WTS database

Title	Pub Year Sort descending	Author	SearchLink
Fast and sensitive environmental analysis utilizing microextraction in packed syringe online with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry: determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water	2006	University College of South Stockholm, SE-141 89 Stockholm, Sweden.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Journal of chromatography.A Periodical, Abbrev. J.Chromatogr.A Pub Date Free Form 12-May Volume 1114 Issue 2 Start Page 234 Other Pages 238 Notes LR: 20090115; JID: 9318488; 0 (Polycyclic Hydrocarbons, Aromatic); 0 (Water Pollutants, Chemical); 2005/12/01 [received]; 2006/01/29 [revised]; 2006/02/10 [accepted]; 2006/03/03 [aheadofprint]; ppublish Place of Publication Netherlands ISSN/ISBN 0021-9673; 0021-9673 Accession Number PMID: 16515791 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Validation Studies; IM DOI S0021-9673(06)00371-2 [pii] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 16515791 Abstract A new sensitive, selective, fast and accurate technique for online sample preparation was developed. Microextraction in a packed syringe (MEPS) is a new miniaturised, solid-phase extraction (SPE) technique that can be connected online to GC or LC without any modifications. In MEPS approximately 1mg of the solid packing material is inserted into a syringe (100-250 ml) as a plug. Sample preparation takes place on the packed bed. The bed can be coated to provide selective and suitable sampling conditions. The new method is very promising. It is very easy to use, fully automated, of low cost and rapid in comparison with previously used methods. The determination of polycyclic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in water was performed using MEPS as sample preparation method online with gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (MEPS-GC-MS). The results from MEPS as sample preparation were compared with other techniques such as stir bar sorptive extraction (SBSE) and solid-phase microextraction (SPME). The method was validated and the standard curves were evaluated by the means of quadratic regression and weighted by inverse of the concentration: 1/x for the calibration range 5-1,000 ng/L. The MEPS applied polymer (silica-C8) could be used more than 400 times before the syringe was discarded. The extraction recovery was about 70%. The results showed close correlation coefficients (R>0.998) for all analytes in the calibration range studied. The accuracy of MEPS-GC-MS was between 90 and 113% and the inter-day precision (n=3 days), expressed as the relative standard deviation (RSD%), was 8-16%. MEPS reduced the handling time by 30 and 100 times compared to SPME and SBSE, respectively. Descriptors Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry/methods, Polycyclic Hydrocarbons, Aromatic/analysis, Reproducibility of Results, Sensitivity and Specificity, Syringes, Water Pollutants, Chemical/analysis Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors El-Beqqali,A., Kussak,A., Abdel-Rehim,M. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20060303 PMCID Editors
Airborne exposure and biological monitoring of bar and restaurant workers before and after the introduction of a smoking ban	2006	National Institute of Occupational Health, P.O. Box 8149 Dep, N-0033, Oslo, Norway. dag.ellingsen@stami.no	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Journal of environmental monitoring : JEM Periodical, Abbrev. J.Environ.Monit. Pub Date Free Form Mar Volume 8 Issue 3 Start Page 362 Other Pages 368 Notes LR: 20151119; JID: 100968688; 0 (Air Pollutants, Occupational); 0 (Dust); 0 (Tobacco Smoke Pollution); 6M3C89ZY6R (Nicotine); K5161X06LL (Cotinine); 2006/02/20 [aheadofprint]; 2006/03/09 [epublish]; ppublish Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1464-0325; 1464-0325 Accession Number PMID: 16528420 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; IM DOI 10.1039/b600050a [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 16528420 Abstract The aims were to assess the impact of a total smoking ban on the level of airborne contaminants and the urinary cotinine levels in the employees in bars and restaurants. In a follow up design, 13 bars and restaurants were visited before and after the implementation of a smoking ban. Ninety-three employees in the establishments were initially included into the study. The arithmetic mean concentration of nicotine and total dust declined from 28.3 microg m(-3) (range, 0.4-88.0) and 262 microg m(-3) (range, 52-662), respectively, to 0.6 microg m(-3) (range, not detected-3.7) and 77 microg m(-3) (range, not detected-261) after the smoking ban. The Pearson correlation coefficient between airborne nicotine and total dust was 0.86 (p < 0.001; n = 48). The post-shift geometric mean urinary cotinine concentration declined from 9.5 microg g(-1) creatinine (cr) (95% CI 6.5-13.7) to 1.4 microg g(-1) cr (95% CI 0.8-2.5) after the ban (p < 0.001) in 25 non-snuffing non-smokers. A reduction from 1444 microg g(-1) cr (95% CI 957-2180) to 688 microg g(-1) cr (95% CI 324-1458) was found (p < 0.05) in 29 non-snuffing smokers. The urinary cotinine levels increased from 11.7 microg g(-1) cr (95% CI 7.0-19.6) post-shift to 21.9 microg g(-1) cr (95% CI 13.3-36.3) (p < 0.01) in the next morning in 24 non-snuffing non-smokers before the smoking ban. A substantial reduction of airborne nicotine and total dust was observed after the introduction of a smoking ban in bars and restaurants. The urinary cotinine levels were reduced in non-smokers. The decline found in smokers may suggest a reduction in the amount of smoking after intervention. In non-smokers cotinine concentrations were higher based on urine sampled the morning after a shift than based on urine sampled immediately post-shift. Descriptors Adult, Air Pollutants, Occupational/analysis, Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid, Cotinine/urine, Dust/analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Nicotine/analysis, Norway, Occupational Exposure/analysis, Public Facilities/legislation & jurisprudence, Restaurants, Smoking/legislation & jurisprudence, Time Factors, Tobacco Smoke Pollution/analysis/legislation & jurisprudence Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Ellingsen,D. G., Fladseth,G., Daae,H. L., Gjolstad,M., Kjaerheim,K., Skogstad,M., Olsen,R., Thorud,S., Molander,P. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20060220 PMCID Editors
Relationship between smoking and folic acid, vitamin B12 and some haematological variables in patients with chronic periodontal disease	2006	Periodontology Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Kirikkale University, Kirikkale, Turkey. olgun_ebru@yahoo.com	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Journal of clinical periodontology Periodical, Abbrev. J.Clin.Periodontol. Pub Date Free Form Dec Volume 33 Issue 12 Start Page 878 Other Pages 884 Notes LR: 20131121; JID: 0425123; 0 (Hemoglobins); 935E97BOY8 (Folic Acid); P6YC3EG204 (Vitamin B 12); ppublish Place of Publication Denmark ISSN/ISBN 0303-6979; 0303-6979 Accession Number PMID: 17092240 Language eng SubFile Comparative Study; Journal Article; D; IM DOI CPE1003 [pii] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 17092240 Abstract AIM: The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between cigarette smoking and the serum levels of folic acid, vitamin B(12) and some haematological variables in patients with periodontal disease. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The study base consisted of 88 volunteer patients with periodontal disease, including 45 current smokers in the age range 31-68 years and 43 non-smokers in the range 32-66 years. The clinical parameters included plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), bleeding on probing (BOP), probing depth (PD) and clinical attachment loss (CAL). Folic acid, vitamin B(12) and haematological variables were determined from peripheral blood samples. RESULTS: PI, PD and CAL means were significantly higher in smokers than non-smokers (p<0.05). The serum folic acid concentration of smokers was lower than that of non-smokers (p<0.05), whereas the white blood cell count was higher in smokers than in non-smokers (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: The results of this study suggest that among patients with periodontal disease the serum folic acid concentration is lower in smokers compared with non-smokers. Descriptors Adult, Aged, Blood Cell Count, Chronic Disease, Dental Plaque Index, Female, Folic Acid/blood, Gingival Hemorrhage/classification, Gingivitis/classification, Hemoglobins/analysis, Humans, Leukocyte Count, Male, Middle Aged, Periodontal Attachment Loss/classification, Periodontal Diseases/blood/classification, Periodontal Index, Periodontal Pocket/classification, Smoking/blood, Vitamin B 12/blood Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Erdemir,E. O., Bergstrom,J. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Transdermal nicotine-induced tobacco abstinence symptom suppression: nicotine dose and smokers' gender	2006	Department of Psychology, Institute for Drug and Alcohol Studies, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, 23298-0205, USA.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Experimental and clinical psychopharmacology Periodical, Abbrev. Exp.Clin.Psychopharmacol. Pub Date Free Form May Volume 14 Issue 2 Start Page 121 Other Pages 135 Notes LR: 20151119; GR: DA018447/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States; GR: DA07027/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States; GR: DA11082/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States; GR: R01 DA011082/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States; JID: 9419066; 6M3C89ZY6R (Nicotine); NIHMS11824; OID: NLM: NIHM Place of Publication United States ISSN/ISBN 1064-1297; 1064-1297 Accession Number PMID: 16756416 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Randomized Controlled Trial; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; IM DOI 2006-07129-003 [pii] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 16756416 Abstract An aversive tobacco abstinence syndrome, thought to reflect an underlying level of nicotine dependence, contributes to cigarette smokers' failed quit attempts. Nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) suppresses tobacco abstinence, but high relapse rates suggest room for improvement. Improving NRT's efficacy might begin with identifying factors that influence tobacco abstinence symptom suppression. Two such factors are smokers' gender and NRT dose. The purpose of this study was to determine the dose-related effects of transdermal nicotine (TN) on tobacco abstinence symptoms in 75 men and 53 women who regularly smoked cigarettes but who had abstained from smoking for at least 8-12 hr. Participants completed 4 double-blind, randomized 6.5-hr laboratory sessions that differed by TN dose (0, 7, 21, or 42 mg). Each session included blood sampling for plasma nicotine level, measurement of heart rate, participants' ratings of tobacco abstinence symptoms and effects of nicotine, and psychomotor performance. Increases in plasma nicotine level were related to TN dose and were independent of gender. TN-induced abstinence symptom suppression was dose-related for items assessing craving and urge to smoke and largely was independent of gender. TN increased heart rate and ratings of aversive side effects (e.g., nausea, lightheadedness) in a dose-related manner, and women were more sensitive at higher doses. Results from this laboratory study support the continued use of TN as a pharmacotherapy. Higher doses may ameliorate some abstinence symptoms, although the side effect profile, at least in the short term, may limit effectiveness, especially for women. Descriptors Administration, Cutaneous, Adult, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Double-Blind Method, Female, Heart Rate/drug effects, Humans, Male, Nicotine/administration & dosage/adverse effects/blood, Sex Characteristics, Substance Withdrawal Syndrome/drug therapy/physiopathology, Tobacco Use Disorder/drug therapy/physiopathology Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Evans,S. E., Blank,M., Sams,C., Weaver,M. F., Eissenberg,T. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID PMC1564049 Editors
Effects of type of smoking (pipe, cigars or cigarettes) on biological indices of tobacco exposure and toxicity	2006	INSERM-AP-HP, Clinical Investigation Center, CIC-9304, Paris F-75012, France. christian.funck-brentano@sat.aphp.fr	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Lung cancer (Amsterdam, Netherlands) Periodical, Abbrev. Lung Cancer Pub Date Free Form Oct Volume 54 Issue 1 Start Page 11 Other Pages 18 Notes LR: 20151119; JID: 8800805; 0 (Biomarkers); 0 (Nitrosamines); 0 (Pyrenes); 3417WMA06D (Benzo(a)pyrene); 5315-79-7 (1-hydroxypyrene); AYI8EX34EU (Creatinine); EC 1.14.14.1 (Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A2); K5161X06LL (Cotinine); 2006/04/04 [received]; 2006/06/24 Place of Publication Ireland ISSN/ISBN 0169-5002; 0169-5002 Accession Number PMID: 16884817 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI S0169-5002(06)00345-X [pii] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 16884817 Abstract Although all forms of smoking are harmful, smoking pipes or cigars is associated with lower exposure to the lethal products of tobacco products and lower levels of morbidity and mortality than smoking cigarettes. Cytochrome P-450-1A (CYP1A) is a major pathway activating carcinogens from tobacco smoke. Our primary aim was to compare CYP1A2 activity in individuals smoking pipes or cigars only, cigarettes only and in non-smokers. We studied 30 smokers of pipes or cigars only, 28 smokers of cigarettes only, and 30 non-smokers male subjects matched for age. CYP1A2 activity was assessed as the caffeine metabolic ratio in plasma. One-day urine collection was used for determining exposure to products of tobacco metabolism. Nitrosamine and benzo[a]pyrene DNA adducts were measured in lymphocytes. CYP1A2 activity was greater (p<0.0001) in cigarette smokers (median: 0.61; interquartile range: 0.52-0.76) than in pipe or cigar smokers (0.27; 0.21-0.37) and non-smokers (0.34; 0.25-0.42) who did not differ significantly. Urinary cotinine and 1-hydroxypyrene levels were higher in cigarette smokers than in pipe or cigar smokers and higher in the later than in non-smokers. DNA adducts levels were significantly lower in pipe or cigar smokers than in cigarette smokers. In multivariate analysis, cigarette smoking was the only independent predictor of CYP1A2 activity (p<0.0001) and of 1-hydroxypyrene excretion in urine (p=0.0012). In this study, pipe or cigar smoking was associated with lower exposure to products of tobacco metabolism than cigarette smoking and to an absence of CYP1A2 induction. Cigarette smoking was the only independent predictor of CYP1A2 activity in smokers. However, inhalation behaviour, rather than the type of tobacco smoked, may be the key factor linked to the extent of tobacco exposure and CYP1A2 induction. Our results provide a reasonable explanation for the results of epidemiological studies showing pipe or cigar smoking to present fewer health hazards than cigarette smoking. Descriptors Adult, Benzo(a)pyrene/metabolism, Biomarkers/metabolism, Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid, Cotinine/urine, Creatinine/urine, Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A2/metabolism, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Nitrosamines/blood, Plants, Toxic, Pyrenes/metabolism, Smoking/adverse effects, Statistics, Nonparametric, Tobacco/toxicity Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Funck-Brentano,C., Raphael,M., Lafontaine,M., Arnould,J. P., Verstuyft,C., Lebot,M., Costagliola,D., Roussel,R. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20060801 PMCID Editors
Cigarettes and oral snuff use in Sweden: Prevalence and transitions	2006	Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7264, USA.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Addiction (Abingdon, England) Periodical, Abbrev. Addiction Pub Date Free Form Oct Volume 101 Issue 10 Start Page 1509 Other Pages 1515 Notes LR: 20140908; GR: CA085739/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States; GR: K07 CA118412/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States; GR: K07 CA118412-04/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States; JID: 9304118; NIHMS222036; OID: NLM: NIHMS222036; OID: NLM: PMC2909685; ppublish Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 0965-2140; 0965-2140 Accession Number PMID: 16968353 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Twin Study; IM DOI ADD1550 [pii] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 16968353 Abstract AIMS: To investigate the prevalence and patterns of transitions between cigarette and snus use. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study within the population-based Swedish Twin Registry. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: A total of 31 213 male and female twins 42-64 years old. MEASUREMENTS: Age-adjusted prevalence odds ratios (POR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) described the association between gender and tobacco use, while Kaplan-Meier survival methods produced cumulative incidence curves of age at onset of tobacco use. Life-time tobacco use histories were constructed using ages at onset of tobacco use and current tobacco use status. FINDINGS: Although more males reported ever smoking (64.4%) than females (61.7%), more males were former smokers (POR: 1.33, 95% CI: 1.27-1.39). Males were far more likely to use snus than females (POR: 18.0, 95% CI: 16.17-20.04). Age at onset of cigarette smoking occurred almost entirely before age 25, while the age at onset of snus use among males occurred over a longer time period. Most men began using cigarettes first, nearly one-third of whom switched to using cigarettes and snus in combination. While 30.6% of these combined users quit tobacco completely, only 7.4% quit snus and currently use cigarettes, while 47.7% quit cigarettes and currently use snus. CONCLUSIONS: Current cigarette smoking is more prevalent among Swedish women than men, while snus use is more prevalent among men. Among men who reported using both cigarettes and snus during their life-time, it was more common to quit cigarettes and currently use snus than to quit snus and currently use cigarettes. Once snus use was initiated, more men continued using snus rather than quit tobacco completely. Descriptors Adult, Age of Onset, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Prevalence, Smoking/epidemiology, Sweden/epidemiology, Tobacco, Smokeless Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Furberg,H., Lichtenstein,P., Pedersen,N. L., Bulik,C., Sullivan,P. F. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID PMC2909685 Editors
Spread of a green fluorescent protein-tagged Pseudomonas putida in a water pipe following airbone contamination	2006	Carpentier, B., Agence FranÃ§aise de SÃ©curitÃ© Sanitaire des Aliments, Laboratoire d'Etudes et de Recherches sur la Qualite des Aliments et des Procedes Alimentaires, F-94706 Maisons Alfort Cedex, France	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Journal of food protection Periodical, Abbrev. J.Food Protection Pub Date Free Form / Volume 69 Issue 11 Start Page 2692 Other Pages 2696 Notes Place of Publication ISSN/ISBN 0362-028X Accession Number Language SubFile DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID Abstract An aerosol of green fluorescent protein-tagged Pseudomonas putida, created during high-pressure water cleaning of a coupon colonized by a biofilm of the green fluorescent protein bacterium, contaminated the water supply of an experimental setup. The upward spread of P. putida in a vertical pipe of supply water was 4.3 cm/day. Results highlight that a water supply to a food plant can be contaminated by an aerosol of environmental flora, created in typical cleaning operations, and become a reoccurring source of contamination. A practical response that could be taken in a food plant is briefly discussed. Copyright Â©, International Association for Food Protection. Descriptors green fluorescent protein, aerosol, article, biofilm, food contamination, growth, development and aging, microbiology, physiology, Pseudomonas putida Links Book Title Database MEDLINE Publisher Data Source Embase Authors GagniÃ¨re,S., Auvray,F., Carpentier,B. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Parental smoking and children's respiratory health: independent effects of prenatal and postnatal exposure	2006	London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Tobacco control Periodical, Abbrev. Tob.Control Pub Date Free Form Aug Volume 15 Issue 4 Start Page 294 Other Pages 301 Notes LR: 20151119; JID: 9209612; 0 (Tobacco Smoke Pollution); RF: 40; OID: NLM: PMC2563598; ppublish Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1468-3318; 0964-4563 Accession Number PMID: 16885578 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Meta-Analysis; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Review; IM DOI 15/4/294 [pii] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 16885578 Abstract OBJECTIVES: Adverse effects have been reported of prenatal and/or postnatal passive exposure to smoking on children's health. Uncertainties remain about the relative importance of smoking at different periods in the child's life. We investigate this in a pooled analysis, on 53,879 children from 12 cross-sectional studies--components of the PATY study (Pollution And The Young). METHODS: Effects were estimated, within each study, of three exposures: mother smoked during pregnancy, parental smoking in the first two years, current parental smoking. Outcomes were: wheeze, asthma, "woken by wheeze", bronchitis, nocturnal cough, morning cough, "sensitivity to inhaled allergens" and hay fever. Logistic regressions were used, controlling for individual risk factors and study area. Heterogeneity between study-specific results, and mean effects (allowing for heterogeneity) were estimated using meta-analytical tools. RESULTS: There was strong evidence linking parental smoking to wheeze, asthma, bronchitis and nocturnal cough, with mean odds ratios all around 1.15, with independent effects of prenatal and postnatal exposures for most associations. CONCLUSIONS: Adverse effects of both pre- and postnatal parental smoking on children's respiratory health were confirmed. Asthma was most strongly associated with maternal smoking during pregnancy, but postnatal exposure showed independent associations with a range of other respiratory symptoms. All tobacco smoke exposure has serious consequences for children's respiratory health and needs to be reduced urgently. Descriptors Air Pollution, Indoor/adverse effects, Child, Child Welfare, Cough/etiology, Cross-Sectional Studies, Epidemiologic Methods, Female, Humans, Male, Parents, Pregnancy, Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects, Prevalence, Respiratory Sounds/etiology, Respiratory Tract Diseases/epidemiology/etiology, Surveys and Questionnaires, Tobacco Smoke Pollution/adverse effects Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Pattenden,S., Antova,T., Neuberger,M., Nikiforov,B., De Sario,M., Grize,L., Heinrich,J., Hruba,F., Janssen,N., Luttmann-Gibson,H., Privalova,L., Rudnai,P., Splichalova,A., Zlotkowska,R., Fletcher,T. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID PMC2563598 Editors
Legionella contamination in the hospital environment: monitoring of the hot water distribution systems of three hospitals in Catania (Italy)	2006	Dipartimento G.F. Ingrassia Igiene e Sanita Pubblica, Laboratorio di Riferimento Regionale per le Legionellosi, Universita di Catania.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Igiene e sanita pubblica Periodical, Abbrev. Ig.Sanita Pubbl Pub Date Free Form Nov-Dec Volume 62 Issue 6 Start Page 635 Other Pages 652 Notes LR: 20081121; JID: 0373022; ppublish Place of Publication Italy ISSN/ISBN 0019-1639; 0019-1639 Accession Number PMID: 17256019 Language ita SubFile English Abstract; Journal Article; Multicenter Study; IM DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 17256019 Abstract This study evaluated the presence and extent of contamination with Legionella spp. in the hot water distribution systems of three hospitals in Catania (Italy). In total, 291 hot water samples were collected between September 2002 and August 2005 and these were examined in order to monitor the hospital distribution systems and evaluate the efficacy of decontamination measures. L. pneumophila was detected at variable concentrations up to over 10000 UFC/L at several collection sites in some hospital buildings and branches of the water distribution system while other buildings/branches were found to be free of contamination. The most frequently isolated serogroup was L. pneumophila serogroup 3, occasionally associated with serogroups 4, 5 and 6. Molecular typing of Legionella strains by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis of genomic DNA restriction fragments identified four different genotypes, each recovered from a different branch of the distribution system. Decontamination procedures, including shock hyperchloration and two different thermal shock methods, performed between October 2003 and August 2005, led to only temporary reductions in contamination. In fact, previous concentrations of the same L. pneumophila serogroup were found within 3 to 8 months of decontamination. In order to prevent and monitor Legionella infections, sterilizing filters were installed in water taps of all wards with high-risk patients and urinary antigen testing was performed on all patients diagnosed with nosocomial pneumonia. No cases of Legionella pneumonia were identified in 2005. Descriptors Cross Infection/microbiology/prevention & control, Decontamination/methods, Hospitals, Hot Temperature, Humans, Legionella/classification/isolation & purification, Legionnaires' Disease/prevention & control, Retrospective Studies, Sicily, Water Microbiology, Water Supply/standards Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Pignato,S., Coniglio,M. A., Faro,G., Cantaro,P., Carini,S. A., Mangano,G., Cunsolo,R., Coco,G., Giammanco,G. Original/Translated Title La contaminazione da legionelle in ambiente ospedaliero. Risultati del monitoraggio delle reti di distribuzione dell'acqua calda in una Azienda ospedaliera URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Six-minute walk distance in healthy Singaporean adults cannot be predicted using reference equations derived from Caucasian populations	2006	School of Physiotherapy, Curtin University of Technology, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Respirology (Carlton, Vic.) Periodical, Abbrev. Respirology Pub Date Free Form Mar Volume 11 Issue 2 Start Page 211 Other Pages 216 Notes LR: 20061115; JID: 9616368; CIN: Respirology. 2006 Sep;11(5):669-70; author reply 671-2. PMID: 16916347; ppublish Place of Publication Australia ISSN/ISBN 1323-7799; 1323-7799 Accession Number PMID: 16548908 Language eng SubFile Comparative Study; Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI RES [pii] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 16548908 Abstract OBJECTIVES: The 6-min walk test (6MWT) is commonly used to assess the functional exercise capacity of individuals with cardiopulmonary disease. Recent studies have established regression equations to predict the 6-min walk distance (6MWD) in healthy Caucasian populations; however, regression equations have yet to be established for the Singaporean population. The aim of this study was to determine 6MWD in healthy Singaporeans and identify contributors to 6MWD in this population. We also compared measured 6MWD with predicted 6MWD from two regression equations derived in Caucasian subjects. METHODOLOGY: Thirty-five healthy subjects (32 Chinese, 16 men) aged between 45 and 85 years performed three walking tests using a standardized protocol. 6MWD was defined as the greatest distance achieved from the three tests. Heart rate (HR) was recorded each minute during the 6MWT. Other measurements included age, height, leg length, smoking history and self-reported physical activity. RESULTS: 6MWD was 560 +/- 105 m and was not significantly different between men and women (P = 0.19). 6MWD was related to age (r = -0.36, P = 0.03), height (r = 0.35, P = 0.04), leg length (r = 0.38, P = 0.02) and the maximum HR achieved on the 6MWT when expressed as a percentage of the predicted maximum HR (%predHRmax, r = 0.73, P < 0.001). Stepwise multiple regression analysis showed that age, height, weight and %predHRmax were independent contributors (P < 0.01) to 6MWD, explaining 78% of the variance. Predicted 6MWD using regression equations derived from Caucasian subjects exceeded measured 6MWD by more than 75 m (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: This is the first study to report 6MWD for healthy Singaporeans aged 45-85 years. The regression equation developed in this study explained 78% of the variance in 6MWD. Published equations derived from Caucasian subjects overestimate 6MWD in Singaporean Chinese. Descriptors Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Asian Continental Ancestry Group, Body Composition, European Continental Ancestry Group, Exercise Test/standards, Female, Heart Rate, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Reference Standards, Reference Values, Singapore, Spirometry, Walking/physiology Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Poh,H., Eastwood,P. R., Cecins,N. M., Ho,K. T., Jenkins,S. C. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors

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