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Identification and partial characterization of lactic acid bacteria isolated from traditional dairy products produced by herders in the western Tianshan Mountains of China 2014 Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy Science of Chinese Ministry of Education and Municipal Government of Beijing, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.
Source Type
Print(0)
Ref Type
Journal Article
Periodical, Full
Letters in applied microbiology
Periodical, Abbrev.
Lett.Appl.Microbiol.
Pub Date Free Form
Nov
Volume
59
Issue
5
Start Page
549
Other Pages
556
Notes
CI: (c) 2014; JID: 8510094; OTO: NOTNLM; 2014/03/27 [received]; 2014/07/03 [revised]; 2014/07/28 [accepted]; 2014/08/23 [aheadofprint]; ppublish
Place of Publication
England
ISSN/ISBN
1472-765X; 0266-8254
Accession Number
PMID: 25082064
Language
eng
SubFile
Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM
DOI
10.1111/lam.12313 [doi]
Output Language
Unknown(0)
PMID
25082064
Abstract
Thirty strains of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) were isolated from herders' traditional dairy products collected from Xinjiang, China. The species Lactobacillus, Lactococcus, Enterococcus, Pediococcus and Leuconostoc were identified by 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing analysis and conventional observation. The strains' fermentation characteristics, including milk acidification, proteolysis, autolysis, antimicrobial activity and diacetyl production, were assayed and compared. Strains NL24 and NL31 showed the highest proteolytic activity-2.75 and 2.08 mmol Phe l(-1) milk, respectively. Strains C, NL41, SW2, Z3-11, NL42 and Z2-91 had high autolytic activity. In addition, most of the wild strains produced diacetyl, half of them to high levels. This study provides a clue to LAB biodiversity in traditional dairy foods produced by herders in the western Tianshan Mountains. High-performing strains should be further evaluated for practical application in value-added fermented dairy products. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Our results reveal a certain variety of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) in traditional dairy products from Xinjiang. Some of the LAB strains, such as Lactobacillus rhamnosus NL24 and Lactobacillus paracasei SW2, possess excellent functional properties and have the potential for application in indigenous fermented dairy products. Performance of the newly isolated strains in cheese or yogurt manufacturing was further evaluated. Application of the high-performing strains to enrich the flavour of fermented dairy products is highly desirable and holds great commercial potential.
Descriptors
Links
Book Title
Database
Publisher
The Society for Applied Microbiology
Data Source
Authors
Zuo,F.L., Feng,X.J., Chen,L.L., Chen,S.W.
Original/Translated Title
URL
Date of Electronic
20140823
PMCID
Editors
Teen use of flavored tobacco products in new york city 2014 Bureau of Chronic Disease Prevention and Tobacco Control, New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, Queens, NY sfarley@health.nyc.gov.; Bureau of Chronic Disease Prevention and Tobacco Control, New York City Department of Health and Mental Hy
Source Type
Print(0)
Ref Type
Journal Article
Periodical, Full
Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco
Periodical, Abbrev.
Nicotine Tob.Res.
Pub Date Free Form
Nov
Volume
16
Issue
11
Start Page
1518
Other Pages
1521
Notes
CI: Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco 2014; JID: 9815751; 0 (Flavoring Agents); 1490-04-6 (Menthol); 2014/07/31 [aheadofprint]; ppublish
Place of Publication
England
ISSN/ISBN
1469-994X; 1462-2203
Accession Number
PMID: 25082831
Language
eng
SubFile
Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM
DOI
10.1093/ntr/ntu126 [doi]
Output Language
Unknown(0)
PMID
25082831
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: Teen use of flavored tobacco products is a concern. Menthol cigarettes have been found to influence teen smoking; however, less is known about the association between teen use of other flavored tobacco products, such as cigars and dip, and cigarette smoking. METHODS: The New York City 2010 Special Communities Putting Prevention to Work Youth Risk Behavior Survey data (N = 1,800 aged 13-17 years) were analyzed to examine the association between ever trying flavored tobacco products and current smoking, after we adjusted for demographics and ever-use of menthol cigarettes. RESULTS: Twenty percent of teens reported ever trying flavored tobacco products; youth who were current smokers (58%) were more likely to have tried flavored tobacco products than youth who were not current smokers (16%). Controlling for menthol cigarette use, teens who had ever tried flavored tobacco products were nearly 3 times more likely to be current smokers than those who had never tried flavored tobacco products (odds ratio = 2.70, 95% confidence interval = 1.47-4.98). CONCLUSIONS: Ever trying flavored tobacco products was strongly associated with current smoking among teens. The findings from this study suggest that regulations prohibiting sales of flavored tobacco products could decrease youth smoking.
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Database
Publisher
. This work is written by (a) US Government employee(s) and is in the public domain in the US
Data Source
Authors
Farley,S.M., Seoh,H., Sacks,R., Johns,M.
Original/Translated Title
URL
Date of Electronic
20140731
PMCID
Editors
E-cigarette awareness, use, and harm perceptions in Italy: a national representative survey 2014 Department of Epidemiology, IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milan, Italy; silvano.gallus@marionegri.it.; Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Universita degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy;; Department of Therapeu
Source Type
Print(0)
Ref Type
Journal Article
Periodical, Full
Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco
Periodical, Abbrev.
Nicotine Tob.Res.
Pub Date Free Form
Dec
Volume
16
Issue
12
Start Page
1541
Other Pages
1548
Notes
CI: (c) The Author 2014; JID: 9815751; 2014/07/31 [aheadofprint]; ppublish
Place of Publication
England
ISSN/ISBN
1469-994X; 1462-2203
Accession Number
PMID: 25082832
Language
eng
SubFile
Journal Article; Randomized Controlled Trial; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM
DOI
10.1093/ntr/ntu124 [doi]
Output Language
Unknown(0)
PMID
25082832
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: Only a few studies have provided information on awareness, use, and harm perceptions of e-cigarettes in Europe. We fill the knowledge gap in Italy. METHODS: We used data from a face-to-face survey conducted in 2013 of a sample of 3,000 individuals, representative of the Italian population aged >/=15 years (51.1 million inhabitants). RESULTS: Awareness of e-cigarettes was 91.1%; it was lowest among women (87.8%), the elderly (78.4%), those with less education (84.1%), and never-smokers (89.0%). Ever e-cigarette use was 6.8% overall and was inversely related to age, whereas no significant difference was observed according to sex. With regard to smoking status, 2.6% of never-smokers, 7.0% of ex-smokers, and 20.4% of current smokers tried the e-cigarette at least once. Regular e-cigarette use was 1.2% overall, 1.5% among men, and 0.9% among women, and it was highest among young (2.4%) and current smokers (3.7%). Among 36 e-cigarette regular users, 22.0% did not change their smoking habit, 67.7% reduced traditional cigarette consumption, and 10.4% quit smoking. CONCLUSIONS: After fewer than 3 years from the opening of the first Italian e-cigarette shop, more than 45 million Italians have heard about e-cigarettes, 3.5 million have tried e-cigaretts, and more than 600,000 Italians regularly use e-cigarettes. Three out of 4 e-cigarette users reported to have favorably modified their smoking habit; however, 90% of users did not quit smoking as a consequence of starting vaping e-cigarettes. Almost 900,000 Italian never-smokers, particularly young never-smokers, have tried this new and potentially addictive product at least once.
Descriptors
Links
Book Title
Database
Publisher
. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco
Data Source
Authors
Gallus,S., Lugo,A., Pacifici,R., Pichini,S., Colombo,P., Garattini,S., La Vecchia,C.
Original/Translated Title
URL
Date of Electronic
20140731
PMCID
Editors
Alternate tobacco product and drug use among adolescents who use electronic cigarettes, cigarettes only, and never smokers 2014 Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut. Electronic address: deepa.camenga@yale.edu.; Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut.; Department of Psychiatry, Yale Univer
Source Type
Print(0)
Ref Type
Journal Article
Periodical, Full
The Journal of adolescent health : official publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine
Periodical, Abbrev.
J.Adolesc.Health
Pub Date Free Form
Oct
Volume
55
Issue
4
Start Page
588
Other Pages
591
Notes
LR: 20151213; CI: Copyright (c) 2014; GR: K12 DA033312/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States; GR: K12DA033012/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States; GR: P30 CA016056/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States; GR: R01 DA026450/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States; GR: R01DA026450/DA/NIDA NIH
Place of Publication
United States
ISSN/ISBN
1879-1972; 1054-139X
Accession Number
PMID: 25085648
Language
eng
SubFile
Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; IM
DOI
10.1016/j.jadohealth.2014.06.016 [doi]
Output Language
Unknown(0)
PMID
25085648
Abstract
PURPOSE: To determine whether use of alternative tobacco products (i.e., cigars, blunts, hookah, smokeless tobacco), alcohol, and marijuana differs among adolescents who currently use (1) electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes); (2) cigarettes only; and (3) never smokers. METHODS: Analysis of a self-reported survey from four high schools in 2010-2011 (n = 3,102) with a subsample (n = 1,556) surveyed on alcohol and marijuana. Analyses were conducted with multinomial logistic regression models accounting for clustering by schools. RESULTS: The sample contained 2.4% (n = 76) e-cigarette users, 12.4% (n = 386) cigarette smokers, and 85.1% (n = 3,197) never smokers. E-cigarette users were more likely than cigarette-only smokers to report blunt (adjusted odds ratio, 1.81; 95% confidence interval, 1.21-2.71) and hookah use (adjusted odds ratio, 3.12; 95% confidence interval, 1.90-5.13), but not cigar, smokeless tobacco, alcohol, or marijuana use. CONCLUSIONS: E-cigarette users are more likely than cigarette smokers to use hookah and blunts.
Descriptors
Links
Book Title
Database
Publisher
Society for Adolescent Health and Medicine. Published by Elsevier Inc
Data Source
Authors
Camenga,D.R., Kong,G., Cavallo,D.A., Liss,A., Hyland,A., Delmerico,J., Cummings,K.M., Krishnan-Sarin,S.
Original/Translated Title
URL
Date of Electronic
20140729
PMCID
PMC4175192
Editors
Release of bisphenols from can coatings into canned beer in China market 2015 State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China.
Source Type
Print(0)
Ref Type
Journal Article
Periodical, Full
Journal of the science of food and agriculture
Periodical, Abbrev.
J.Sci.Food Agric.
Pub Date Free Form
15-Mar
Volume
95
Issue
4
Start Page
764
Other Pages
770
Notes
CI: (c) 2014; JID: 0376334; 0 (Benzhydryl Compounds); 0 (Carcinogens); 0 (Epoxy Compounds); 0 (Phenols); F3XRM1NX4H (2,2-bis(4-glycidyloxyphenyl)propane); MLT3645I99 (bisphenol A); OTO: NOTNLM; 2013/09/12 [received]; 2014/06/14 [revised]; 2014/07/20 [acce
Place of Publication
England
ISSN/ISBN
1097-0010; 0022-5142
Accession Number
PMID: 25092470
Language
eng
SubFile
Comparative Study; Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM
DOI
10.1002/jsfa.6862 [doi]
Output Language
Unknown(0)
PMID
25092470
Abstract
BACKGROUND: The aim of this research was to understand the migration of bisphenols from can coatings into foods in the Chinese market. RESULTS: The migration of bisphenols was studied in commercial cans from the Chinese market filled with four types of food simulant (FS), which were heated at 121 degrees C for 30 min and stored at 40 degrees C for 30 days. Only bisphenol A (BPA) and bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) were found in the can coatings, and SimC (10% (v/v) ethanol/water) was the most suitable FS for their release. The levels of these bisphenols in 24 kinds of canned beer from Chinese markets were also investigated. The average concentrations of BPA and BADGE were 2.85 +/- 0.79 and 0.38 +/- 0.19 microg . L(-)(1) respectively, which were both lower than the EU limits, and their respective daily intakes were estimated at 0.015 and 0.0020 microg . kg(-)(1) body weight . day(-)(1). Besides, increasing storage temperature and time accelerated the release of bisphenols into FSs. CONCLUSION: The present results provide some guidance to reduce the migration of bisphenols during the transport and storage of canned foods.
Descriptors
Links
Book Title
Database
Publisher
Society of Chemical Industry
Data Source
Authors
Xie,Y., Bao,Y., Wang,H., Cheng,Y., Qian,H., Yao,W.
Original/Translated Title
URL
Date of Electronic
20140911
PMCID
Editors
The impact of handicap severity on oral and periodontal status of patients with mental retardation 2014 PHD DDS, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Ufuk University, Ankara, Turkey.; Assistant Professor, Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey.; PHD DDS, Department of Pediatric D
Source Type
Print(0)
Ref Type
Journal Article
Periodical, Full
The journal of contemporary dental practice
Periodical, Abbrev.
J.Contemp.Dent.Pract.
Pub Date Free Form
1-Mar
Volume
15
Issue
2
Start Page
218
Other Pages
222
Notes
JID: 101090552; epublish
Place of Publication
India
ISSN/ISBN
1526-3711; 1526-3711
Accession Number
PMID: 25095847
Language
eng
SubFile
Comparative Study; Journal Article; D; IM
DOI
1526-3711-1266 [pii]
Output Language
Unknown(0)
PMID
25095847
Abstract
AIM: Mental retardation (MR) subjects comprise a considerable amount of the community and are susceptible to oral and periodontal problems due to insufficient oral care. The aim of this cross-sectional study was to determine the oral health and periodontal status of MR patients in Turkey with regard to periodontal indices and Decay missed filling teeth (DMFT) scores and compare findings according to severity of the MR. MATERIALS AND METHODS: One hundred and five MR patients were included to the study and divided into 3 groups according to MR severity diagnoses. Demographic variables like age, gender, disabled sibling, BMI, living an institution and clinical parameters like plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), bleeding on probing (BOP), probing depth (PD), clinical attachment level (CAL), missing teeth and DMFT scores were recorded from all subjects. Appropriate statistical analyses were used to compare the findings. RESULTS: There were no statistically significant differences between groups according to age, gender, disabled sibling, living status and DMFT scores. Clinical periodontal indices and the number of missing teeth were showed a statistically significant increasing trend with the severity of MR (p
Descriptors
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Book Title
Database
Publisher
Data Source
Authors
Ozgul,O., Dursun,E., Ozgul,B.M., Kartal,Y., Coskunses,F.M., Kocyigit,I.D., Tozum,T.F.
Original/Translated Title
URL
Date of Electronic
20140301
PMCID
Editors
The relationship between waterpipe smoking and body weight: population-based findings from Syria 2015 School of Public Health, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN; Syrian Center for Tobacco Studies, Aleppo, Syria; kdward@memphis.edu.; School of Public Health, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN;; School of Public Health, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN;
Source Type
Print(0)
Ref Type
Journal Article
Periodical, Full
Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco
Periodical, Abbrev.
Nicotine Tob.Res.
Pub Date Free Form
Jan
Volume
17
Issue
1
Start Page
34
Other Pages
40
Notes
LR: 20160101; CI: (c) The Author 2014; GR: R01 DA035160/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States; GR: R01DA024876/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States; GR: R01DA035160/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States; GR: R01TW05962/TW/FIC NIH HHS/United States; GR: R21TW006545/TW/FIC NIH HH
Place of Publication
England
ISSN/ISBN
1469-994X; 1462-2203
Accession Number
PMID: 25096252
Language
eng
SubFile
Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; IM
DOI
10.1093/ntr/ntu121 [doi]
Output Language
Unknown(0)
PMID
25096252
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: Cigarette smoking has well known effects on body weight, with current smokers weighing less than never-smokers, and cessation producing weight gain. Use of waterpipe (or "hookah") is increasing in many parts of the world but its effects on body weight are not known. METHODS: We compared body mass index (BMI) among 2,536 adults (age >/= 18 years old), who were never, former, current nondaily, or current daily waterpipe smokers, drawn from 2 representative, population-based household surveys of adults in Aleppo, Syria. RESULTS: Overall, 84.1% (n = 2,134) never-smoked waterpipe, 4.6% (n = 116) were former smokers, 9.9% (n = 251) were current nondaily smokers, and 1.4% (n = 35) were current daily smokers. Mean BMI of the sample was 30.2 kg/m(2) (SD = 6.3). Adjusted for cigarette smoking, number of chronic diseases, age, gender, income, and marital status, daily waterpipe users were 2.26 BMI units greater than never-smokers (beta = 2.26, 95% CI = 0.79-3.72), and had nearly threefold odds of being obese (odds ratio = 2.87, 95% CI = 1.06-7.76). Nondaily and former waterpipe users were similar to never-smokers in terms of BMI and obesity risk. CONCLUSION: Results indicate that daily waterpipe users, compared to never-users, have higher BMI, translating into 6 extra kilograms of weight on average, and are 3 times as likely to be obese.
Descriptors
Links
Book Title
Database
Publisher
. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco
Data Source
Authors
Ward,K.D., Ahn,S., Mzayek,F., Al Ali,R., Rastam,S., Asfar,T., Fouad,F., Maziak,W.
Original/Translated Title
URL
Date of Electronic
20140805
PMCID
PMC4351400
Editors
Shear bond strength of orthodontic brackets after acid-etched and erbium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet laser-etched 2014 Dental Materials Research Center and Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.; Torabinejad Dental Research Center and Department of Periodontics, School of Dentistry, Isfahan University of Med
Source Type
Print(0)
Ref Type
Journal Article
Periodical, Full
Dental research journal
Periodical, Abbrev.
Dent.Res.J.(Isfahan)
Pub Date Free Form
May
Volume
11
Issue
3
Start Page
321
Other Pages
326
Notes
LR: 20140808; JID: 101471186; OID: NLM: PMC4119364; OTO: NOTNLM; ppublish
Place of Publication
Iran
ISSN/ISBN
1735-3327; 1735-3327
Accession Number
PMID: 25097641
Language
eng
SubFile
Journal Article
DOI
Output Language
Unknown(0)
PMID
25097641
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Laser ablation has been suggested as an alternative method to acid etching; however, previous studies have obtained contrasting results. The purpose of this study was to compare the shear bond strength (SBS) and fracture mode of orthodontic brackets that are bonded to enamel etched with acid and erbium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet (Er:YAG) laser. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this experimental in vitro study, buccal surfaces of 15 non-carious human premolars were divided into mesial and distal regions. Randomly, one of the regions was etched with 37% phosphoric acid for 15 s and another region irradiated with Er:YAG laser at 100 mJ energy and 20 Hz frequency for 20 s. Stainless steel brackets were then bonded using Transbond XT, following which all the samples were stored in distilled water for 24 h and then subjected to 500 thermal cycles. SBS was tested by a chisel edge, mounted on the crosshead of universal testing machine. After debonding, the teeth were examined under x10 magnification and adhesive remnant index (ARI) score determined. SBS and ARI scores of the two groups were then compared using t-test and Mann-Whitney U test. Significant level was set at P
Descriptors
Links
Book Title
Database
Publisher
Data Source
Authors
Alavi,S., Birang,R., Hajizadeh,F.
Original/Translated Title
URL
Date of Electronic
PMCID
PMC4119364
Editors
Predictors of non- hookah smoking among high-school students based on prototype/willingness model 2014 Department of Health Education and Promotion, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Science, Yazd, Iran ; Department of Public Health, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran.; Department of Health Education and Promotion, Shahid Sado
Source Type
Print(0)
Ref Type
Journal Article
Periodical, Full
Health promotion perspectives
Periodical, Abbrev.
Health.Promot.Perspect.
Pub Date Free Form
12-Jul
Volume
4
Issue
1
Start Page
46
Other Pages
53
Notes
LR: 20140808; JID: 101580052; OID: NLM: PMC4122036; OTO: NOTNLM; 2014 [ecollection]; 2014/05/15 [received]; 2014/07/01 [accepted]; 2014/07/12 [epublish]; epublish
Place of Publication
Iran
ISSN/ISBN
2228-6497; 2228-6497
Accession Number
PMID: 25097836
Language
eng
SubFile
Journal Article
DOI
10.5681/hpp.2014.006 [doi]
Output Language
Unknown(0)
PMID
25097836
Abstract
BACKGROUND: The aim of the study was to determine predictors of refraining from hookah smoking among high-school students in Bandar Abbas, southern Iran based on Prototype/Willingness model. METHODS: This cross- sectional with analytic approach was performed on 240 high-school students selected by a cluster random sampling. The data of demographic and Prototype-Willingness Model constructs were acquired via a self-administrated questionnaire. Data were analyzed by mean, frequency, correlation, liner and logistic regression statistical tests. RESULTS: Statistically significant determinants of the intention to refrain from hookah smoking were subjective norms, willingness, and attitude. Regression model indicated that the three items together explained 46.9% of the non-smoking hookah intention variance. Attitude and subjective norms predicted 36.0% of the non-smoking hookah intention variance. There was a significant relationship between the participants' negative prototype about the hookah smokers and the willingness to avoid from hookah smoking (P=0.002). Also willingness predicted non-smoking hookah better than the intention (P
Descriptors
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Book Title
Database
Publisher
Data Source
Authors
Abedini,S., MorowatiSharifabad,M., Chaleshgar Kordasiabi,M., Ghanbarnejad,A.
Original/Translated Title
URL
Date of Electronic
20140712
PMCID
PMC4122036
Editors
Comparison of periodontal health status of smokers versus non-smokers 2013
Source Type
Print(0)
Ref Type
Journal Article
Periodical, Full
Journal of Ayub Medical College, Abbottabad : JAMC
Periodical, Abbrev.
J.Ayub Med.Coll.Abbottabad
Pub Date Free Form
Jan-Jun
Volume
25
Issue
2-Jan
Start Page
183
Other Pages
186
Notes
JID: 8910750; ppublish
Place of Publication
Pakistan
ISSN/ISBN
1025-9589; 1025-9589
Accession Number
PMID: 25098091
Language
eng
SubFile
Comparative Study; Journal Article; IM
DOI
Output Language
Unknown(0)
PMID
25098091
Abstract
BACKGROUND: This study aims to compare the periodontal health status of current smokers versus nonsmokers. The study was carried out in the Dental department, Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences (PIMS) between May 2009 and June 2010. A total of 280 male subjects, married, over the age of 18 were selected to take part in the study and their periodontal health was assessed by presence of calculus, bleeding on probing and pocket depth greater than four millimetres. METHODS: Patients including smokers and non smokers were selected on the basis of the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Subjects were clinically evaluated by using a specially designed CPITN probe which was used to measure pocket depths in the mouth. The mouth was divided into six sextants. The other variables examined included bleeding on probing and presence of calculus. The data was subsequently analyzed using the SPSS statistical software programme. The statistical significance level was set at 5%. RESULTS: There was decreased incidence of bleeding on probing (31.7%) in smokers than non-smokers (53.5%) however, there was an increased incidence of calculus formation among smokers (89.4%) compared to the subjects who did not smoke (69.6%). There was a significant difference between the overall mean pocket depth in smokers (3.7 +/- 1.4) and non-smokers (3.0 +/- 1.1). All of the above differences were found to be statistically significant. CONCLUSION: There was a marked association between cigarette smoking and periodontal disease.
Descriptors
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Book Title
Database
Publisher
Data Source
Authors
Jogezai,U., Maxood,A., Khan,N.A.
Original/Translated Title
URL
Date of Electronic
PMCID
Editors