants ethyl-tert-butyl ether (ETBE) or methyl-tert-butyl ether (MTBE). Free chlorine caused odor levels for PEX-a1 pipe to increase from 26 to 75 threshold odor number (TON) on day 3 and affected the rate at which TOC changed for each brand over 30 days. As TOC decreased, the ultraviolet absorbance at 254 nm increased. Pipes consumed as much as 0.5 mg/L as Cl2 during each 3 day stagnation period. Sixteen organic chemicals were identified, including toluene, pyridine, methylene trichloroacetate and 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol. Some were also detected during the plumbing system field investigation. Six brands of PEX pipes sold in the USA and a PEX-a green building plumbing system impacted chemical and drinking water odor quality.
Descriptors
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Book Title
Database
Publisher
Elsevier Ltd
Data Source
Authors
Kelley,K.M., Stenson,A.C., Dey,R., Whelton,A.J.
Original/Translated Title
URL
Date of Electronic
20140910
PMCID
Editors
The effects of nicotine stimulus and response expectancies on male and female smokers' responses to nicotine-free electronic cigarettes 2015 Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Canada.; Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Canada.; School of Psychological Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Israel.; Department of Psychology and Neuroscience,
Source Type
Print(0)
Ref Type
Journal Article
Periodical, Full
Addictive Behaviors
Periodical, Abbrev.
Addict.Behav.
Pub Date Free Form
Jan
Volume
40
Issue
Start Page
144
Other Pages
147
Notes
LR: 20151119; CI: Copyright (c) 2014; JID: 7603486; 0 (Nicotinic Agonists); 6M3C89ZY6R (Nicotine); OTO: NOTNLM; 2014/07/09 [received]; 2014/09/07 [revised]; 2014/09/10 [accepted]; 2014/09/18 [aheadofprint]; ppublish
Place of Publication
England
ISSN/ISBN
1873-6327; 0306-4603
Accession Number
PMID: 25261789
Language
eng
SubFile
Journal Article; Randomized Controlled Trial; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM
DOI
10.1016/j.addbeh.2014.09.013 [doi]
Output Language
Unknown(0)
PMID
25261789
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) have been reported to reduce tobacco craving and withdrawal; however, the mechanisms underlying these effects have not been elucidated. METHODS: This study examined the contributions of nicotine stimulus and response expectancies to responses to nicotine-free e-cigarettes in 21 e-cigarette naive smokers (12 male). Participants completed two randomized experimental sessions in which they administered a nicotine-free e-cigarette. During one session they were informed that the e-cigarette contained nicotine and during the other session they were informed that the e-cigarette was nicotine-free. Participants completed subjective assessments before and immediately after sampling ten puffs from the e-cigarette and were then invited to earn additional puffs using a computerized progressive ratio task. Prior to their enrolment in the study, participants provided an estimate of the relative importance of the nicotine content of e-cigarettes for craving relief. RESULTS: Instructions that the e-cigarette contained nicotine were found to reduce both intention to smoke (p=0.017) and withdrawal-related (p=0.018) craving, regardless of a-priori reported beliefs regarding the relative importance of nicotine. Nicotine content instructions were also found to be associated with a shorter latency to self-administration (p=0.005); however, a SexxInstructionsxResponse Expectancy interaction (p=0.008) revealed that this effect was specific to women who had strong a-priori nicotine content craving relief expectations. Neither nicotine content instructions nor response expectancies impacted the number of puffs self-administered. CONCLUSIONS: Findings suggest that nicotine content expectations contribute to smokers' responses to e-cigarettes, and that a-priori beliefs about nicotine effects may be especially important in women.
Descriptors
Links
Book Title
Database
Publisher
Elsevier Ltd
Data Source
Authors
Copp,S.R., Collins,J.L., Dar,R., Barrett,S.P.
Original/Translated Title
URL
Date of Electronic
20140918
PMCID
Editors
The clinical significance of typical reflux symptoms in diagnosing gastroesophageal reflux disease 2014 Department of Gastroenterology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China.; Department of Gastroenterology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China. Email: zhoumed@126.com.; Department of Gastroenterology, Peking University T
Source Type
Print(0)
Ref Type
Journal Article
Periodical, Full
Zhonghua nei ke za zhi
Periodical, Abbrev.
Zhonghua Nei Ke Za Zhi
Pub Date Free Form
Jul
Volume
53
Issue
7
Start Page
517
Other Pages
520
Notes
JID: 16210490R; ppublish
Place of Publication
China
ISSN/ISBN
0578-1426; 0578-1426
Accession Number
PMID: 25264004
Language
chi
SubFile
English Abstract; Journal Article; IM
DOI
Output Language
Unknown(0)
PMID
25264004
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To explore the clinical significance of typical reflux symptoms in the diagnosis of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). METHODS: Consecutive patients older than 16 years, who initially visited department of gastroenterology at clinic of Peking University Third Hospital from May 9, 2012 to Dec 31, 2012, were required to complete a self-reported GERD questionnaire. Upper endoscopy was performed in some selected patients. RESULTS: A total of 18 987 patients were enrolled with a response rate of 91.5%. The prevalence of symptom-defined GERD was 13.6% (2 579/18 987). A total of 4 357 (22.9%) patients underwent the upper endoscopy, and the diagnostic rates of reflux esophagitis, Barrett's esophagus, peptic ulcer disease, and upper gastrointestinal malignancy were 13.1% (572/4 357), 1.8% (78/4 357), 10.5% (456/4 357), and 1.7% (75/4 357), respectively. The incidence of reflux esophagitis was 22.7% (216/951) in patients with reflux symptoms and 10.5% (356/3 406) (P
Descriptors
Links
Book Title
Database
Publisher
Data Source
Authors
Lin,L., Zhou,L., Wang,Y., Lu,S., Zhang,Y., Ding,S., Lin,S.
Original/Translated Title
URL
Date of Electronic
PMCID
Editors
Challenges to obtaining parental permission for child participation in a school-based waterpipe tobacco smoking prevention intervention in Qatar 2014 Faculty of Health Sciences, American University of Beirut, PO Box 11-0237 Riad El Solh, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon. ra15@aub.edu.lb.
Source Type
Print(0)
Ref Type
Journal Article
Periodical, Full
BMC medical ethics
Periodical, Abbrev.
BMC Med.Ethics
Pub Date Free Form
30-Sep
Volume
15
Issue
Start Page
70
Other Pages
6939-15-70
Notes
LR: 20141204; JID: 101088680; OID: NLM: PMC4254406; 2014/04/16 [received]; 2014/09/24 [accepted]; 2014/09/30 [aheadofprint]; epublish
Place of Publication
England
ISSN/ISBN
1472-6939; 1472-6939
Accession Number
PMID: 25267351
Language
eng
SubFile
Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; E; IM
DOI
10.1186/1472-6939-15-70 [doi]
Output Language
Unknown(0)
PMID
25267351
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Involving children in research studies requires obtaining parental permission. A school-based intervention to delay/prevent waterpipe use for 7th and 8th graders in Qatar was developed, and parental permission requested. Fifty three percent (2308/4314) of the parents returned permission forms; of those 19.5% of the total (840/4314) granted permission. This paper describes the challenges to obtaining parental permission. No research to date has described such challenges in the Arab world. METHODS: A random sample of 40 schools in Doha, Qatar was selected for inclusion in the original intervention. Permission forms were distributed to parents for approval of their child's participation. The permission forms requested that parents indicate their reasons for non-permission if they declined. These were categorized into themes. In order to understand reasons for non-permission, interviews with parents were conducted. Phone numbers of parents were requested from the school administration; 12 of the 40 schools (30%) agreed to provide the contact information. A random sample of 28 parents from 12 schools was interviewed to reach data saturation. Thematic analysis was used to analyze their responses. RESULTS: Reasons for non-permission documented in both the forms and interviews included: poor timing; lack of interest; the child not wanting to participate; and the child living in a smoke-free environment. Interviews provided information on important topics to include in the consent forms, parents' decision-making processes regarding their child's participation, and considerations for communicating with parents. Many parents also indicated that this was the first time they had been asked to give an informed consent for their child's participation in a study. CONCLUSIONS: Results indicate that more attention needs to be given to the informed parental consent process. Researchers should consider enhancing both the methods of communicating information as well the specific information provided. Before embarking on recruitment of children for studies, formative research on the parental consent process is suggested.
Descriptors
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Data Source
Authors
Nakkash,R.T., Al Mulla,A., Torossian,L., Karhily,R., Shuayb,L., Mahfoud,Z.R., Janahi,I., Al Ansari,A.A., Afifi,R.A.
Original/Translated Title
URL
Date of Electronic
20140930
PMCID
PMC4254406
Editors
Perceived harm, addictiveness, and social acceptability of tobacco products and marijuana among young adults: marijuana, hookah, and electronic cigarettes win 2015 1Department of Behavioral Sciences and Health Education, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
Source Type
Print(0)
Ref Type
Journal Article
Periodical, Full
Substance use & misuse
Periodical, Abbrev.
Subst.Use Misuse
Pub Date Free Form
Jan
Volume
50
Issue
1
Start Page
79
Other Pages
89
Notes
LR: 20151029; GR: 1K07CA139114-01A1/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States; GR: 1R43TR000358-01/TR/NCATS NIH HHS/United States; GR: K05 AA021143/AA/NIAAA NIH HHS/United States; GR: K05-AA021143/AA/NIAAA NIH HHS/United States; GR: K07 CA139114/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United
Place of Publication
England
ISSN/ISBN
1532-2491; 1082-6084
Accession Number
PMID: 25268294
Language
eng
SubFile
Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; IM
DOI
10.3109/10826084.2014.958857 [doi]
Output Language
Unknown(0)
PMID
25268294
Abstract
BACKGROUND: There has been an increase in non-daily smoking, alternative tobacco product and marijuana use among young adults in recent years. OBJECTIVES: This study examined perceptions of health risks, addictiveness, and social acceptability of cigarettes, cigar products, smokeless tobacco, hookah, electronic cigarettes, and marijuana among young adults and correlates of such perceptions. METHODS: In Spring 2013, 10,000 students at two universities in the Southeastern United States were recruited to complete an online survey (2,002 respondents), assessing personal, parental, and peer use of each product; and perceptions of health risks, addictiveness, and social acceptability of each of these products. RESULTS: Marijuana was the most commonly used product in the past month (19.2%), with hookah being the second most commonly used (16.4%). The least commonly used were smokeless tobacco products (2.6%) and electronic cigarettes (4.5%). There were high rates of concurrent product use, particularly among electronic cigarette users. The most positively perceived was marijuana, with hookah and electronic cigarettes being second. While tobacco use and related social factors, related positively, influenced perceptions of marijuana, marijuana use and related social factors were not associated with perceptions of any tobacco product. Conclusions/Importance: Marketing efforts to promote electronic cigarettes and hookah to be safe and socially acceptable seem to be effective, while policy changes seem to be altering perceptions of marijuana and related social norms. Research is needed to document the health risks and addictive nature of emerging tobacco products and marijuana and evaluate efforts to communicate such risks to youth.
Descriptors
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Book Title
Database
Publisher
Data Source
Authors
Berg,C.J., Stratton,E., Schauer,G.L., Lewis,M., Wang,Y., Windle,M., Kegler,M.
Original/Translated Title
URL
Date of Electronic
20140930
PMCID
PMC4302728
Editors
Energy efficient cooperation in underlay RFID cognitive networks for a water smart home 2014 Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Texas A&M University at Qatar, Doha 23874, Qatar. adnan.nasir@qu.edu.qa.; Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Texas A&M University at Qatar, Doha 23874, Qatar. syed.hussain@qatar.tamu.edu.; Schoo
Source Type
Print(0)
Ref Type
Journal Article
Periodical, Full
Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)
Periodical, Abbrev.
Sensors (Basel)
Pub Date Free Form
30-Sep
Volume
14
Issue
10
Start Page
18353
Other Pages
18369
Notes
JID: 101204366; 059QF0KO0R (Water); OID: NLM: PMC4239936; 2014/04/13 [received]; 2014/09/15 [revised]; 2014/09/23 [accepted]; epublish
Place of Publication
Switzerland
ISSN/ISBN
1424-8220; 1424-8220
Accession Number
PMID: 25271565
Language
eng
SubFile
Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM
DOI
10.3390/s141018353 [doi]
Output Language
Unknown(0)
PMID
25271565
Abstract
Shrinking water resources all over the world and increasing costs of water consumption have prompted water users and distribution companies to come up with water conserving strategies. We have proposed an energy-efficient smart water monitoring application in [1], using low power RFIDs. In the home environment, there exist many primary interferences within a room, such as cell-phones, Bluetooth devices, TV signals, cordless phones and WiFi devices. In order to reduce the interference from our proposed RFID network for these primary devices, we have proposed a cooperating underlay RFID cognitive network for our smart application on water. These underlay RFIDs should strictly adhere to the interference thresholds to work in parallel with the primary wireless devices [2]. This work is an extension of our previous ventures proposed in [2,3], and we enhanced the previous efforts by introducing a new system model and RFIDs. Our proposed scheme is mutually energy efficient and maximizes the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) for the RFID link, while keeping the interference levels for the primary network below a certain threshold. A closed form expression for the probability density function (pdf) of the SNR at the destination reader/writer and outage probability are derived. Analytical results are verified through simulations. It is also shown that in comparison to non-cognitive selective cooperation, this scheme performs better in the low SNR region for cognitive networks. Moreover, the hidden Markov model's (HMM) multi-level variant hierarchical hidden Markov model (HHMM) approach is used for pattern recognition and event detection for the data received for this system [4]. Using this model, a feedback and decision algorithm is also developed. This approach has been applied to simulated water pressure data from RFID motes, which were embedded in metallic water pipes.
Descriptors
Links
Book Title
Database
Publisher
Data Source
Authors
Nasir,A., Hussain,S.I., Soong,B.H., Qaraqe,K.
Original/Translated Title
URL
Date of Electronic
20140930
PMCID
PMC4239936
Editors
Shisha..... modern society killer 2014
Source Type
Print(0)
Ref Type
Journal Article
Periodical, Full
JPMA.The Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association
Periodical, Abbrev.
J.Pak.Med.Assoc.
Pub Date Free Form
May
Volume
64
Issue
5
Start Page
604
Other Pages
Notes
JID: 7501162; ppublish
Place of Publication
Pakistan
ISSN/ISBN
0030-9982; 0030-9982
Accession Number
PMID: 25272559
Language
eng
SubFile
Letter; IM
DOI
6488 [pii]
Output Language
Unknown(0)
PMID
25272559
Abstract
Descriptors
Links
Book Title
Database
Publisher
Data Source
Authors
Khan,M.S., Shahid,N., Qurrat-ul-Ain
Original/Translated Title
URL
Date of Electronic
PMCID
Editors