WTS database

Title	Pub Year	Author	SearchLink Sort descending
Ethnic differences in reported smoking behaviors in face-to-face and telephone interviews	2004	Israel Center for Disease Control, Ministry of Health, Tel Hashomer, Israel. ornaepel@research.haifa.ac.il	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full European journal of epidemiology Periodical, Abbrev. Eur.J.Epidemiol. Pub Date Free Form Volume 19 Issue 7 Start Page 679 Other Pages 686 Notes LR: 20071115; JID: 8508062; ppublish Place of Publication Netherlands ISSN/ISBN 0393-2990; 0393-2990 Accession Number PMID: 15461199 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; IM DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 15461199 Abstract Different modes of gathering data on self-reported health measures and self-reported risk factors are used frequently in research. However, data on the influence of the mode of collection of data on self-reporting are limited. The aim of the study was to identify associations between the mode of data collection and self-reported smoking in two distinct ethnic groups, Jews and Arabs in Israel. During the last 2 years, data were collected in two national surveys regarding the smoking behaviors of Jews and Arabs in Israel. In the telephone surveys 4713 Israeli residents were interviewed and in the face-to-face interviewees 3239 people were interviewed. The interviewees were between the ages 25 and 64. There was no significant difference in smoking rates between face-to-face interviews and telephone interviews among Jewish men or women after adjusting for other variables associated with smoking. However, there was a difference between the two methods of data collection in the Arab population also after the adjustment. In this group, respondents tended to report more often being a smoker in the face-to-face interviews. This was especially apparent in Arab women. There was no significant difference in the reported number of cigarettes smoked in the two modes of data collection. In Arabs compared to Jews there is a significant difference between reporting smoking during a telephone interview and a face-to-face interview. The mode of data collection can affect comparisons between different groups. Descriptors Adult, Arabs, Female, Humans, Interviews as Topic, Israel, Jews, Male, Middle Aged, Smoking/ethnology, Tobacco Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Baron-Epel,O., Haviv-Messika,A., Green,M. S., Kalutzki,D. N. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Adolescents' beliefs about the risks involved in smoking "light" cigarettes	2004	Division of Adolescent Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94118, USA.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Pediatrics Periodical, Abbrev. Pediatrics Pub Date Free Form Oct Volume 114 Issue 4 Start Page e445 Other Pages 51 Notes LR: 20151119; JID: 0376422; 0 (Tars); 6M3C89ZY6R (Nicotine); ppublish Place of Publication United States ISSN/ISBN 1098-4275; 0031-4005 Accession Number PMID: 15466070 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; AIM; IM DOI 114/4/e445 [pii] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 15466070 Abstract BACKGROUND: Light cigarettes have been marketed by the tobacco industry as being a healthier smoking choice, a safe alternative to cessation, and a first step toward quitting smoking altogether. Research, however, has failed to show a reduction in smoking-related health risks, an increase in rates of smoking cessation, a decrease in the amount of carbon monoxide or tar released, or a reduction in the rates of cardiovascular disease or lung cancer associated with light cigarette use, compared with regular cigarette use. Nevertheless, more than one-half of adolescent smokers in the United States smoke light cigarettes. This study is the first to investigate adolescents' perception of the risks associated with smoking light cigarettes, as well as adolescents' attitudes and knowledge about the delivery of tar and nicotine, health risks, social effects, addiction potential, and ease of cessation with light cigarettes, compared with regular cigarettes. DESIGN: Participants were 267 adolescents (mean age: 14.0 years) who completed a self-administered questionnaire during class time. After reading scenarios in which they imagined that they smoked regular or light cigarettes, participants estimated the chances that they would personally experience 7 smoking-related health risks and 3 addiction risks. Participants also responded to 14 items concerning their attitudes and knowledge about light cigarettes versus regular cigarettes. RESULTS: Participants thought that they would be significantly less likely to get lung cancer, have a heart attack, die from a smoking-related disease, get a bad cough, have trouble breathing, and get wrinkles when smoking light cigarettes, compared with regular cigarettes, for the rest of their lives. Furthermore, when participants were asked how long it would take to become addicted to the 2 cigarette types, they thought it would take significantly longer to become addicted to light versus regular cigarettes. Adolescents also thought that their chances of being able to quit smoking were higher with light versus regular cigarettes. Similarly, when participants were asked how easy it would be to quit smoking the 2 cigarette types, they thought it would be significantly easier for them to quit smoking light cigarettes than regular cigarettes. Adolescents agreed or strongly agreed that regular cigarettes deliver more tar than light cigarettes and that light cigarettes deliver less nicotine than regular cigarettes. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, the results of this study show that adolescents hold misperceptions in both their personal risk estimates and their general attitudes about the health risks, addictive properties, and ease of cessation associated with light cigarettes. With a variety of light and ultralight cigarettes on the market, adolescents are led to think that there is a progression of safety levels to choose from when deciding which cigarettes to smoke. This illusion of control over health outcomes contributes to an underestimation of risks associated with smoking light cigarettes and supports these misperceptions. These results are of concern, given evidence suggesting that, if adolescents think they are less vulnerable to smoking-related health risks (ie, lung cancer), then they are more likely to initiate smoking. Furthermore, there is evidence that adolescents are not fully aware of the addictive nature of cigarettes and therefore think that they can experiment with smoking during adolescence without becoming addicted or experiencing any health consequences. The data presented here support concerns regarding smoking addiction; adolescents might be even more inclined to smoke light cigarettes to delay addiction. Without correct information about light cigarettes, adolescents are unable to make informed decisions about their smoking behaviors. The findings presented here strongly suggest that health care practitioners need to talk to their adolescent clients not only about the overall risks of smok Descriptors Adolescent, Attitude to Health, Humans, Nicotine, Psychology, Adolescent, Risk, Smoking/adverse effects/psychology, Smoking Cessation/psychology, Surveys and Questionnaires, Tars Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Kropp,R. Y., Halpern-Felsher,B. L. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Self-reported prevalence and risk factors of asthma among Korean adolescents: 5-year follow-up study, 1995-2000	2004	Department of Pediatrics, Ulsan University, Seoul, Korea.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Clinical and experimental allergy : journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology Periodical, Abbrev. Clin.Exp.Allergy Pub Date Free Form Oct Volume 34 Issue 10 Start Page 1556 Other Pages 1562 Notes LR: 20151119; JID: 8906443; 0 (Tobacco Smoke Pollution); ppublish Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 0954-7894; 0954-7894 Accession Number PMID: 15479270 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI CEA2084 [pii] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 15479270 Abstract OBJECTIVES: The International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) questionnaires have shown that the prevalence of childhood asthma is increasing worldwide. Although Asian countries used to have lower prevalence rates of allergic disease than Western countries, this prevalence is increasing in several Asian countries. To determine whether the prevalence of childhood asthma is changing in Korean adolescents, we compared findings from nationwide cross-sectional surveys in 1995 and 2000 on populations of middle-school children using the Korean version of the ISAAC questionnaire. METHODS: We developed Korean versions of the ISAAC written (WQ) and video (AVQ) questionnaires for allergic diseases. In 1995, the enrolled population consisted of 15,481 children, ages 12-15, and encompassing all three grades in middle school, selected from 34 schools across the nation; the response rate was 97.3%. In 2000, 15,894 children were selected from 31 of the same schools, and the response rate was 96.4%. The SAS system version 8.0 was utilized for all statistical analyses. RESULTS: The WQ showed that the lifetime and 12-month prevalence of wheeze did not change from 1995 to 2000. While the 12-month prevalence rates of sleep disturbed by wheezing and night cough increased, the rates of severe attack of wheezing and exercise-induced wheeze did not change, over this period of time. The lifetime prevalence of asthma diagnosis, however, increased significantly, from 2.7% in 1995 to 5.3% in 2000, as did the 12-month prevalence of asthma treatment, from 1.0% in 1995 to 1.9% in 2000. The AVQ also showed increases in the lifetime and 12-month prevalence rates of wheeze at rest, exercise-induced wheeze, nocturnal wheeze, nocturnal cough, and severe wheeze over this period of time. These were especially because of significant increases in the Provincial cities of Korea. Interestingly, the 12-month prevalence of wheeze was consistently high in Cheju with low air pollution indices, whereas this rate was low in Ulsan and Ansan with very high air pollution indices. Risk factor analysis showed that body mass index (BMI), passive smoking, and living with a dog or cat, but not air pollution, were associated with higher risk of wheeze. CONCLUSIONS: In the 5-year period from 1995 to 2000, the prevalence of asthma symptoms has increased in Korean adolescents, much of it because of increases in Provincial Centers. BMI, passive smoking, and living with a dog or cat are important risk factors. Environmental factors other than air pollution may be associated with increases in asthma, especially in Provincial Centers. Descriptors Adolescent, Age Distribution, Asthma/epidemiology/physiopathology, Body Mass Index, Body Weight/physiology, Child, Exercise/physiology, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Korea/epidemiology, Male, Prevalence, Respiratory Sounds/etiology, Risk Factors, Sex Distribution, Surveys and Questionnaires, Tobacco Smoke Pollution/adverse effects Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Hong,S. J., Lee,M. S., Sohn,M. H., Shim,J. Y., Han,Y. S., Park,K. S., Ahn,Y. M., Son,B. K., Lee,H. B., Korean ISAAC Study Group Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Indoor and outdoor air concentrations of BTEX and NO2: correlation of repeated measurements	2004	GSF-National Research Center for Environment Health, Institute of Epidemiology, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Journal of environmental monitoring : JEM Periodical, Abbrev. J.Environ.Monit. Pub Date Free Form Oct Volume 6 Issue 10 Start Page 807 Other Pages 812 Notes LR: 20131121; JID: 100968688; 0 (Air Pollutants); 0 (Xylenes); 3FPU23BG52 (Toluene); J64922108F (Benzene); S7G510RUBH (Nitrogen Dioxide); 2004/08/18 [aheadofprint]; 2004/10/13 [epublish]; ppublish Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1464-0325; 1464-0325 Accession Number PMID: 15480494 Language eng SubFile Comparative Study; Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI 10.1039/b405537c [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 15480494 Abstract Studies on health effects of air pollutants ideally define exposure through the collection of air samples in the participants' homes. Concentrations derived from these samples are then considered as an estimate for the average concentration of air pollutants in the homes. Conclusions drawn from such studies therefore depend very much on the validity of the measured air pollution concentrations. In this paper we analysed repeated BTEX and NO(2) measurements with a time period of several months lying between the two conducted home visits. We investigated the variability of their concentrations over time by determining correlation coefficients and calculating within- and between-home variances. Our population consisted of 631 homes of participants from two cohort studies within the framework of the German study on Indoor Factors and Genetics in Asthma. Air pollutants were measured using passive samplers both indoors and outdoors. The measured BTEX concentrations were poorly correlated, with Pearson's correlation coefficient r ranging from -0.19 to 0.27. Additionally, a considerable seasonal effect could be observed. A higher correlation was found for the NO(2) concentrations with r ranging between 0.24 and 0.55. For the BTEX, the between-home variance was bigger than the within-home variance, for NO(2) both variances were of about the same order. Our results indicate that in a setting of moderate climate like in Germany, the variability of BTEX and NO(2) concentrations over time is high and a single measurement is a poor surrogate for the long-term concentrations of these air pollutants. Descriptors Adolescent, Adult, Air Pollutants/analysis, Air Pollution, Indoor/analysis, Benzene/analysis, Child, Environmental Monitoring/methods/statistics & numerical data, Germany, Housing, Humans, Inhalation Exposure, Nitrogen Dioxide/analysis, Time Factors, Toluene/analysis, Xylenes/analysis Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Topp,R., Cyrys,J., Gebefugi,I., Schnelle-Kreis,J., Richter,K., Wichmann,H. E., Heinrich,J., INGA Study Group Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20040818 PMCID Editors
A deep stop during decompression from 82 fsw (25 m) significantly reduces bubbles and fast tissue gas tensions	2004	DAN Europe Foundation, Research Division.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Undersea & hyperbaric medicine : journal of the Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society, Inc Periodical, Abbrev. Undersea Hyperb.Med. Pub Date Free Form Summer Volume 31 Issue 2 Start Page 233 Other Pages 243 Notes LR: 20050627; JID: 9312954; CIN: Undersea Hyperb Med. 2005 Mar-Apr;32(2):85-8; author reply 89-92. PMID: 15926299; ppublish Place of Publication United States ISSN/ISBN 1066-2936; 1066-2936 Accession Number PMID: 15485086 Language eng SubFile Evaluation Studies; Journal Article; IM; S DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 15485086 Abstract In spite of many modifications to decompression algorithms, the incidence of decompression sickness (DCS) in scuba divers has changed very little. The success of stage, compared to linear ascents, is well described yet theoretical changes in decompression ratios have diminished the importance of fast tissue gas tensions as critical for bubble generation. The most serious signs and symptoms of DCS involve the spinal cord, with a tissue half time of only 12.5 minutes. It is proposed that present decompression schedules do not permit sufficient gas elimination from such fast tissues, resulting in bubble formation. Further, it is hypothesized that introduction of a deep stop will significantly reduce fast tissue bubble formation and neurological DCS risk. A total of 181 dives were made to 82 fsw (25 m) by 22 volunteers. Two dives of 25 min and 20 min were made, with a 3 hr 30 min surface interval and according to 8 different ascent protocols. Ascent rates of 10, 33 or 60 fsw/min (3, 10, 18 m/min) were combined with no stops or a shallow stop at 20 fsw (6 m) or a deep stop at 50 fsw (15 m) and a shallow at 20 fsw (6 m). The highest bubbles scores (8.78/9.97), using the Spencer Scale (SS) and Extended Spencer Scale (ESS) respectively, were with the slowest ascent rate. This also showed the highest 5 min and 10 min tissue loads of 48% and 75%. The lowest bubble scores (1.79/2.50) were with an ascent rate of 33 fsw (10 m/min) and stops for 5 min at 50 fsw (15 m) and 20 fsw (6 m). This also showed the lowest 5 and 10 min tissue loads at 25% and 52% respectively. Thus, introduction of a deep stop significantly reduced Doppler detected bubbles together with tissue gas tensions in the 5 and 10 min tissues, which has implications for reducing the incidence of neurological DCS in divers. Descriptors Atmospheric Pressure, Decompression/standards, Decompression Sickness/prevention & control/ultrasonography, Diving/adverse effects/standards, Humans, Reference Values, Regression Analysis, Time Factors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Marroni,A., Bennett,P. B., Cronje,F. J., Cali-Corleo,R., Germonpre,P., Pieri,M., Bonuccelli,C., Balestra,C. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Identification and expression of blaCTX-M-14 and blaCTX-M-24	2004	Institute of Antibiotics, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Zhonghua yi xue za zhi Periodical, Abbrev. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi Pub Date Free Form 2-Sep Volume 84 Issue 17 Start Page 1454 Other Pages 1459 Notes LR: 20131121; JID: 7511141; 0 (Anti-Bacterial Agents); 0 (DNA, Bacterial); EC 3.5.2.- (beta-lactamase CTX-M-14); EC 3.5.2.6 (beta-Lactamases); N2GI8B1GK7 (Cefotaxime); ppublish Place of Publication China ISSN/ISBN 0376-2491; 0376-2491 Accession Number PMID: 15500745 Language chi SubFile English Abstract; Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 15500745 Abstract OBJECTIVE: To identify the ESBL gene and the prevalence in Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae strain isolated from Huashan Hospital, Shanghai. METHODS: Isolates were confirmed as an ESBL producing strain by double-disk synergy test and NCCLS Confirmatory Test. Antibiotic susceptibilities were determined by standard agar dilution procedure on Mueller-Hinton agar. To determine whether the resistance was transferable, the conjugation experiment was performed; plasmids were isolated from clinical isolates and transcojugants. The partial bla(gene) of ESBL producing isolates and their transcojugants were detected by PCR using universal primers for TEM, SHV, CTX-M-1group, Toho-1group, CTX-M-13group respectively. The entire bla(CTX-M-13) group were amplified by PCR using the primers outside the Open Reading Frame (ORF) of CTX-M-13group beta-lactamases; the PCR products of entire bla(CTX-M-13)group were cloned into vector and the recombinant plasmids were transformed into the recipient strain for expression; the PCR products were also directly sequenced and analyzed; the clinical isolates of ESBL producers were detected by PFGE. RESULTS: ESBL producers were resistant to most beta-lactams and non-beta-lactams. Most transconjugants were obtained at frequency of 10(-4) approximately 10(-5) and resistance to non-beta-lactams was cotransferred with the ESBL activity to the transconjugant. A plasmid of about > 23.1 kb was obtained from each tansconjugant by plasmid extraction. Partial gene amplification products of CTX-M-13 group gene were obtained from isolates and their transconjugants. The bla(CTX-M-13)group from 4 transconjugants were identified as bla(CTX-M-14), and other six were bla(CTX-M-24); those ESBLs were mediated by plasmids (> 23.1 kb); the transformants producing CTX-M-14 or CTX-M-24 were resistant to most beta-lactams, which were much more resistant to cefotaxime than to ceftazidine; PFGE patterns of those isolates were different. CONCLUSION: clinical isolate of Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from Huashan Hospital, Shanhai produced CTX-M-14 or CTX-M-24, which caused the isolate resistant to most beta-lactams; no clone spread in those isolates was found. Descriptors Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology, Cefotaxime/pharmacology, DNA, Bacterial/genetics, Drug Resistance, Bacterial/genetics, Escherichia coli/enzymology/genetics, Escherichia coli Infections/microbiology, Genes, Bacterial/genetics, Humans, Klebsiella Infections/microbiology, Klebsiella pneumoniae/enzymology/genetics, beta-Lactam Resistance/genetics, beta-Lactamases/genetics/metabolism Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Xiong,Z. Z., Zhu,D. M., Wang,F., Zhang,Y. Y. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
In vitro pharmacodynamic characteristics of amphotericin B, caspofungin, fluconazole, and voriconazole against bloodstream isolates of infrequent Candida species from patients with hematologic malignancies	2004	Center of Excellence on Aging, Room 27, 5th level, "G. D'Annunzio" University, Via Colle dell'Ara, 66100 Chieti, Italy.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy Periodical, Abbrev. Antimicrob.Agents Chemother. Pub Date Free Form Nov Volume 48 Issue 11 Start Page 4453 Other Pages 4456 Notes LR: 20141120; JID: 0315061; 0 (Antifungal Agents); 0 (Echinocandins); 0 (Peptides, Cyclic); 0 (Pyrimidines); 0 (Triazoles); 7XU7A7DROE (Amphotericin B); 8VZV102JFY (Fluconazole); F0XDI6ZL63 (caspofungin); JFU09I87TR (Voriconazole); OID: NLM: PMC525414; pp Place of Publication United States ISSN/ISBN 0066-4804; 0066-4804 Accession Number PMID: 15504881 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI 48/11/4453 [pii] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 15504881 Abstract Time-kill and postantifungal effect (PAFE) of amphotericin B, caspofungin, fluconazole, and voriconazole were determined against clinical isolates of Candida guilliermondii, Candida kefyr, and Candida lusitaniae. Azoles displayed fungistatic activity and no measurable PAFE, regardless of the concentration tested. Amphotericin B and caspofungin demonstrated concentration-dependent fungicidal activity, although amphotericin B only produced a significant dose-dependent PAFE against all isolates tested. Descriptors Amphotericin B/pharmacology, Antifungal Agents/pharmacology, Candida/drug effects, Candidiasis/complications/microbiology, Colony Count, Microbial, Echinocandins, Fluconazole/pharmacology, Hematologic Neoplasms/complications, Humans, Kinetics, Microbial Sensitivity Tests, Models, Biological, Peptides, Cyclic/pharmacology, Pyrimidines/pharmacology, Triazoles/pharmacology, Voriconazole Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Di Bonaventura,G., Spedicato,I., Picciani,C., D'Antonio,D., Piccolomini,R. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID PMC525414 Editors
Smoking at home is strongly associated with symptoms of asthma and rhinitis in children of primary school age in Trinidad and Tobago	2004	University of the West Indies, Faculty of Medical Sciences-St. Augustine Campus, Champs Fleurs, Trinidad. mmonteil@tstt.net.tt	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Revista panamericana de salud publica = Pan American journal of public health Periodical, Abbrev. Rev.Panam.Salud Publica Pub Date Free Form Sep Volume 16 Issue 3 Start Page 193 Other Pages 198 Notes LR: 20151119; JID: 9705400; 0 (Tobacco Smoke Pollution); ppublish Place of Publication United States ISSN/ISBN 1020-4989; 1020-4989 Accession Number PMID: 15507187 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI S1020-49892004000900006 [pii] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 15507187 Abstract OBJECTIVE: To compare, in the twin-island republic of Trinidad and Tobago, the prevalence of symptoms of asthma and rhinitis among children of primary school age who are exposed to household environmental tobacco smoke with the prevalence of these symptoms in their colleagues without this exposure. METHODS: Between September and December 2002, questionnaires based on the instrument developed for the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) were distributed, via the children in their schools, to parents of 6,611 Year 2 pupils (typically 6 years old) or Year 3 pupils (typically 7 years old) in 106 randomly selected schools in Trinidad and Tobago (5,511 pupils on Trinidad and 1,100 pupils on Tobago). We added to the standard ISAAC questionnaires two questions, one on household smoking and one on the ethnicity of the children. RESULTS: A total of 3 170 completed questionnaires were suitable for further analysis (2,618 from Trinidad and 552 from Tobago). On Trinidad 782 of the children (29.9%) lived in homes where one or both parents smoked, and 513 (19.6%) had other relatives in the household who smoked. On Tobago 94 of the pupils (17.0%) had parents who smoked, and 84 (15.4%) came from homes where other residents smoked. Parental smoking was significantly associated with wheezing (odds ratio (OR): 1.43; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.11-1.83), exercise-induced wheezing (OR: 2.12; 95% CI: 1.59-2.82), nocturnal coughing (OR: 1.64; 95% CI: 1.37-1.97), and symptoms of rhinitis (OR: 1.35; 95% CI: 1.10-1.65) in the last 12 months as well as a history of hay fever/sinus problems (OR: 1.39; 95% CI: 1.11-1.74). Smoking in the home by adult residents other than parents was also significantly associated with all of these symptoms as well as a history of asthma (OR: 1.49; 95% CI: 1.13-1.97). In terms of ethnic differences, parental smoking was most prevalent in the homes of South Asian students, while smoking by other adults in the home occurred most commonly in the households of pupils of mixed race. CONCLUSIONS: Even in Trinidad and Tobago, which is a tropical environment where more time is spent outdoors and homes have more open ventilation than in temperate climates, environmental tobacco smoke exposure is closely associated with an increased prevalence of symptoms of asthma and rhinitis in primary-school-aged children. Descriptors Adult, Asthma/epidemiology/etiology, Child, Cough, Ethnic Groups, Female, Humans, Male, Prevalence, Respiratory Sounds, Rhinitis, Allergic, Perennial/epidemiology/etiology, Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal/epidemiology/etiology, Sampling Studies, Sinusitis/epidemiology, Surveys and Questionnaires, Tobacco Smoke Pollution/adverse effects, Trinidad and Tobago/epidemiology Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Monteil,M. A., Joseph,G., Chang Kit,C., Wheeler,G., Antoine,R. M. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Determination of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylenes in air by solid phase micro-extraction/gas chromatography/mass spectrometry	2004	Laboratoire de Radiochimie, Sciences Analytiques et Environnement, Faculte des Sciences, Universite de Nice-Sophia Antipolis, Parc Valrose, 06108 Nice, France.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry Periodical, Abbrev. Anal.Bioanal Chem. Pub Date Free Form Nov Volume 380 Issue 6-May Start Page 824 Other Pages 830 Notes LR: 20160512; JID: 101134327; 0 (Air Pollutants); 0 (Benzene Derivatives); 0 (Xylenes); 3FPU23BG52 (Toluene); J64922108F (Benzene); L5I45M5G0O (ethylbenzene); ppublish Place of Publication Germany ISSN/ISBN 1618-2642; 1618-2642 Accession Number PMID: 15517200 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI 10.1007/s00216-004-2837-1 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 15517200 Abstract The aim of the study was to analyse BTEX compounds (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylenes) in air by solid phase micro-extraction/gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (SPME/GC/MS), and this article presents the features of the calibration method proposed. Examples of real-world air analysis are given. Standard gaseous mixtures of BTEX in air were generated by dynamic dilution. SPME sampling was carried out under non-equilibrium conditions using a Carboxen/PDMS fibre exposed for 30 min to standard gas mixtures or to ambient air. The behaviour of the analytical response was studied from 0 to 65 microg/m3 by adding increasing amounts of BTEX to the air matrix. Detection limits range from 0.05 to 0.1 microg/m3 for benzene, depending on the fibre. Inter-fibre relative standard deviations (reproducibility) are larger than 18%, although the repeatability for an individual fibre is better than 10%. Therefore, each fibre should be considered to be a particular sampling device, and characterised individually depending on the required accuracy. Sampling indoor and outdoor air by SPME appears to be a suitable short-delay diagnostic method for volatile organic compounds, taking advantage of short sampling time and simplicity. Descriptors Air Pollutants/analysis, Benzene/analysis, Benzene Derivatives/analysis, Calibration, Environmental Monitoring, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry/methods, Time Factors, Toluene/analysis, Xylenes/analysis Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Tumbiolo,S., Gal,J. F., Maria,P. C., Zerbinati,O. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Multiethnic differences in smoking in Israel: pooled analysis from three national surveys	2004	Israel Center for Disease Control, Ministry of Health, Tel Hashomer, Israel. ornaepel@research.haifa.ac.il	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full European journal of public health Periodical, Abbrev. Eur.J.Public Health Pub Date Free Form Dec Volume 14 Issue 4 Start Page 384 Other Pages 389 Notes LR: 20061115; JID: 9204966; ppublish Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1101-1262; 1101-1262 Accession Number PMID: 15542874 Language eng SubFile Comparative Study; Journal Article; IM DOI 14/4/384 [pii] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 15542874 Abstract BACKGROUND: Smoking is a major public health risk and information regarding high-risk groups is needed to plan, implement and evaluate interventions aimed at lowering the number of smokers. METHODS: During the years 1999-2001 data was collected regarding the smoking behaviour of the Israeli population in three national surveys. All three surveys included ages 25-64 and two included also ages 21-25 and over 64. RESULTS: Smoking was associated with age, sex, ethnicity, education and religiosity after adjusting for the various demographic characteristics of the survey population. The prevalence of smoking among Arab and immigrant men from the former Soviet Union is higher than among Jewish men. Among women the opposite association exists. The older, religious and more educated reported smoking less frequently. In the Jewish population respondents, defining themselves as secular, reported higher rates of smoking. Only in women was marital status associated with smoking. A few specific high-risk groups for smoking can be identified such as young, less educated men, Arab men, single Jewish women and young immigrant men and women. CONCLUSIONS: The three ethnic groups residing in Israel differ in the prevalence of smoking; each has a distinct pattern of smoking, positioning them at different stages within the conceptual framework of the larger smoking pandemic. Ethnicity, religiosity, age and education are associated with smoking in both sexes. This calls for specific tailored interventions aimed at younger men with less education, Arab men, and young immigrants. Descriptors Adult, Age Distribution, Aged, Arabs/psychology/statistics & numerical data, Emigration and Immigration/statistics & numerical data, Female, Health Behavior/ethnology, Health Surveys, Humans, Israel/epidemiology, Jews/psychology/statistics & numerical data, Logistic Models, Male, Marital Status, Middle Aged, Prevalence, Risk Factors, Sex Distribution, Smoking/epidemiology/ethnology, USSR/ethnology Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Baron-Epel,O., Haviv-Messika,A., Tamir,D., Nitzan-Kaluski,D., Green,M. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors

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