WTS database

Title	Pub Year	Author	SearchLink Sort descending
Characterisation of urban inhalation exposures to benzene, formaldehyde and acetaldehyde in the European Union: comparison of measured and modelled exposure data	2008	Physical and Chemical Exposure Unit, Institute for Health and Consumer Protection, Joint Research Centre of the Commission of the European Communities, Via E. Fermi 1, T.P. 281, 21027 Ispra, VA, Italy.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Environmental science and pollution research international Periodical, Abbrev. Environ.Sci.Pollut.Res.Int. Pub Date Free Form Jul Volume 15 Issue 5 Start Page 417 Other Pages 430 Notes LR: 20131121; JID: 9441769; 0 (Air Pollutants); 1HG84L3525 (Formaldehyde); GO1N1ZPR3B (Acetaldehyde); J64922108F (Benzene); 2007/08/29 [received]; 2008/04/21 [accepted]; 2008/05/20 [aheadofprint]; ppublish Place of Publication Germany ISSN/ISBN 0944-1344; 0944-1344 Accession Number PMID: 18491156 Language eng SubFile Comparative Study; Journal Article; IM DOI 10.1007/s11356-008-0013-4 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 18491156 Abstract BACKGROUND, AIM AND SCOPE: All across Europe, people live and work in indoor environments. On average, people spend around 90% of their time indoors (homes, workplaces, cars and public transport means, etc.) and are exposed to a complex mixture of pollutants at concentration levels that are often several times higher than outdoors. These pollutants are emitted by different sources indoors and outdoors and include volatile organic compounds (VOCs), carbonyls (aldehydes and ketones) and other chemical substances often adsorbed on particles. Moreover, legal obligations opposed by legislations, such as the European Union's General Product Safety Directive (GPSD) and Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH), increasingly require detailed understanding of where and how chemical substances are used throughout their life-cycle and require better characterisation of their emissions and exposure. This information is essential to be able to control emissions from sources aiming at a reduction of adverse health effects. Scientifically sound human risk assessment procedures based on qualitative and quantitative human exposure information allows a better characterisation of population exposures to chemical substances. In this context, the current paper compares inhalation exposures to three health-based EU priority substances, i.e. benzene, formaldehyde and acetaldehyde. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Distributions of urban population inhalation exposures, indoor and outdoor concentrations were created on the basis of measured AIRMEX data in 12 European cities and compared to results from existing European population exposure studies published within the scientific literature. By pooling all EU city personal exposure, indoor and outdoor concentration means, representative EU city cumulative frequency distributions were created. Population exposures were modelled with a microenvironment model using the time spent and concentrations in four microenvironments, i.e. indoors at home and at work, outdoors at work and in transit, as input parameters. Pooled EU city inhalation exposures were compared to modelled population exposures. The contributions of these microenvironments to the total daily inhalation exposure of formaldehyde, benzene and acetaldehyde were estimated. Inhalation exposures were compared to the EU annual ambient benzene air quality guideline (5 microg/m3-to be met by 2010) and the recommended (based on the INDEX project) 30-min average formaldehyde limit value (30 microg/m3). RESULTS: Indoor inhalation exposure contributions are much higher compared to the outdoor or in-transit microenvironment contributions, accounting for almost 99% in the case of formaldehyde. The highest in-transit exposure contribution was found for benzene; 29.4% of the total inhalation exposure contribution. Comparing the pooled AIRMEX EU city inhalation exposures with the modelled exposures, benzene, formaldehyde and acetaldehyde exposures are 5.1, 17.3 and 11.8 microg/m3 vs. 5.1, 20.1 and 10.2 microg/m3, respectively. Together with the fact that a dominating fraction of time is spent indoors (>90%), the total inhalation exposure is mostly driven by the time spent indoors. DISCUSSION: The approach used in this paper faced three challenges concerning exposure and time-activity data, comparability and scarce or missing in-transit data inducing careful interpretation of the results. The results obtained by AIRMEX underline that many European urban populations are still exposed to elevated levels of benzene and formaldehyde in the inhaled air. It is still likely that the annual ambient benzene air quality guideline of 5 microg/m3 in the EU and recommended formaldehyde 30-min average limit value of 30 microg/m3 are exceeded by a substantial part of populations living in urban areas. Considering multimedia and multi-pathway exposure to acetaldehyde, the biggest exposure contribution was found to be related to dietary behaviou Descriptors Acetaldehyde/analysis, Air Pollutants/analysis, Air Pollution, Indoor/analysis, Benzene/analysis, Computer Simulation, European Union, Formaldehyde/analysis, Humans, Inhalation Exposure/analysis, Models, Chemical, Urban Population Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Bruinen de Bruin,Y., Koistinen,K., Kephalopoulos,S., Geiss,O., Tirendi,S., Kotzias,D. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20080520 PMCID Editors
Waterpipe smoking in students: prevalence, risk factors, symptoms of addiction, and smoke intake. Evidence from one British university	2008	Department of Primary Care & General Practice, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK. DHJ242@adf.bham.ac.uk	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full BMC public health Periodical, Abbrev. BMC Public Health Pub Date Free Form 22-May Volume 8 Issue Start Page 174 Other Pages 2458-8-174 Notes LR: 20151119; JID: 100968562; 059QF0KO0R (Water); 7U1EE4V452 (Carbon Monoxide); OID: NLM: PMC2413225; 2007/11/22 [received]; 2008/05/22 [accepted]; 2008/05/22 [aheadofprint]; epublish Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1471-2458; 1471-2458 Accession Number PMID: 18498653 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI 10.1186/1471-2458-8-174 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 18498653 Abstract BACKGROUND: Anecdotal reports suggest waterpipe smoking is becoming common in students in western countries. The aim was to examine prevalence, risk factors, symptoms of addiction, and smoke intake. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional survey of students with subsidiary survey of regular waterpipe user and survey of exhaled carbon monoxide (CO) before and after waterpipe smoking in customers of a waterpipe cafe. 937 students of Birmingham University completed the initial survey with a follow up of 21 regular waterpipe smokers. 63 customers of a waterpipe cafe near the University completed the study of CO intake. RESULTS: 355 (37.9%, 95% confidence intervals (CI) 34.8 to 41.1%) students had tried waterpipes, the prevalence of trying rising with duration at University. 75 (8.0%, 95%CI 6.4 to 10.0%) were regular smokers, similar to the prevalence of cigarette smoking (9.4%). Although cigarette smoking was the major risk factor for being a regular waterpipe smoker, odds ratio (95%CI) 2.77 (1.52 to 5.06), 65% of waterpipe smokers did not smoke cigarettes. Seven of 21 (33.3%) regular waterpipe smokers experienced cravings. Nearly all regular waterpipe users thought it less harmful than smoking cigarettes. The mean (standard deviation) rise in CO was 37.4 (25.8)ppm, nearly twice as high as a typical cigarette smoker seeking cessation treatment. CONCLUSION: Waterpipe smoking is a common part of student culture in one British university, as in the Middle East and in the United States. It poses a potential threat to public health, with evidence of dependence and high smoke intake. Descriptors Adolescent, Adult, Carbon Monoxide/analysis, Confidence Intervals, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Great Britain/epidemiology, Health Behavior, Humans, Male, Prevalence, Restaurants, Risk Factors, Smoking/epidemiology/psychology, Students/psychology/statistics & numerical data, Surveys and Questionnaires, Tobacco Use Disorder/epidemiology, Universities, Water Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Jackson,D., Aveyard,P. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20080522 PMCID PMC2413225 Editors
Pressurized hot water extraction coupled to solid-phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for the analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in sediments	2008	Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of A Coruna, Campus da Zapateira, A Coruna, Spain.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Journal of chromatography.A Periodical, Abbrev. J.Chromatogr.A Pub Date Free Form 4-Jul Volume 1196-1197 Issue Start Page 65 Other Pages 72 Notes LR: 20090115; JID: 9318488; 0 (Polycyclic Hydrocarbons, Aromatic); 0 (Water Pollutants, Chemical); 2008/03/07 [received]; 2008/04/30 [revised]; 2008/05/07 [accepted]; 2008/05/10 [aheadofprint]; ppublish Place of Publication Netherlands ISSN/ISBN 0021-9673; 0021-9673 Accession Number PMID: 18501367 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.05.006 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 18501367 Abstract A fully automated, environmentally friendly, simple, and sensitive method was developed for the analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in sediment samples. The procedure is based on pressurized hot water extraction (PHWE) followed by solid-phase microextraction (SPME) and determination by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. For PHWE, parameters such as organic modifier, percentage of organic modifier, temperature, and static extraction time were studied. For SPME, extraction temperature and time, desorption temperature and time, splitless time, ionic strength adjustments, and effect of an organic modifier were studied. When these parameters were selected, the figures of merit were calculated. The detection and quantification limits were between 0.4-15 microg kg(-1) and 1.2-51 microg kg(-1), respectively. The linearity of the method was assessed spiking sediment samples at seven levels of concentration ranged between 2.5 microg kg(-1) and 500 microg kg(-1) for most of the studied PAHs. The method was validated by two concentration levels reference marine sediment materials (SRM 1944 and SRM 1941b). The obtained results are in very good agreement with the certificate materials. The developed method seems to be suitable for the analysis of PAHs at ultratrace levels in environmental matrices as sediment samples. Descriptors Chemical Fractionation/instrumentation/methods, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry/instrumentation/methods, Geologic Sediments/analysis/chemistry, Polycyclic Hydrocarbons, Aromatic/analysis/chemistry, Reproducibility of Results, Solid Phase Microextraction/instrumentation/methods, Water Pollutants, Chemical/analysis/isolation & purification Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Fernandez-Gonzalez,V., Concha-Grana,E., Muniategui-Lorenzo,S., Lopez-Mahia,P., Prada-Rodriguez,D. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20080510 PMCID Editors
Particulate matter in classrooms--problem and the impact of cleaning and ventilation with the City of Frankfurt am Main as an example	2008	Abteilung Medizinische Dienste und Hygiene Stadtgesundheitsamt. ursel.heudorf@stadt-frankfurt.de	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Gesundheitswesen (Bundesverband der Arzte des Offentlichen Gesundheitsdienstes (Germany)) Periodical, Abbrev. Gesundheitswesen Pub Date Free Form Apr Volume 70 Issue 4 Start Page 231 Other Pages 238 Notes LR: 20141120; JID: 9204210; 0 (Particulate Matter); ppublish Place of Publication Germany ISSN/ISBN 1439-4421; 0941-3790 Accession Number PMID: 18512197 Language ger SubFile English Abstract; Journal Article; IM DOI 10.1055/s-2008-1077055 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 18512197 Abstract BACKGROUND: Indoor air quality in schools, especially the levels of particulate matter in classrooms, have become a matter of great public concern in Germany, Convenient recommendations to improve the hygienic situation in classrooms via cleaning and ventilation are often not followed. Here, data on particulate matter in the indoor air of classrooms, before and after intensified cleaning, are reported. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In the winter of 2006, analyses for particulate matter were done in two primary schools in Frankfurt/M, one of them located in a rural area the other one in an inner city area of Frankfurt/M. Particulate matter (PM10) was analysed by laser beam technology, the data documented every five minutes from 8 am to 2 pm. In parallel, a documentation of the number of persons present in the room, their activity and ventilation was done according to a standardised protocol. Measurements were collected for a period of three weeks. During the first week, the normal school situation was analysed, i.e., the classrooms were ventilated as usual and were cleaned by wet wiping twice a week. During the second and third weeks, the rooms were cleaned every day, so that the effect of intensified cleaning could be studied. In winter 2007, these measurements were continued for one week in two classrooms of a passive house school, following the identical study protocol. RESULTS: During the first week--wet cleaning twice a week--mean particulate concentrations of 86 microg/m3 (median 60 microg/m3) were obtained, during the 2nd and 3rd weeks--wet cleaning every school day mean concentrations of 60 microg/m3 (median 53 microg/m3)--with great differences on different days. Especially during and after handicraft (casting candles) lessons, maximum levels up to >1000 microg/m3 were analysed. Although an impact of cleaning on levels of indoor particles could be established, indoor PM10 levels were dominated by indoor factors, such as occupancy and activity of the persons in the room. After substraction of the outdoor PM10 levels from the indoor levels, the "indoor part" was ca. 50 microg/m3 before, and ca. 30 microg/m3 during intensified cleaning. Further detailed investigations showed the predominance of particles >1 microm indoors, which could easily be diminished by cleaning and ventilation. Indoor particles <0.5 microm, however, were increased via ventilation. CONCLUSION: In classrooms, generally higher indoor levels of air particulate matter are detected than outdoors. Particulate matter in the indoor air of classrooms is to be considered as an indicator of low hygiene and of increased and avoidable heath risk for pupils and teachers. Our data indicate the relevance of cleaning--and with regard to PM <1 microm also of ventilation--for the reduction of particulate matter in classrooms. Therefore, these measures should be taken to improve indoor air quality in schools. Descriptors Air Pollution, Indoor/analysis/statistics & numerical data, Cities/statistics & numerical data, Environmental Restoration and Remediation/statistics & numerical data, Germany, Particulate Matter/analysis, Schools/statistics & numerical data, Ventilation/statistics & numerical data Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Heudorf,U. Original/Translated Title Feinstaubbelastung in Schulen--Untersuchungsergebnisse und Losungsansatze am Beispiel der Stadt Frankfurt am Main URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Cigarette and nargila (water pipe) use among Israeli Arab high school students: prevalence and determinants of tobacco smoking	2008	Department of Health Management, School of Health Science, Ariel University Center of Samaria, Ariel, Israel. kornli@mail.biu.ac.il	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full TheScientificWorldJournal Periodical, Abbrev. ScientificWorldJournal Pub Date Free Form 22-May Volume 8 Issue Start Page 517 Other Pages 525 Notes JID: 101131163; epublish Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1537-744X; 1537-744X Accession Number PMID: 18516473 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; IM DOI 10.1100/tsw.2008.71 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 18516473 Abstract Cigarette smoking is a popular habit among Arab Israelis. Over the past decade, smoking tobacco using nargila, a water pipe, has become a popular and accepted behavior among teenagers in Israel. Although the use of a water pipe (nargila) is an old habit among Middle Eastern adult males, its emergence among youth is a new finding. A representative sample of high school students in Tayibe, Israel is the subject of this survey. The sample represents data from 326 adolescents (boys 52.5% and girls 47.5%), ages 15-18, studying in one of the largest high schools in the Arab region of Israel. Our results show that a third of the sample smoked either cigarettes (36.2%) or nargila (37.1%). The gender difference among youths smoking cigarettes was 24.8% (48.0% for boys and 23.3% for girls), in contrast to 37.6% (55.0% for boys and 17.4% for girls) for nargila. There was a statistically significant correlation between cigarette and nargila smoking in populations where there is low religious inclination, increased parental smoking, and low student academic achievement. Students' perceptions of low academic achievement (OR 4.51, p < 0.001), students' mothers who smoke (OR 3.57, p < 0.001), and student's fathers who smoke (OR 2.75, p < 0.01) increase the youths' chances of using nargila. Our conclusions are that smoking cigarettes and nargila are equally popular, and patterns of smoking cigarettes and nargila parallel each other. Causes that influence cigarette smoking also influence nargila smoking. Educational efforts are needed as a public health intervention. Descriptors Adolescent, Arabs/statistics & numerical data, Educational Status, Female, Humans, Israel/ethnology, Male, Parents, Prevalence, Risk Assessment/methods, Risk Factors, Schools/statistics & numerical data, Smoking/ethnology, Socioeconomic Factors, Students/statistics & numerical data Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Korn,L., Magnezi,R. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20080522 PMCID Editors
Prevalence and social environment of cigarette smoking in Cyprus youth	2008	Cyprus International Institute for the Environment and Public Health in association with Harvard School of Public Health, Nicosia, Cyprus. cchristophi@cyprusinstitute.org	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full BMC public health Periodical, Abbrev. BMC Public Health Pub Date Free Form 2-Jun Volume 8 Issue Start Page 190 Other Pages 2458-8-190 Notes LR: 20151119; JID: 100968562; OID: NLM: PMC2435118; 2007/09/21 [received]; 2008/06/02 [accepted]; 2008/06/02 [aheadofprint]; epublish Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1471-2458; 1471-2458 Accession Number PMID: 18518947 Language eng SubFile Comparative Study; Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI 10.1186/1471-2458-8-190 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 18518947 Abstract BACKGROUND: Tobacco use is the single most preventable cause of morbidity and mortality in humans. Limited data exist regarding the extent of the problem among Cyprus youth. We use the Global Youth Tobacco Survey to assess the prevalence of cigarette smoking among middle and high school students as well as the social environment in which this is taking place. METHODS: The survey was conducted by the Cyprus International Institute for the Environment and Public Health in association with Harvard School of Public Health. A two-stage cluster sample design was used to select a representative sample of students from middle and high schools registered with the Republic of Cyprus in 2005-2006. The study questionnaire consisted of 99 questions and participation in the survey was voluntary. Statistical analyses were performed taking into consideration the specific design of the study and the sample weights associated with each completed questionnaire. RESULTS: The prevalence of current smoking, defined as having smoked cigarettes on one or more days of the past 30 days, is 13% among boys and 7% among girls in middle schools, and 36% among boys and 23% among girls in high schools. Furthermore, 16% of middle school students and more than 24% of high school students that had never smoked indicated that they are likely to initiate smoking within the next year. Exposure to environmental tobacco smoke is also very high with 91% of students reporting being exposed to smoke in places outside home. In addition, more than 95% of current smokers reported that they had bought cigarettes in a store during the past month and were not refused cigarettes because of their age. CONCLUSION: Smoking prevalence among Cyprus middle and high school students is high and there are indications of an increase in the prevalence of smoking among girls over the last few years. Susceptibility rates, exposure to second-hand smoke, and access to and availability of cigarettes to youth are also high and concerning. The present survey indicates that the problem of cigarette smoking among youth in Cyprus is significant and requires collective action immediately. Descriptors Adolescent, Adolescent Behavior, Adult, Advertising as Topic, Cluster Analysis, Cyprus/epidemiology, Female, Health Education/statistics & numerical data, Humans, Male, Marketing/statistics & numerical data, Mass Media, Prevalence, School Health Services, Sex Factors, Smoking/epidemiology, Smoking Cessation/statistics & numerical data, Social Environment, Surveys and Questionnaires Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Christophi,C. A., Kolokotroni,O., Alpert,H. R., Warren,C. W., Jones,N. R., Demokritou,P., Connolly,G. N. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20080602 PMCID PMC2435118 Editors
Alternative forms of tobacco use	2008	University of Louvain, Louvain, Belgium. jacques.prignot@uclouvain.be	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full The international journal of tuberculosis and lung disease : the official journal of the International Union against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease Periodical, Abbrev. Int.J.Tuberc.Lung Dis. Pub Date Free Form Jul Volume 12 Issue 7 Start Page 718 Other Pages 727 Notes JID: 9706389; ppublish Place of Publication France ISSN/ISBN 1027-3719; 1027-3719 Accession Number PMID: 18544194 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; IM DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 18544194 Abstract BACKGROUND: A review of the available scientific literature concerning forms of tobacco use other than regular cigarettes, cigars and pipes, the nature of such products, prevalence data and trends, health effects, regulatory issues and preventive measures. RESULTS: Narghile (water pipe), bidis, kreteks and other forms of oral tobacco are traditionally used in many low-income countries, and some of these are currently spreading to the Western countries. They are all linked to negative effects similar to, and often greater than, those associated with common cigarette smoking. Various potentially reduced exposure products (PREPs), including snus, targeted at smokers aware of the health risks of regular cigarettes, have recently been developed by the tobacco industry. Their pathogenic potential varies widely and is not fully known; it is in any case greater than that of pure nicotine forms (such as medicinal nicotine). Their use as cigarette substitutes should not be considered even by inveterate smokers who are unable or unwilling to quit nicotine before further independent evaluation and control. CONCLUSIONS: There is no such thing as a safe tobacco product. Like cigarettes, alternative forms of tobacco use need regulatory measures that are adapted to local situations and supplemented by preventive measures within the World Health Organization's Framework Convention for Tobacco Control. Descriptors Adolescent, Adult, Female, Humans, Male, Smoking/adverse effects/epidemiology, Tobacco Use Disorder/epidemiology, Tobacco, Smokeless/adverse effects Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Prignot,J. J., Sasco,A. J., Poulet,E., Gupta,P. C., Aditama,T. Y. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Exploring the use of little cigars by students at a historically black university	2008	Department of Public Health Education, North Carolina Central University, P.O. Box 19738, Durham, NC 27707, USA. djolly@nccu.edu	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Preventing chronic disease Periodical, Abbrev. Prev.Chronic Dis. Pub Date Free Form Jul Volume 5 Issue 3 Start Page A82 Other Pages Notes LR: 20160317; JID: 101205018; OID: NLM: PMC2483573; 2008/06/15 [epublish]; ppublish Place of Publication United States ISSN/ISBN 1545-1151; 1545-1151 Accession Number PMID: 18558032 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI A82 [pii] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 18558032 Abstract INTRODUCTION: Considerable evidence exists that little cigars are popular among African American adolescents and young adults who smoke. However, few studies have been published on the use of this tobacco product by young blacks in the United States. This research investigated little-cigar use among students at a historically black university in the southeastern United States. METHODS: As a follow-up to a survey on tobacco use among freshmen that revealed unexpectedly high rates of little-cigar use, 3 focus groups were conducted with current or former smokers of little cigars. Topics included preferred brands of little cigars, preference for little cigars over cigarettes, social contexts for smoking little cigars, perceived health risks of smoking little cigars relative to smoking cigarettes, and thoughts about quitting. RESULTS: Focus group participants preferred little cigars to cigarettes for various reasons, among them taste, smell, a better "buzz," social purposes, status, and perceptions that smoking little cigars is less addictive and less harmful than smoking cigarettes. Opinions on health risks varied; some participants believed that health risks can be reduced by removing the inner liner of little cigars. CONCLUSION: Use of little cigars should be addressed in tobacco research, use prevention, and use cessation efforts, targeting students at historically black colleges and perhaps other young African Americans. Results also suggest that clear distinctions should be made among cigarettes, little cigars, and cigars, and that tobacco use prevention and cessation programs should debunk myths that little cigars are a safe alternative to cigarettes. Study findings should be confirmed and elucidated through additional research. Descriptors Adolescent, Adult, African Americans, Female, Focus Groups, Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice, Humans, Male, Marijuana Smoking/ethnology, Smoking/ethnology, Southeastern United States/epidemiology, Students, Universities Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Jolly,D. H. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20080615 PMCID PMC2483573 Editors
Exploring use of nontraditional tobacco products through focus groups with young adult smokers, 2002	2008	Office on Smoking and Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Mailstop K-50, 4770 Buford Hwy, Atlanta, GA 30341-3717, USA. prichter@cdc.gov	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Preventing chronic disease Periodical, Abbrev. Prev.Chronic Dis. Pub Date Free Form Jul Volume 5 Issue 3 Start Page A87 Other Pages Notes LR: 20160317; JID: 101205018; OID: NLM: PMC2483554; 2008/06/15 [epublish]; ppublish Place of Publication United States ISSN/ISBN 1545-1151; 1545-1151 Accession Number PMID: 18558037 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; IM DOI A87 [pii] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 18558037 Abstract INTRODUCTION: In 2002, 16 focus groups with young adult smokers who used or had tried nontraditional tobacco products (e.g., bidis, shisha, herbal cigarettes, kreteks, cigars, herbal smokeless products) were conducted in Dallas, Texas, and Chattanooga, Tennessee, to gain an understanding of the appeal of these products. METHODS: In each city, groups were segmented by race or ethnicity and by educational status. RESULTS: Many consistent themes emerged across the groups. Nontraditional tobacco use is not common among young adult smokers. Although some products such as Black & Mild and Swisher Sweets cigars are used frequently by some groups, other products such as shisha, kreteks, and herbal cigarettes are less well known and infrequently used. Among focus group participants, use of nontraditional tobacco products tends to occur in clubs, during social gatherings, or at times when cigarettes are unavailable. More college students than those who were not in college cited cost and inconvenience of purchasing nontraditional tobacco products as reasons for not using them. All focus group participants agreed that African Americans use cigars more than any other racial or ethnic group. CONCLUSION: Overall, findings suggest that the reasons for trying nontraditional tobacco products did not differ by race or ethnicity. Family members and peers were mentioned as the source of nontraditional tobacco products when first used. Cost, convenience, taste, smell, and strength were given as reasons both for using these products and for discontinuing their use. Descriptors Adolescent, Adult, Female, Focus Groups, Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice, Humans, Male, Marijuana Smoking/epidemiology/ethnology, Smoking/epidemiology/ethnology, Smoking Cessation, Students, Tennessee/epidemiology, Texas/epidemiology Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Richter,P., Caraballo,R., Pederson,L. L., Gupta,N. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20080615 PMCID PMC2483554 Editors
Role of some environmental factors on the breeding activity of Anopheles arabiensis in New Halfa town, eastern Sudan	2008	Entomology Unit, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Kassala, New Halfa, Sudan. yosifhimeidan@hotmail.com	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Eastern Mediterranean health journal = La revue de sante de la Mediterranee orientale = al-Majallah al-sihhiyah li-sharq al-mutawassit Periodical, Abbrev. East.Mediterr.Health J. Pub Date Free Form Mar-Apr Volume 14 Issue 2 Start Page 252 Other Pages 259 Notes LR: 20131121; JID: 9608387; 059QF0KO0R (Water); EIN: East Mediterr Health J. 2008 Sep-Oct;14(5):1224. Rayah, E El-A [corrected to El Rayah, A E]; ppublish Place of Publication Egypt ISSN/ISBN 1020-3397; 1020-3397 Accession Number PMID: 18561715 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; IM DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 18561715 Abstract Anopheles arabiensis breeding was studied during March 1999-June 2000 in New Halfa town. Of 3642 anopheline larvae collected, 3633 (99.75%) were A. arabiensis: 82.49%, 11.56%, 3.08% and 2.88% of the larvae were collected from shallow sunlit pools resulting from pipes leakages, rain pools, irrigation canals and man-made pools respectively. The overall mean density was 24.34 larvae/10 dips: 40.73 during the rainy season, 30.45 during irrigation and 13.10 in the dry season. Water for crop cultivation increased the relative humidity (P = 0.013) and both factors enhanced A. arabiensis breeding (P < 0.005). There was no significant difference between the rainy and irrigation seasons. A. arabiensis breeding in this area has become perennial as a result of crop irrigation. Descriptors Agriculture, Analysis of Variance, Animals, Anopheles/parasitology/physiology, Climate, Ecology, Ecosystem, Humans, Humidity, Insect Vectors/parasitology/physiology, Larva/physiology, Malaria, Falciparum/epidemiology/prevention & control/transmission, Mosquito Control, Population Density, Rain, Reproduction/physiology, Seasons, Sudan/epidemiology, Urban Health/statistics & numerical data, Water/parasitology, Water Supply Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Himeidan,Y. E., El Rayah,A. E. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors

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