WTS database

Title	Pub Year	Author	SearchLink Sort descending
Ethnic and gender differences in smoking and smoking cessation in a population of young adult air force recruits	2002	University of Memphis Center for Community Health, 5050 Poplar Avenue, Suite 1800, Memphis, TN 38157, USA.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full American Journal of Health promotion : AJHP Periodical, Abbrev. Am.J.Health Promot. Pub Date Free Form May-Jun Volume 16 Issue 5 Start Page 259 Other Pages 266 Notes LR: 20151119; GR: HL-53478/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/United States; JID: 8701680; ppublish Place of Publication United States ISSN/ISBN 0890-1171; 0890-1171 Accession Number PMID: 12053437 Language eng SubFile Comparative Study; Journal Article; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.; T DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 12053437 Abstract PURPOSE: To examine gender and ethnic differences in smoking and smoking cessation in a population of young adult military recruits. DESIGN: A self-administered survey of demographics, tobacco use, and other health risk behaviors was administered at the start of basic military training. SETTING: The study was conducted at Lackland Air Force Base, San Antonio, Texas, where all U.S. Air Force recruits complete basic military training. SUBJECTS: All recruits who entered the U.S. Air Force between September 1995 and September 1996 participated in this study (n = 32,144; 100% participation rate). MEASURES: Recruits completed a written 53-item behavioral risk questionnaire. Measures examined in the present study included smoking status (ever having smoked a cigarette, current daily smoking, and quitting); demographics (ethnicity, gender, education, family income, and age); smoking history; and nicotine dependence. RESULTS: Rates of ever smoking, current daily smoking, and quitting were examined in multiple logistic regression analyses as a function of gender and ethnicity, controlling for age, education, and family income. Overall, 54% of recruits had ever smoked a cigarette and 24.9% smoked daily at the time of entry into basic military training. Smoking rates were highest among white and Native American recruits. Among whites, women were more likely to be a current daily smoker (31.6% vs. 29.4%; odds ratio [OR] = 1.18, 99% confidence intervals [CI] = 1.08-1.29). The opposite pattern was observed among African-Americans (5.6% vs. 9.8%, respectively; OR = .57; CI = .41-.79). Current smokers had low levels of nicotine dependence compared with the general population of U.S. smokers, but whites tended to be more dependent than other ethnic groups. Cessation rates were similar for men and women but differed according to ethnicity, ranging from 15% among whites to 23% among Hispanics. CONCLUSIONS: These findings document important gender and ethnic differences in cigarette smoking among military recruits. Whites and Native Americans were more likely to smoke, less likely to quit, and more nicotine-dependent than other ethnic groups. Across gender/ethnicity groups, smoking rates were especially high among white women, with nearly one-third smoking daily until entry into basic training. Gender differences were not observed in cessation rates, but Hispanics were more likely than other ethnic groups to have quit smoking. The results highlight the need to develop effective cessation interventions for this population. Descriptors Adolescent, Adult, Ethnic Groups/psychology, Female, Humans, Male, Military Personnel/psychology, Prevalence, Risk-Taking, Sex Factors, Smoking/epidemiology/ethnology, Smoking Cessation/ethnology/statistics & numerical data, Surveys and Questionnaires, Texas/epidemiology, Tobacco Use Disorder Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Ward,K. D., Vander Weg,M. W., Kovach,K. W., Klesges,R. C., DeBon,M. W., Haddock,C. K., Talcott,G. W., Lando,H. A. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Group behaviour therapy programmes for smoking cessation	2002	Dept of Health Care and Epidemiology, University of British Columbia, Mather Building, 5804 Fairview Avenue, Vancouver, Canada, V6T 1Z3. lindsay.stead@dphpc.ox.ac.uk	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full The Cochrane database of systematic reviews Periodical, Abbrev. Cochrane Database Syst.Rev. Pub Date Free Form Volume -3 Issue 3 Start Page CD001007 Other Pages Notes LR: 20130628; JID: 100909747; UIN: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2005;(2):CD001007. PMID: 15846610; RF: 103; ppublish Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1469-493X; 1361-6137 Accession Number PMID: 12137615 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Review; IM DOI CD001007 [pii] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 12137615 Abstract BACKGROUND: Group therapy offers individuals the opportunity to learn behavioural techniques for smoking cessation, and to provide each other with mutual support. OBJECTIVES: We aimed to determine the effects of smoking cessation programmes delivered in a group format compared to self-help materials, or to no intervention; to compare the effectiveness of group therapy and individual counselling; and to determine the effect of adding group therapy to advice from a health professional or nicotine replacement. We also aimed to determine whether specific components increased the effectiveness of group therapy. We aimed to determine the rate at which offers of group therapy are taken up. SEARCH STRATEGY: We searched the Cochrane Tobacco Addiction Group trials register, with additional searches of PsycInfo and MEDLINE, including the terms behavior therapy, cognitive therapy, psychotherapy or group therapy, in December 2001. SELECTION CRITERIA: We considered randomised trials that compared group therapy with self-help, individual counselling, another intervention or no intervention (including usual care or a waiting list control). We also considered trials that compared more than one group programmes. We included those trials with a minimum of two group meetings, and follow-up of smoking status at least six months after the start of the programme. We excluded trials in which group therapy was provided to both active therapy and placebo arms of trials of pharmacotherapies, unless they had a factorial design. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: We extracted data in duplicate on the people recruited, the interventions provided to the groups and the controls, including programme length, intensity and main components, the outcome measures, method of randomisation, and completeness of follow-up. The main outcome measure was abstinence from smoking after at least six months follow-up in patients smoking at baseline. We used the most rigorous definition of abstinence in each trial, and biochemically validated rates where available. Subjects lost to follow-up were counted as smokers. Where possible, we performed meta-analysis using a fixed effects (Peto) model. MAIN RESULTS: A total of fifty two trials met inclusion criteria for one or more of the comparisons in the review. Sixteen studies compared a group programme with a self-help programme. There was an increase in cessation with the use of a group programme (N=4,395, odds ratio 1.97, 95% confidence interval 1.57 to 2.48). Group programmes were more effective than no intervention controls (six trials, N=775, odds ratio 2.19, 95% confidence interval 1.42 to 3.37). There was no evidence that group therapy was more effective than a similar intensity of individual counselling. There was limited evidence that the addition of group therapy to other forms of treatment, such as advice from a health professional or nicotine replacement produced extra benefit. There was variation in the extent to which those offered group therapy accepted the treatment. There was limited evidence that programmes which included components for increasing cognitive and behavioural skills and avoiding relapse were more effective than same length or shorter programmes without these components. This analysis was sensitive to the way in which one study with multiple conditions was included. There was no evidence that manipulating the social interactions between participants in a group programme had an effect on outcome. REVIEWER'S CONCLUSIONS: Groups are better than self-help, and other less intensive interventions. There is not enough evidence on their effectiveness, or cost-effectiveness, compared to intensive individual counselling. The inclusion of skills training to help smokers avoid relapse appears to be useful although the evidence is limited. There is not enough evidence to support the use of particular components in a programme beyond the support and skills training normally included. Descriptors Behavior Therapy/methods, Humans, Program Evaluation, Psychotherapy, Group, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Smoking/prevention & control, Smoking Cessation/methods Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Stead,L. F., Lancaster,T. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
The influence of gingival dimensions on bleeding upon probing in young adults with plaque-induced gingivitis	2002	Department of Surgical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Kuwait University, Safat. hp.muller@hsc.kuniv.edu.kw	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Clinical oral investigations Periodical, Abbrev. Clin.Oral Investig. Pub Date Free Form Jun Volume 6 Issue 2 Start Page 69 Other Pages 74 Notes LR: 20071115; JID: 9707115; ppublish Place of Publication Germany ISSN/ISBN 1432-6981; 1432-6981 Accession Number PMID: 12166716 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; D DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 12166716 Abstract In both cross-sectional and longitudinal studies of young adults with plaque-induced gingivitis it has been observed that bleeding upon probing is only weakly associated with supragingival plaque. It has been speculated that gingival bleeding may be influenced by several independent factors other than plaque. Great intra- and interindividual variation of gingival thickness and width has been reported. Based on respective observations, the existence of different gingival phenotypes has been suggested. The aim of the present study was to investigate the possible influence of gingival thickness and width on bleeding on probing. Forty young adults with mild, plaque-induced gingivitis, 24 non-smokers and 16 smokers, participated in this cross-sectional study. In addition to periodontal probing depth, clinical attachment loss, width of gingiva, bleeding on probing, and presence of plaque, gingival thickness was measured with an ultrasonic device. Multivariable models were separately calculated for buccal, mandibular lingual, and palatal surfaces and generally adjusted for tooth type. Generalised Estimation Equation methodology was employed in order to adjust for correlated observations. Plaque was significantly associated with bleeding upon probing only at buccal sites (odds ratio 1.80, 95% confidence interval 1.19-2.72) An influence of similar magnitude was identified for smoking (odds ratio 1.76; 1.07-2.89). At lingual sites in the mandible, bleeding was influenced by smoking (odds ratio 2.25; 1.18-4.25) and gingival thickness (odds ratio for thick gingiva >1 mm of 1.93; 1.02-3.65), but not plaque. At palatal sites, only periodontal probing depth had an influence (odds ratio 1.89; 1.25-2.84). It was concluded that, apart from supragingival plaque, smoking was an independent risk factor for gingival bleeding on probing. Thin and vulnerable gingiva of insufficient width was not more likely to bleed after probing than thicker tissue. Descriptors Adult, Cheek, Confidence Intervals, Cross-Sectional Studies, Dental Plaque/complications, Female, Gingiva/pathology/ultrasonography, Gingival Hemorrhage/classification/etiology, Gingivitis/etiology, Humans, Incisor, Lip, Logistic Models, Male, Mandible, Maxilla, Molar, Multivariate Analysis, Odds Ratio, Palate, Periodontal Attachment Loss/classification, Periodontal Index, Periodontal Pocket/classification, Reproducibility of Results, Risk Factors, Smoking, Statistics as Topic Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Muller,H. P., Heinecke,A. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Interpersonal violations, speeding violations and their relation to accident involvement in Finland	2002	Traffic Research Unit, Department of Psychology, University of Helsinki, Finland. jolieke.mesken@swov.nl	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Ergonomics Periodical, Abbrev. Ergonomics Pub Date Free Form 10-Jun Volume 45 Issue 7 Start Page 469 Other Pages 483 Notes LR: 20151119; JID: 0373220; ppublish Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 0014-0139; 0014-0139 Accession Number PMID: 12167202 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM; S DOI 10.1080/00140130210129682 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 12167202 Abstract The aim of the present study was to replicate the distinction between errors, lapses and violations, and to identify aggressive violations from normal or highway code violations. Furthermore, the relationship of these behaviours with road traffic accidents was examined. A total number of 1126 Finnish drivers completed a questionnaire containing the Driver Behaviour Questionnaire (DBQ) with extended violations scale, and questions regarding background information, such as age, gender and mileage. Also, questions about previous accidents and fines were asked. Factor analysis showed that a four-factor structure seemed more appropriate than the earlier established three-factor structure. The four factors were errors, lapses, speeding violations and interpersonal violations. The two types of violations result from different motives, and seem to be associated with different kinds of affect. Both interpersonal and speeding violations were reported most by young males, which was consistent with earlier findings. Logistic regression analyses indicated that errors predicted active accident involvement after partialling out the effects of demographic variables, whereas interpersonal violations were positively related to involvement in passive accidents. This was presumably due to different reporting tendencies of respondents. Speeding tickets were predicted by speeding and interpersonal violations and lapses and penalties for speeding by both kinds of violations and errors. Penalties for speeding, parking and other offences were predicted by interpersonal violations. The implications of these results are discussed. Descriptors Accident Proneness, Accidents, Traffic/psychology/statistics & numerical data, Adolescent, Adult, Age Factors, Aged, Aggression, Automobile Driving/psychology/statistics & numerical data, Factor Analysis, Statistical, Female, Finland, Humans, Interpersonal Relations, Logistic Models, Male, Middle Aged, Sex Factors, Surveys and Questionnaires Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Mesken,J., Lajunen,T., Summala,H. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
The Po River Delta (north Italy) indoor epidemiological study: effects of pollutant exposure on acute respiratory symptoms and respiratory function in adults	2002	Department of Diagnostic and Experimental Medicine, Section of General Pathology, University of Ferrara, CNR Institute of Clinical Physiology, Pisa, Italy.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Archives of Environmental Health Periodical, Abbrev. Arch.Environ.Health Pub Date Free Form Mar-Apr Volume 57 Issue 2 Start Page 130 Other Pages 136 Notes LR: 20131121; JID: 0212627; 0 (Oxidants, Photochemical); 0 (Tobacco Smoke Pollution); S7G510RUBH (Nitrogen Dioxide); ppublish Place of Publication United States ISSN/ISBN 0003-9896; 0003-9896 Accession Number PMID: 12194158 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; AIM; IM DOI 10.1080/00039890209602928 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 12194158 Abstract The authors studied the effects of relatively low doses of nitrogen dioxide and respirable suspended particulate matter (i.e., < 2.5 mu) on acute respiratory symptoms and on peak expiratory flow in 383 adults (15-72 yr of age) who lived in the Po River Delta area, located near Venice. During 2 wk-1 wk in winter and 1 wk in summer--the authors monitored each participant's house to measure nitrogen dioxide (in parts per billion) and respirable suspended particulate (microgram/m3) concentration. Information on sex, age, height, weight, daily activity patterns, active and passive smoking, chronic respiratory diseases, daily peak expiratory flow, and presence of acute respiratory symptoms during the weeks monitoring occurred were also collected. Peak expiratory flow variation was studied as mean amplitude percentage (i.e., amplitude/mean) and percentage of diurnal variation (maximum/minimum). The exposure indices to nitrogen dioxide (nitrogen dioxide--index of exposure) and to respirable suspended particulate matter (respirable suspended particulate matter-index of exposure) were computed as the product of pollutant concentration and time of exposure. The authors considered indices as "low" or "high" on the basis of the median value. The median nitrogen dioxide was 20 ppb in winter and 14 ppb in summer; the highest nitrogen dioxide levels occurred in the kitchen in the winter (33 ppb) and summer (20 ppb). The median respirable suspended particulate matter was 68 micrograms/m3 in winter and 45 micrograms/m3 in summer. Only in winter were there significant associations between bronchitic/asthmatic symptoms and "high" nitrogen dioxide and respirable suspended particulate matter indices. In subjects who did not smoke, a significant influence of the "high" respirable suspended particulate matter-index of exposure was also observed in summer. With respect to peak expiratory flow and its variability, respirable suspended particulate matter-index of exposure was associated with an increase of both amplitude/mean and maximum/mean; however, with respect to the nitrogen dioxide--index of exposure, the association was significant only in subjects with chronic respiratory diseases (i.e., asthma and bronchitis). These relationships were significant only in winter. In conclusion, the results of the current study indicate that there is an association between relatively low doses of pollutants and acute respiratory symptoms and peak expiratory flow in adults. Descriptors Acute Disease, Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Air Pollution, Indoor/adverse effects/analysis, Chronic Disease, Cross-Sectional Studies, Environmental Monitoring/methods, Epidemiological Monitoring, Female, Humans, Inhalation Exposure/adverse effects/analysis, Italy/epidemiology, Male, Middle Aged, Nitrogen Dioxide/analysis/poisoning, Oxidants, Photochemical/analysis/poisoning, Peak Expiratory Flow Rate, Residence Characteristics/statistics & numerical data, Respiratory Tract Diseases/chemically induced/diagnosis/epidemiology, Seasons, Time Factors, Tobacco Smoke Pollution/adverse effects/analysis, Urban Health Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Simoni,M., Carrozzi,L., Baldacci,S., Scognamiglio,A., Di Pede,F., Sapigni,T., Viegi,G. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Cigarette smoking, use of other tobacco products and stomach cancer mortality in US adults: The Cancer Prevention Study II	2002	Epidemiology and Surveillance Research, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, GA 30329-4251, USA. achao@cancer.org	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full International journal of cancer Periodical, Abbrev. Int.J.Cancer Pub Date Free Form 1-Oct Volume 101 Issue 4 Start Page 380 Other Pages 389 Notes LR: 20160303; CI: Copyright 2002; GR: K07CA75062/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States; JID: 0042124; ppublish Place of Publication United States ISSN/ISBN 0020-7136; 0020-7136 Accession Number PMID: 12209964 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.; IM DOI 10.1002/ijc.10614 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 12209964 Abstract Cigarette smoking is associated with increased risk of stomach cancer in many studies but there are limited data on this relationship in women and on risk associated with use of tobacco products other than cigarettes. We examined stomach cancer death rates in relation to cigarette smoking in women and use of cigarette, cigar, pipe, or smokeless tobacco in men in a nationwide prospective mortality study in the United States (US). Cohort follow-up from 1982-96 identified 996 and 509 stomach cancer deaths among 467,788 men and 588,053 women, respectively. Cox proportional hazards models were fitted to estimate rate ratios (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) using non-users of tobacco as the referent group. Multivariate-adjusted RRs were the highest for men who currently smoked cigars (RR = 2.29, 95% CI = 1.49-3.51) or cigarettes (RR = 2.16, 95% CI = 1.75-2.67) and both increased with smoking duration. Women who currently (RR = 1.49, 95% CI = 1.18-1.88) or formerly (RR = 1.36, 95% CI = 1.08-1.71) smoked cigarettes were at significantly increased risk, as were men who formerly smoked cigarettes (RR = 1.55, 95% CI = 1.28-1.88), or currently (RR = 1.81, 95% CI = 1.40-2.35) or formerly (RR: 1.57, 95% CI = 1.22-2.03) used more than one type of tobacco. Men who reported a history of chronic indigestion or gastroduodenal ulcer had substantially higher mortality rates associated with current cigarette (RR = 3.45, 95% CI = 2.05-5.80) or cigar (RR = 8.93, 95% CI = 4.02-19.90) smoking, as did men who were current aspirin users. If causal, the estimated proportion of stomach cancer deaths attributable to tobacco use would be 28% in US men and 14% in women. We conclude that prolonged use of tobacco products is associated with increased stomach cancer mortality in men and women. The accumulated evidence from this and other studies support reconsidering stomach cancer as a tobacco-related cancer. Descriptors Adult, Aged, Analysis of Variance, Cohort Studies, Diet, Dietary Fiber/administration & dosage, Female, Fruit, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Proportional Hazards Models, Prospective Studies, Risk Factors, Sex Factors, Smoking/adverse effects, Smoking Cessation, Stomach Neoplasms/etiology/mortality, Tobacco, United States/epidemiology, Vegetables Links Book Title Database Publisher Wiley-Liss, Inc Data Source Authors Chao,A., Thun,M. J., Henley,S. J., Jacobs,E. J., McCullough,M. L., Calle,E. E. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Ascent rate, age, maximal oxygen uptake, adiposity, and circulating venous bubbles after diving	2002	Faculte des Sciences du Sport, Luminy, 13009 Marseille, France. carturan@wanadoo.fr	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md.: 1985) Periodical, Abbrev. J.Appl.Physiol.(1985) Pub Date Free Form Oct Volume 93 Issue 4 Start Page 1349 Other Pages 1356 Notes LR: 20130926; JID: 8502536; ppublish Place of Publication United States ISSN/ISBN 8750-7587; 0161-7567 Accession Number PMID: 12235035 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; IM DOI 10.1152/japplphysiol.00723.1999 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 12235035 Abstract Decompression sickness in diving is recognized as a multifactorial phenomenon, depending on several factors, such as decompression rate and individual susceptibility. The Doppler ultrasonic detection of circulating venous bubbles after diving is considered a useful index for the safety of decompression because of the relationship between bubbles and decompression sickness risk. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of ascent rate, age, maximal oxygen uptake (VO(2 max)), and percent body fat on the production of bubbles after diving. Fifty male recreational divers performed two dives at 35 m during 25 min and then ascended in one case at 9 m/min and in the other case at 17 m/min. They performed the same decompression stops in the two cases. Twenty-eight divers were Doppler monitored at 10-min intervals, until 60 min after surfacing, and the data were analyzed by Wilcoxon signed-rank test to compare the effect of ascent rate on the kinetics of bubbles. Twenty-two divers were monitored 60 min after surfacing. The effect on bubble production 60 min after surfacing of the four variables was studied in 47 divers. The data were analyzed by multinomial log-linear model. The analysis showed that the 17 m/min ascent produced more elevated grades of bubbles than the 9 m/min ascent (P < 0.05), except at the 40-min interval, and showed relationships between grades of bubbles and ascent rate and age and interaction terms between VO(2 max) and age, as well as VO(2 max) and percent body fat. Younger, slimmer, or aerobically fitter divers produced fewer bubbles compared with older, fatter, or poorly physically fit divers. These findings and the conclusions of previous studies performed on animals and humans led us to support that ascent rate, age, aerobic fitness, and adiposity are factors of susceptibility for bubble formation after diving. Descriptors Adipose Tissue/anatomy & histology, Adult, Aging/physiology, Decompression, Diving/adverse effects, Embolism, Air/etiology, Humans, Kinetics, Male, Middle Aged, Oxygen Consumption, Time Factors, Ultrasonography, Doppler Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Carturan,D., Boussuges,A., Vanuxem,P., Bar-Hen,A., Burnet,H., Gardette,B. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Access to health services in remote rural areas (author's transl)	1982		Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full In'gu pogon nonjip = Journal of population and health studies Periodical, Abbrev. Ingu Pogon Nonjip Pub Date Free Form Jul Volume 2 Issue 1 Start Page 29 Other Pages 52 Notes LR: 20150901; JID: 8609047; OID: PIP: 016115; OID: POP: 00121374; OTO: PIP; GN: PIP: TJ: JOURNAL OF POPULATION AND HEALTH STUDIES; ppublish Place of Publication Korea (South) ISSN/ISBN Accession Number PMID: 12264835 Language kor SubFile English Abstract; Journal Article; J DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 12264835 Abstract PIP: The Government has trained and deployed a new type of midlevel healthworker, the Community Health Practitioner (CHP) in order to attain the goal of equity in the provision of health services in remote rural areas since 1981. This study aimed at assessing the current situation vis a vis the need for health services prior to the deployment of these CHPs in remote rural areas. Data utilized in this paper are drawn from the 1981 Baseline Household Interview Survey for evaluation of the government-supported CHP program. Collection was by the household interview survey method during October-November 1981. A total of 4083 households were sampled. This paper summarizes major findings from the survey. 1) The perceived or subjectively assessed need for medical treatment was 21/100 persons during a 15-day period; the net rate/100 persons desiring medical treatment was only 59. Clearly there is a big gap between need and utilization of medical treatment. The major source of medical treatment employed was the druggist or pharmacist; 72% of medical treatment was rendered by either of those professionals, 13% by private practitioners, and only 5% by a physician associated with a health subcenter. Annual visits to various types of medical facilities per capita were 4.41:3.18 visits to a druggist or pharmacist and .73 visits to a private practitioner. About 70% of nonusers pointed to economic reasons as the major barrier against access to one of the various medical facilities. 2) 1/3 of the pregnant women received at least 1 prenatal visit and 17% were attended by professionals for delivery. 87% of births occurred in the home and only 28% of home deliveries used sterilized instruments. 65% of the pregnant women desired their mother, husband, or neighbor as a birth attendant; only 35% desired the help of a physician. 3) About 10% of mothers considered their infant or child as unhealthy. Immunization coverage was high; 1 or more shots were given to 61%, polio vaccines were given to 53%, and 30% received the BCG. 52% of those currently practicing contraception are currently married. Female sterilization was the most prevalent method (30%) for the users. The use rate of family planning approaches the saturation status of family planning; the net rate over the need for family planning among fecund married women was 92%. It is concluded that there is a great gap between the current situation and the national goal of equity in the provision of health services in remote rural areas. The unmet need for medical services is high and utilization relies heavily on self-care using nonprescription medicines. There is a high level of unmet need for preventive services. The government-supported CHP program as an innovation will greatly contribute to narrowing the gap between utilization of and need for health services or help in reaching the goal of equity in provision of health services in remote rural areas in the future. (author's modified) Descriptors Allied Health Personnel, Asia, Child Welfare, Delivery of Health Care, Developing Countries, Evaluation Studies as Topic, Family Planning Services, Far East, Government Programs, Health, Health Personnel, Health Planning, Health Services, Health Services Accessibility, Health Services Administration, Health Services Needs and Demand, Health Services Research, Immunization, Korea, Maternal Welfare, Organization and Administration, Program Evaluation, Rural Health Services, Utilization Review, Child Health, Eastern Asia, Evaluation, Family Planning, Family Planning Programs, Government Sponsored Programs, Health Services Evaluation, Korea, Republic Of, Management, Maternal Health, Needs, Paramedical Personnel, Program Accessibility, Programs, Research Report Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Song,K. Y., Kim,H. S. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Demographic and social characteristics of family planning acceptors in Jordan	1982		Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Population bulletin of ECWA Periodical, Abbrev. Popul.Bull.ECWA Pub Date Free Form Jun-Dec Volume (22-23) Issue 22-23 Start Page 119 Other Pages 136 Notes LR: 20071115; JID: 8403915; OID: PIP: 026024; OID: POP: 00136376; OTO: PIP; GN: PIP: TJ: POPULATION BULLETIN OF ECWA; ppublish Place of Publication LEBANON ISSN/ISBN 0378-679X; 0378-679X Accession Number PMID: 12266313 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; J DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 12266313 Abstract PIP: In 1980 information on acceptor characteristics was collected from the files of4 privately run family planning centers established in 1963 in Jordan. The data were analyzed by constructing a series of number and percent distributions of acceptors by specific characteristics. If the Jordanian government adopts a family planning policy in the near future, the information collected in this study could be of use in planning a national family planning program. The government's current attitude toward family planning is neutral; however, in 1972 the Amman Conference on Population Policy in Relation to Urban Development noted that the average female in Jordan had 8.3 births, viewed population growth as a detriment to development, and recommened the adoption of a nationalpolicy to reduce fertility. The National Population Commission is currently working on a national policy document on population and development. In the past the Commission did not advocate adopting a national policy but it did recognize the impact of population on economic goals and the right of parents to have imformation on family planning. Several studies have also indicated that most Jordanian women approve of birth control. Presently, there are 20 private family planning clinics on the West Bank and 5 on the East Bank. Data was collected from clinics located in Amman , Salt, Irbid, and Jarash. Information on acceptors who used the clinics at least once during 1963-1980 was obtained by examining patient information cards filled out by patients. A sample of 1368 patient records was drawn by selecting every 4th card from the clinic files. Average age at marriage was 17.96 years for wives and 24.62 years for husbands, and average marriage duration was 9.05 years. The average birth interval was 1.28 years. 85.23% of the women worked at home only, and 14.77% worked outside the home. The majority of the husbands were manual labors. 37% of the women were illiterate, and only 3% had more than 12 years of education. Husbands were slightly more educated than their wives. Data on pervious births and abortions was available for 1484 clients. The average number of pregnancies was 5.9, and the average number of living children was 5.25. Illiterate women had and average of 7.9 pregnancies, and women with more than 12 years of school had an average of 2.2 pregnancies. The women reported a total of 662 previous abortions, and the proportion of pregnancies ending in abortion was lower among both illiterate women and women qith more than 12 years of education than among women with some education. Among women aho reported the type of abortion. 45 had induced abortions and 413 has spontaneous abortions. 36.3% of the acceptors said they came to the clinic because they had too many children, and 35.3% said they came from family planning purposes. All but 24.3% of the patients had used some contraceptive prior to coming to the clinic. Most clients were provided with oral contraceptives (OC) or IUDs. tables provide information on acceptor characteristics. Descriptors Abortion, Induced, Abortion, Spontaneous, Age Factors, Asia, Asia, Western, Attitude, Behavior, Birth Intervals, Communication, Contraception, Contraception Behavior, Data Collection, Delivery of Health Care, Demography, Developing Countries, Economics, Educational Status, Employment, Evaluation Studies as Topic, Family Characteristics, Family Planning Policy, Family Planning Services, Fertility, Health, Health Facilities, Proprietary, Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice, Health Planning, Health Services, Health Services Needs and Demand, Jordan, Marriage, Middle East, Motivation, Occupations, Organization and Administration, Parity, Patient Acceptance of Health Care, Patient Compliance, Population, Population Characteristics, Population Dynamics, Program Evaluation, Psychology, Public Policy, Research, Sampling Studies, Sexual Behavior, Social Class, Socioeconomic Factors, Statistics as Topic, Acceptor Characteristics--statistics, Acceptors, Arab Countries, Birth Spacing, Contraceptive Methods Chosen, Contraceptive Usage, Data Analysis, Demographic Factors, Employment Status, Evaluation, Family And Household, Family Planning, Family Planning Clinic Attendance, Family Planning Program Evaluation, Family Planning Programs, Family Planning Surveys, Family Size, Fertility Control, Postconception, Kap Surveys, Knowledge Sources, Macroeconomic Factors, Marriage Age, Marriage Patterns, Needs, Nuptiality, Policy, Population Policy, Privately Sponsored Programs, Programs, Psychological Factors, Reproductive Behavior, Research Methodology, Research Report, Social Policy, Socioeconomic Status, Statistical Studies, Studies, Surveys, Western Asia Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Sahawneh,F. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Vanguard contraceptive users subject of Senegal research	1985		Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Network (Research Triangle Park, N.C.) Periodical, Abbrev. Netw.Res.Triangle Park.N.C. Pub Date Free Form Winter Volume 6 Issue 2 Start Page 5 Other Pages 7 Notes LR: 20120817; JID: 9509506; OID: PIP: 029312; OID: POP: 00141163; OTO: PIP; GN: PIP: TJ: NETWORK; ppublish Place of Publication UNITED STATES ISSN/ISBN 0270-3637; 0270-3637 Accession Number PMID: 12266648 Language eng SubFile Comparative Study; Journal Article; J DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 12266648 Abstract PIP: The 1219 clients who visited 3 family clinics in the Dakar region of Senegal in January and February 1983 were interviewed and information was collected on the clients' sociodemographic characteristics, their contraceptive attitudes, knowledge and practices, and on factors which influenced their decision to use the services of the clinics. 163 of those interviewed were 1st time clinic users. Senegal's population has little knowledge of family planning methods. In 1981 the government repealed the pronatalist laws imposed by the French during the colonial era, and family planning services were only recently made available on a limited basis, primarily in the urban areas of the country. The current study was undertaken by the Division of Demographic Studies in Dakar to identify the characteristics of vanguard contraceptive users. Thhere are only 3 family planning clinics in the Dakar region. They include 1) the private Croix Blue, which has provided services to the middle class since 1964; 2) a government clinic, which has provided free services since 1976; and 3) a clinic established in 1981 by the Family Planning Association of Senegal (ASBEP). These clinics serve about 10% of the city's family planning acceptors. Private physicians and pharmacies serve the remaining 90% of the acceptor population. The interviewed client population of the 3 clinics was very similar. For the 3 clinics, the proportion of never married clients ranged from 9%-10%, the proportion of clients in polygamous marriages ranged from 23%-25%, and the percent of clients under 30 years of age ranged from 35%-65%. The average age at 1st marriage ranged from 17.8-19.1 years, and the average age at 1st pregnancy ranged from 18.4-19.0 years. Average parity varied from 4.1-5.0, the average number of living children ranged from 3.8-4.6, and the average ideal family size ranged from 4.9-5.1. Approximately 30% of the 1219 clients wanted no more children. Most of the clients used no method or only traditional methods prior to their 1st clinic visit. The type of contraceptive provided by the clinics reflected the orientation of clinic personnel rather then the needs of specific clients. For example, 69% of all 1st time visitors to the government clinic were provided with barrier methods, 65% of all 1st time visitors to the ASBEP clinic received IUDs, and 100% of all 1st time visitors to the Croix Blus clinic had IUDs inserted. Most of the clients of the govenment and ASBEP clinics had heard about the clinic from a friend or relative, and only a few were referred to the clinic by a physician. In contrast, 43% of those who used the services of the Croix Blue heard about the clinic from a physician. The interviewees were asked why they thought other women did not avail themselves of the clinics services. 75% attributed nonuse of the clinics either to a lack of knowledge about family planning or to the negative family planning attitudes of husbands. The findings suggest that 1) clinic personnel should make an effort to provide family planning methods in accordance with the needs of each clinic; 2) an informational campaign should be conducted to provide the population with more family planning information and to combat negative male attitudes, and 3) sterilization services should be made more readily available to women who want no more children. Descriptors Africa, Africa South of the Sahara, Africa, Northern, Africa, Western, Attitude, Contraception, Contraception Behavior, Data Collection, Delivery of Health Care, Demography, Developing Countries, Economics, Evaluation Studies as Topic, Family Planning Services, Fertility, Government Programs, Health, Health Facilities, Proprietary, Health Planning, Health Services, Information Services, Interviews as Topic, Organization and Administration, Patient Acceptance of Health Care, Population, Population Dynamics, Private Sector, Research, Senegal, Sexual Behavior, Statistics as Topic, Acceptor Characteristics, Acceptors, Acceptors, New, Comparative Studies, Contraceptive Usage, Demographic Factors, Economic Factors, Evaluation, Family Planning, Family Planning Programs, French Speaking Africa, Government Sponsored Programs, Iec, Interviews, Macroeconomic Factors, Privately Sponsored Programs, Programs, Qualitative Evaluation, Reproductive Behavior, Research Methodology, Statistical Studies, Studies, Western Africa Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors

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