WTS database

Title	Pub Year Sort descending	Author	SearchLink
The tobacco epidemic in Syria	2006		Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Tob Control Periodical, Abbrev. Tob.Control Pub Date Free Form Volume 15 Suppl 1 Issue Start Page i24 Other Pages 9 Notes ID: 16723671 Place of Publication ISSN/ISBN Accession Number Language en SubFile DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID Abstract BACKGROUND: The Syrian Center for Tobacco Studies (SCTS) was established in response to the smoking epidemic in Syria and lack of local knowledge and expertise to confront it. OBJECTIVES: To (1) study tobacco use and local smoking practices using both qualitative and quantitative research methods; (2) develop and test an effective smoking cessation intervention for the Syrian environment; and (3) train Syrian researchers. METHODS AND RESULTS: The Aleppo Household Survey involved a representative sample of adults in Aleppo (2038 subjects, 45.2% men, mean age 35.3 years, response rate 86%). The prevalence of cigarette smoking was 56.9% among men and 17.0% among women, while the prevalence of waterpipe smoking was 20.2% among men and 4.8% among women. Daily use predominated for cigarettes (29.0%), while the opposite was seen in waterpipe use with 10.6% smoking occasionally. Interest in quitting was greater for cigarette than waterpipe smokers (74.0% v 48.6%), while quit rates were higher for waterpipe compared to cigarettes (28.2% v 16.5%). In-depth ethnographic interviews with smokers show that smoking waterpipe is often viewed as an aesthetic enjoyable experience, while smoking cigarettes is viewed as a mundane anxiety-relieving addiction. Clinical laboratory studies reveal that both waterpipe and cigarette smokers in Syria are exposed to smoke toxicants and exhibit dependence symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: All these data have been used iteratively to adapt smoking cessation interventions from developed countries to suit the local Syrian environment. Research conducted in the SCTS to date has provided a fertile training ground for Syrian researchers, as well as for the building of regional collaborations. Descriptors Public Health, Smoking/epidemiology, Adult, Aged, Disease Outbreaks, Evidence-Based Medicine, Female, Health Policy, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Smoking Cessation/methods, Syria/epidemiology Links http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2563543/?tool=pubmed Book Title Database MEDLINE; http://www.globalhealthlibrary.net/ Publisher Data Source Authors Ward,K. D., Eissenberg,T., Rastam,S., Asfar,T., Mzayek,F., Fouad,M. F., Hammal,F., Mock,J., Maziak,W. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Waterpipe smoking among American military recruits	2006		Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Prev Med Periodical, Abbrev. Prev.Med. Pub Date Free Form Volume 43 Issue 2 Start Page 92 Other Pages 7 Notes ID: 16675003 Place of Publication ISSN/ISBN Accession Number Language en SubFile DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID Abstract BACKGROUND: Waterpipe smoking, a traditional Middle Eastern tobacco use method, has increased dramatically among Arab adolescents and young adults. Anecdotal evidence also suggests that usage is on the rise among young people in the U.S., but epidemiological data are lacking. METHODS: From self-report health surveys collected during 1999-2002, we examined the prevalence and predictors of waterpipe use among U.S. Air Force recruits (n = 20,673; mean age = 20.0 years; range = 17-35). RESULTS: Waterpipe use was reported by 0.3% (n = 59) of recruits and was unrelated to age, gender, ethnicity, or family income. Compared to non-users, waterpipe users were more likely to plan to smoke cigarettes in the coming year (P value < 0.05) and to believe that switching from cigarettes to other tobacco products reduces smoking-related health risks (P values < 0.002). Multivariate (logistic regression) analyses revealed several factors that distinguished waterpipe users from non-users, including higher education level (odds ratio OR] = 1.94), having experimented with cigarettes before Basic Military Training (BMT; OR = 1.99), and using cigarettes (OR = 2.17) and other tobacco products (OR = 13.81) at the time of entry into BMT. Compared to recruits who used cigarettes only, waterpipe smokers were more educated (OR = 1.83), more likely to have engaged in experimental (OR = 3.30) or regular (OR = 3.87) use of tobacco products other than cigarettes prior to BMT, and less likely to have been a current (OR = 0.10) or former (OR = 0.11) smoker at the time of entry into BMT. CONCLUSION: Despite concerns that waterpipe smoking is increasing among young people in the U.S., use was low among military recruits. Descriptors Military Personnel/statistics & numerical data, Risk-Taking, Smoking/epidemiology, Adolescent, Adult, Female, Humans, Male, Multivariate Analysis, Prevalence, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Smoking/prevention & control, Questionnaires, United States/epidemiology Links http://pesquisa.bvsalud.org/ghl/resource/en/mdl-16675003 Book Title Database MEDLINE; http://www.globalhealthlibrary.net/ Publisher Data Source Authors Ward,Kenneth D., Vander Weg,Mark,W., Relyea,George, Debon,Margaret, Klesges,Robert C. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Patterns of global tobacco use in young people and implications for future chronic disease burden in adults	2006	Office on Smoking and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA. wcw1@cdc.gov	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Lancet (London, England) Periodical, Abbrev. Lancet Pub Date Free Form 4-Mar Volume 367 Issue 9512 Start Page 749 Other Pages 753 Notes LR: 20151119; JID: 2985213R; 0 (Tobacco Smoke Pollution); ppublish Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1474-547X; 0140-6736 Accession Number PMID: 16517275 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; AIM; IM DOI S0140-6736(06)68192-0 [pii] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 16517275 Abstract BACKGROUND: Tobacco use is a leading preventable risk factor for many chronic disorders, which are expected to account for an increasing share of the global disease burden. As part of the Global Youth Tobacco Survey (GYTS), we aimed to assess the effect of tobacco use by young people on global mortality. METHODS: GYTS is a school-based survey of students aged 13-15 years. The survey was undertaken at 395 sites in 131 countries and the Gaza Strip and West Bank. We questioned students about current tobacco use, susceptibility to smoking among non-smokers, and exposure to secondhand smoke at home and in public places. FINDINGS: The difference in current cigarette smoking between boys and girls is narrower than expected in many regions of the world. Use of tobacco products other than cigarettes by students is as high as cigarette smoking in many regions. Almost one in five never-smokers reported they were susceptible to smoking in the next year. Student exposure to secondhand smoke was high both at home (more than four in ten) and in public places (more than five in ten). Never-smokers were significantly less likely than current smokers to be exposed to secondhand smoke at home (prevalence 39.1% [95% CI 36.6-41.6] vs 72.8% [64.0-81.6]) and in public places (49.5% [46.7-52.3] vs 81.2% [74.2-88.2]). INTERPRETATION: Our findings are troubling for the future of chronic disease and tobacco-related mortality. Reduction of tobacco consumption will require a redoubling of efforts to prevent initiation and promote cessation among the large proportion of young people who currently use tobacco. High exposure to secondhand smoke suggests a need for countries to pass strong and effective smoke-free policies. Descriptors Adolescent, Advertising as Topic, Chronic Disease, Female, Global Health, Humans, Male, Population Surveillance/methods, Prevalence, Sex Distribution, Smoking/adverse effects/epidemiology, Surveys and Questionnaires, Tobacco Smoke Pollution/statistics & numerical data Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Warren,C. W., Jones,N. R., Eriksen,M. P., Asma,S., Global Tobacco Surveillance System (GTSS) collaborative group Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Characterisation of prototype Nurmi cultures using culture-based microbiological techniques and PCR-DGGE	2006	Alltech Ireland, Sarney, Summerhill Road, Dunboyne, Co. Meath, Ireland. sinead.waters@teagasc.ie	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full International journal of food microbiology Periodical, Abbrev. Int.J.Food Microbiol. Pub Date Free Form 1-Aug Volume 110 Issue 3 Start Page 268 Other Pages 277 Notes JID: 8412849; 0 (DNA, Bacterial); 0 (RNA, Ribosomal, 16S); 2005/09/13 [received]; 2006/02/09 [revised]; 2006/04/03 [accepted]; 2006/07/11 [aheadofprint]; ppublish Place of Publication Netherlands ISSN/ISBN 0168-1605; 0168-1605 Accession Number PMID: 16814892 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; IM DOI S0168-1605(06)00257-1 [pii] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 16814892 Abstract Undefined Nurmi-type cultures (NTCs) have been used successfully to prevent salmonella colonisation in poultry for decades. Such cultures are derived from the caecal contents of specific-pathogen-free birds and are administered via drinking water or spray application onto eggs in the hatchery. These cultures consist of many non-culturable and obligately anaerobic bacteria. Due to their undefined nature it is difficult to obtain approval from regulatory agencies to use these preparations as direct fed microbials for poultry. In this study, 10 batches of prototype NTCs were produced using an identical protocol over a period of 2 years. Traditional microbiological techniques and a molecular culture-independent methodology, polymerase chain reaction combined with denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE), were applied to characterise these cultures and also to examine if the constituents of the NTCs were identical. Culture-dependent analysis of these cultures included plating on a variety of selective and semi-selective agars, examination of colony morphology, Gram-staining and a series of biochemical tests (API, BioMerieux, France). Two sets of PCR-DGGE studies were performed. These involved the amplification of universal and subsequently lactic acid bacteria (LAB)-specific hypervariable regions of a 16S rRNA gene by PCR. Resultant amplicons were subjected to DGGE. Sequence analysis was performed on subsequent bands present in resultant DGGE profiles using the Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST). Microbiological culturing techniques tended to isolate common probiotic bacterial species from the genera Lactobacillus, Lactococcus, Bifidobacterium, Enterococcus, Clostridium, Escherichia, Pediococcus and Enterobacterium as well as members of the genera, Actinomyces, Bacteroides, Propionibacterium, Capnocytophaga, Proteus, and Klebsiella. Bacteroides, Enterococcus, Escherichia, Brevibacterium, Klebsiella, Lactobacillus, Clostridium, Bacillus, Eubacterium, Serratia, Citrobacter, Enterobacter, Pectobacterium and Pantoea spp. in addition to unculturable bacteria were identified as constituents of the NTCs using universal PCR-DGGE analysis. A number of the sequences detected by LAB-specific PCR-DGGE were homologous to those of a number of Lactobacillus spp., including L. fermentum, L. pontis, L. crispatus, L. salivarius, L. casei, L. suntoryeus, L. vaginalis, L. gasseri, L. aviaries, L. johnsonii, L. acidophilus, and L. mucosae in addition to a range of unculturable lactobacilli. While NTCs are successful due to their complexity, the presence of members of Lactobacillus spp. amongst other probiotic genera, in these samples possibly lends to the success of the NTC cultures as probiotics or competitive exclusion products in poultry over the decades. PCR-DGGE proved to be an effective tool in detecting non-culturable organisms present in these complex undefined cultures. In conclusion, while the culture-dependent identification methods or PCR-DGGE alone cannot comprehensively elucidate the bacterial species present in such complex cultures, their complementarity provides useful information on the identity of the constituents of NTCs and will aid in future development of defined probiotics. Moreover, for the purpose of analysing prototype NTCs during their development, PCR-DGGE overcomes the limitations associated with conventional culturing methods including their low sensitivities, inability to detect unculturable bacteria and unknown species, very slow turnabout time and poor reproducibility. This study demonstrated that PCR-DGGE is indeed more valuable in detecting predominant microbial populations between various NTCs than as an identification methodology, being more applicable as a quality control method used to analyse for batch-to-batch variation during NTC production. Descriptors Animals, Bacteria/classification/genetics/isolation & purification, Bacteriological Techniques, Base Sequence, Cecum/microbiology, Chickens, Colony Count, Microbial, DNA, Bacterial/analysis, Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field/methods, Molecular Sequence Data, Phylogeny, Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods, Probiotics, RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/analysis, Reproducibility of Results, Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid, Species Specificity, Specific Pathogen-Free Organisms Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Waters,S. M., Murphy,R. A., Power,R. F. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20060711 PMCID Editors
Microshear bond strength of resin composite to teeth affected by molar hypomineralization using 2 adhesive systems	2006	Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Pediatric dentistry Periodical, Abbrev. Pediatr.Dent. Pub Date Free Form May-Jun Volume 28 Issue 3 Start Page 233 Other Pages 241 Notes LR: 20131121; JID: 7909102; 0 (Clearfil SE Bond); 0 (Composite Resins); 0 (Filtek Supreme); 0 (Resin Cements); 0 (single bond); 454I75YXY0 (Bisphenol A-Glycidyl Methacrylate); ppublish Place of Publication United States ISSN/ISBN 0164-1263; 0164-1263 Accession Number PMID: 16805355 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; D; IM DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 16805355 Abstract PURPOSE: When restoring hypomineralized first permanent molars, placement of cavo-surface margins can be difficult to ascertain due to uncertainty of the bonding capability of the tooth surface. The purpose of this study was to investigate the adhesion of resin composite bonded to control and hypomineralized enamel with an all-etch single-bottle adhesive or self-etching primer adhesive. METHODS: Specimens of control enamel (N=44) and hypomineralized enamel (N=45) had a 0.975-mm diameter composite rod (Filtek Supreme Universal Restorative) bonded with either 3M ESPE Single Bond or Clearfil SE Bond following manufacturers' instructions. Specimens were stressed in shear at 1 mm/min to failure (microshear bond strength). Etched enamel surfaces and enamel-adhesive interfaces were examined under scanning electron microscopy. RESULTS: The microshear bond strength (MPa) of resin composite bonded to hypomineralized enamel was significantly lower than for control enamel (3M ESPE Single Bond=7.08 +/- 4.90 vs 16.27 +/- 10.04; Clearfil SE Bond=10.39 +/- 7.56 vs 19.63 +/- 7.42; P=.001). Fractures were predominantly adhesive in control enamel and cohesive in hypomineralized enamel. Scotchbond etchant produced deep interprismatic and intercrystal porosity in control enamel and shallow etch patterns with minimal intercrystal porosity in hypomineralized enamel. Control enamel appeared almost unaffected by SE Primer; hypomineralized enamel showed shallow etching. The hypomineralized enamel-adhesive interface was porous with cracks in the enamel. The control enamel-adhesive interface displayed a hybrid layer of even thickness. CONCLUSIONS: The microshear bond strength of resin composite bonded to hypomineralized enamel was significantly lower than for control enamel. This was supported by differences seen in etch patterns and at the enamel-adhesive interface. Descriptors Acid Etching, Dental/methods, Adhesiveness, Bisphenol A-Glycidyl Methacrylate, Child, Preschool, Composite Resins, Dental Bonding, Dental Enamel/abnormalities/ultrastructure, Dental Enamel Permeability, Dental Restoration, Permanent, Dental Stress Analysis, Humans, Microscopy, Electron, Scanning, Molar/abnormalities, Porosity, Resin Cements, Shear Strength, Tooth Demineralization/therapy Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors William,V., Burrow,M. F., Palamara,J. E., Messer,L. B. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Brainstem evoked potential and its application	2006	Yang, C.-L., Department of Otolaryngology, Wuhan General Hospital of Guangzhou Military Area Command of Chinese PLA, Wuhan 430070 Hubei Province, China	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Chinese Journal of Clinical Rehabilitation Periodical, Abbrev. Chin.J.Clin.Rehab. Pub Date Free Form 2006/07 Volume 10 Issue 26 Start Page 10 Other Pages 12 Notes Place of Publication ISSN/ISBN 1671-5926 Accession Number Language SubFile DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID Abstract Aim: To analyze the wave characteristics of brainstem evoked potential (BEP), observe normative BEP V wave latency-intensity function curve and changes of corresponding threshold, and provide the reference for the combined application of air-conduction and bone-conduction BEP in clinic. Methods: The experiment was carried out at the Auditory Center, Wuhan General Hospital of Guangzhou Military Area Command of PLA between March and August 2005. Totally 28 youth undergraduates (56 ears) with normal hearing were selected to conduct the pure tone threshold audiometry (PTA), and the air-conduction auditory threshold of each frequency was no more than 15 dBHL. All the testees were found normal in external ear and middle ear, without noise exposure, ototoxic drugs application or neurological history. 1 PTA: Firstly, with the voice length of 0.5-1.0 seconds and interval of more than 1 seconds, the auditory threshold of 1 000 Hz was measured in avoidance of rhythm voice from 40 dBHL on. According to the principle of decreasing 10 or increasing 5, the sound intensity was decreased 10 dB if testee could hear, whereas increased 5 dB if could not hear. Then the testees were detected from high frequency to low frequency (2 000, 3 000, 4 000, 6 000, 8 000, 1 000, 500, 250 Hz), and repeatedly in 1 000 Hz to assay the reproducibility. 2 BEP: Nicolet-spirit evoked potential apparatus was applied to record BEP wave. With the repetitive rate of 21.1 times per second, the stimulation sound was short sound in the alternation of positive and negative electrode, and scanned for 15 ms in filter-wave range of 50-2 500 Hz, averagely repeated for 1 000 times. The lowest intensity at which response occurred repeatedly was defined as response threshold of BEP, meanwhile, the changes of bong-conduction BEP threshold and latency were observed after white noise masking. Results: According to the intention-treat analysis, 28 youth undergraduates were all involved in the result analysis. 1 Description of bone-conduction BEP wave: The air-conduction and bone-conduction wave educed obvious I wave and V wave repeatedly without obvious false traces of initial sound. Moreover, the air-conduction BEP wave exhibited wider amplitude and educed III wave. 2 BEP V wave latency-intensity function curve: The latency prolonged gradually with the decrease of stimulation intensity. The bone-conducted clicks yielded somewhat longer latencies than air-conducted clicks. 3 Comparison of BEP response threshold between air-conduction and bone-conduction: The threshold of air-conduction was significantly lower than that of bone-conduction [(45.09Â±2.23), (61.25Â±2.18) dBpeSPL, P 0.05). Conclusion: The waves of air-conduction and bone-conduction BEP are similar in the wave characteristics, and complementary in methodology, thus the combined application of two conductions is hopeful to apply on the evaluation of conductive disorder and its level. In addition, contralateral noise masking is necessary when administering bone-conduction BEP test within 60 dB SPL intensity. Descriptors adult, air conduction, article, auditory stimulation, auditory threshold, bone conduction, conduction deafness, controlled study, drug use, electrode, environmental exposure, evoked brain stem response, external ear, female, frequency analysis, hearing, human, human experiment, male, middle ear, neurology, noise, pure tone audiometry, reproducibility, sound intensity, white noise Links Book Title Database Embase Publisher Data Source Embase Authors Yang,C. -L, Yao,H. -Q, Zhu,Y., Sun,Y. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Ultrasound elastomicroscopy using water jet and osmosis loading: potentials for assessment for articular cartilage.	2006	Zheng, Y.P., Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, PR China. <ypzheng@ieee.org>	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Ultrasonics Periodical, Abbrev. Ultrasonics Pub Date Free Form / Volume 44 Suppl 1 Issue Start Page e203; 209 Other Pages e203; 209 Notes Place of Publication ISSN/ISBN 0041-624X Accession Number Language SubFile DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID Abstract Research in elasticity imaging typically relies on 1-10 MHz ultrasound. Elasticity imaging at these frequencies can provide strain maps with a resolution in the order of millimeters, but this is not sufficient for applications to skin, articular cartilage, or other fine structures. In this paper, we introduced two methods of ultrasound elastomicroscopy using water jet and osmosis loading for imaging the elasticity of biological soft tissues with high resolutions. In the first system, the specimens were compressed using water jet compression. A water jet was used to couple a focused 20 MHz ultrasound beam into the specimen and meanwhile served as a "soft" indenter. Because there was no additional attenuation when propagating from the ultrasound transducer to the specimen, the ultrasound signal with high signal-to-noise ratio could be collected from the specimens simultaneously with compressing process. The compression was achieved by adjusting the water flow. The pressure measured inside the water pipe and that on the specimen surface was calibrated. This system was easily to apply C-scan over sample surfaces. Experiments on the phantoms showed that this water jet indentation method was reliable to map the tissue stiffness distribution. Results of 1D and 2D scanning on phantoms with different stiffness are reported. In the second system, we used osmotic pressure caused by the ion concentration change in the bathing solutions for the articular cartilage to deform them. When bovine articular cartilage specimens were immerged in solutions with different salt concentration, a 50 MHz focused ultrasound beam was used to monitor the dynamic swelling or shrinkage process. Results showed that the system could reliably map the strain distribution induced by the osmotic loading. We extract intrinsic layered material parameters of the articular cartilage using a triphasic model. In addition to biological tissues, these systems have potential applications for the assessment of bioengineered tissues, biomaterials with fine structures, or some engineering materials. Further studies are necessary to fully realize the potentials of these two new methods. Descriptors diagnostic agent, water, acoustic microscopy, algorithm, animal, article, articular cartilage, biological model, bovine, computer assisted diagnosis, computer simulation, echography, elasticity, evaluation study, feasibility study, image enhancement, image quality, devices, mechanical stress, methodology, osmosis, physiology, reproducibility, sensitivity and specificity, three dimensional imaging Links Book Title Database MEDLINE Publisher Data Source Embase Authors Zheng,Y. P., Lu,M. H., Wang,Q. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
An in vitro investigation of a comparison of bond strengths of composite to etched and air-abraded human enamel surfaces	2006	Division of Restorative Dentistry, Bristol Dental School, Lower Maudlin Street, Bristol BS1 2LY, UK.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Journal of prosthodontics : official journal of the American College of Prosthodontists Periodical, Abbrev. J.Prosthodont. Pub Date Free Form Jan-Feb Volume 15 Issue 1 Start Page 2 Other Pages 8 Notes LR: 20100826; CI: Copyright (c) 2006; JID: 9301275; 0 (Composite Resins); 0 (Polymethacrylic Acids); 0 (Prime and Bond NT); 0 (Resin Cements); 0 (TPH spectrum); ppublish Place of Publication United States ISSN/ISBN 1059-941X; 1059-941X Accession Number PMID: 16433645 Language eng SubFile Comparative Study; Journal Article; D DOI JOPR062 [pii] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 16433645 Abstract PURPOSE: The purposes of the study were to measure the tensile bond strength of composite resin to human enamel specimens that had been either etched or air-abraded, and to compare the quality of the marginal seal, through the assessment of microleakage, of composite resin to human enamel specimens that had been either etched or air-abraded. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty mandibular molar teeth were decoronated and sectioned mesio-distally to produce six groups, each containing ten specimens that were embedded in acrylic resin using a jig. In each of the four treatment groups, the specimen surfaces were treated by either abrasion with 27 or 50 microm alumina at 4 mm or 20 mm distance, and a composite resin was bonded to the treated surfaces in a standardized manner. In the two control groups the specimens were treated with 15 seconds exposure to 36% phosphoric acid gel and then similarly treated before being stored in sterile water for 1 week. All specimens were then subjected to tensile bond strength testing at either 1 or 5 mm/min crosshead speed. For the microleakage study, the degree of dye penetration was measured 32 times for each treatment group, using a neutral methylene blue dye at the interface between composite and either 27 or 50 microm air-abraded tooth structure or etched enamel surfaces. RESULTS: The mean bond strength values recorded for Group 1 (phosphoric acid etch, 5 mm/min crosshead speed) was 25.4 MPa; Group 2 (phosphoric acid etch, 1 mm/min), 22.2 MPa; Group 3 (27 microm alumina at 4 mm distance), 16.8 MPa; Group 4 (50 microm alumina at 4 mm distance), 16.9 MPa; Group 5 (27 microm alumina at 20 mm distance), 4.2 MPa; and for Group 6 (50 microm alumina at 20 mm distance) 3.4 MPa. An analysis of variance (ANOVA) demonstrated significant differences among the groups, and a multiple comparison test (Tukey) demonstrated that conventionally etched specimens had a greater bond strength than air-abraded specimen groups. No significant difference in dye penetration could be demonstrated among the groups (p= 0.58). CONCLUSIONS: Composite resin applied to enamel surfaces prepared using an acid etch procedure exhibited higher bond strengths than those prepared with air abrasion technology. The abrasion particle size did not affect the bond strength produced, but the latter was adversely affected by the distance of the air abrasion nozzle from the enamel surface. The crosshead speed of the bond testing apparatus had no effect on the bond strengths recorded. The marginal seal of composite to prepared enamel was unaffected by the method of enamel preparation. Descriptors Acid Etching, Dental, Air Abrasion, Dental, Analysis of Variance, Composite Resins, Dental Bonding/methods, Dental Enamel, Dental Leakage/prevention & control, Dental Stress Analysis, Humans, Mandible, Molar, Polymethacrylic Acids, Resin Cements, Statistics, Nonparametric, Surface Properties, Tensile Strength, Tooth Preparation/methods Links Book Title Database Publisher by The American College of Prosthodontists Data Source Authors Gray,G. B., Carey,G. P., Jagger,D. C. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Tobacco cessation interventions for young people	2006	Warwick Medical School, Medical Teaching Centre, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK. gill.grimshaw@warwick.ac.uk	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full The Cochrane database of systematic reviews Periodical, Abbrev. Cochrane Database Syst.Rev. Pub Date Free Form 18-Oct Volume -4 Issue 4 Start Page CD003289 Other Pages Notes LR: 20140729; JID: 100909747; UIN: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;8:CD003289. PMID: 23975659; RF: 96; epublish Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1469-493X; 1361-6137 Accession Number PMID: 17054164 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Meta-Analysis; Review; IM DOI 10.1002/14651858.CD003289.pub4 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 17054164 Abstract BACKGROUND: Teenage smoking prevalence is around 15% in developing countries (with wide variation from country to country), and around 26% in the UK and USA. Although most tobacco control programmes for adolescents are based around prevention of uptake, there are also a number of initiatives to help those who want to quit. Since those who do not smoke before the age of 20 are significantly less likely to start as adults, there is a strong case for programmes for young people that address both prevention and treatment. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effectiveness of strategies that help young people to stop smoking tobacco. SEARCH STRATEGY: We searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) and the Cochrane Tobacco Addiction Group's Specialized Register, MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsyclNFO, ERIC, CINAHL, and the bibliographies of identified trials. We also searched the 'grey' literature (unpublished materials), and contacted authors and experts in the field where necessary. SELECTION CRITERIA: Types of studies: Randomized controlled trials, cluster-randomized controlled trials and controlled trials. TYPES OF PARTICIPANTS: Young people, aged less than 20, who are regular tobacco smokers. Types of interventions: The interventions ranged from simple ones such as pharmacotherapy, targeting individual young people, through complex programmes targeting people or organizations associated with young people (for example, their families or schools), or the community in which young people live. We included cessation programmes but excluded programmes primarily aimed at prevention of uptake. Types of outcome measures: The primary outcome was smoking status at six months follow up, among those who smoked at baseline. We report the definition of cessation used in each trial (e.g seven- or thirty-day point prevalence abstinence, or sustained or prolonged abstinence), and we preferred biochemically verified cessation when that measure was available. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Both authors independently assessed the eligibility of candidate trials identified by the searches, and extracted data from them. We categorized included trials as being at low, medium or high risk of bias, based on concealment of allocation, blinding (where applicable) and the handling of attrition and losses to follow up. We conducted limited meta-analyses of some of the trials, provided that it was appropriate to group them and provided that there was minimal heterogeneity between them. We estimated pooled odds ratios using the Mantel-Haenszel method, based on the quit rates at longest follow up for trials with at least six months follow up from the start of the intervention. MAIN RESULTS: We found 15 trials, covering 3605 young people, which met our inclusion criteria (seven cluster-randomized controlled trials, six randomized controlled trials and two controlled trials). Three trials used or tested the transtheoretical model (stages of change) approach, two tested pharmacological aids to quitting (nicotine replacement and bupropion), and the remaining trials used various psycho-social interventions, such as motivational enhancement or behavioural management. The trials evaluating TTM interventions achieved moderate long-term success, with a pooled odds ratio (OR) at one year of 1.70 ( 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.25 to 2.33) persisting at two-year follow up with an OR of 1.38 (95% CI 0.99 to 1.92). Neither of the pharmacological intervention trials achieved statistically significant results (data not pooled), but both were small-scale, with low power to detect an effect. The three interventions (5 trials) which used cognitive behavioural therapy interventions did not individually achieve statistically significant results, although when the three Not on Tobacco trials were pooled the OR 1.87; (95% CI 1.00 to 3.50) suggested some measure of effectiveness. Although the three trials that incorporated motivational interviewing as a component of t Descriptors Adolescent, Adult, Clinical Trials as Topic, Cognitive Therapy, Humans, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Tobacco Use Cessation/methods/psychology Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Grimshaw,G. M., Stanton,A. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20061018 PMCID Editors
Effect of acid etching time and a self-etching adhesive on the shear bond strength of composite resin to porcelain	2006	Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey. auguler@omu.edu.tr	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full The journal of adhesive dentistry Periodical, Abbrev. J.Adhes.Dent. Pub Date Free Form Feb Volume 8 Issue 1 Start Page 21 Other Pages 25 Notes JID: 100888552; 0 (Acrylic Resins); 0 (Adhesives); 0 (Composite Dental Resin); 0 (Composite Resins); 0 (Dentin-Bonding Agents); 0 (Polyurethanes); 12001-21-7 (Dental Porcelain); ppublish Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1461-5185; 1461-5185 Accession Number PMID: 16536340 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; D DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 16536340 Abstract PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of different acid etching times with 9.6% hydrofluoric acid gel and two adhesive systems on shear bond strengths of resin composite to porcelain. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Ninety-eight 7 x 7 x 2 mm feldspathic porcelain blocks (VMK 95, Vita) were prepared. The specimens were divided into 7 groups: 1 control (no surface treatment) and 6 groups acid etched with 9.6% hydrofluoric acid gel for different etching times, including 30 s, 30+30 s, 60 s, 60+60 s, 120 s, and 180 s. Each of the etching time groups was divided into two bonding agent (Single Bond, AdheSE) subgroups (n = 7). Microhybrid composite (Filtek Z250) was condensed using a teflon mold and light polymerized for 20 s on the porcelain specimens. The prepared specimens were then stored in distilled water at 37 degrees C for 24 h before mechanical testing. Shear testing of all groups was performed on a universal testing machine (Lloyd LRX) at a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/min. The bond strength data were analyzed with two-way ANOVA. The means were compared using the Tukey HSD test (alpha = 0.05). RESULTS: Acid etching time and bonding agent statistically significantly influenced bond strength (p < 0.05). In the Single Bond group, the bond strengths between group 0 (10.48 MPa) and Group 30 (11.17 MPa) did not differ significantly, with these groups exhibiting the lowest bond strength values. The highest bond strength in Single Bond group was observed in group 120 (15.07 MPa) and group 60+60 (15.42 MPa), which did not differ significantly from each other. In the AdheSE group, the bond strengths of group 0 (9.33 MPa) and group 30 (9.49 MPa) did not differ significantly, and these groups exhibited the lowest bond strength values. The highest bond strengths in the AdheSE subgroup were observed in group 120 (14.84 MPa) and group 60+60 (14.96 MPa), which were not significantly different. Comparing the two different adhesive systems, Single Bond exhibited higher bond strength values than did the self-etching adhesive AdheSE. CONCLUSIONS: Acid etching of porcelain with 9.6% hydrofluoric acid gel for 120 s provided adequate bond strength for composite repair with a microhybrid composite. When a porcelain restoration is repaired with composite, Single Bond adhesive should be preferred to the AdheSE self-etching adhesive system. Descriptors Acid Etching, Dental/methods, Acrylic Resins/chemistry, Adhesives/chemistry, Composite Resins/chemistry, Dental Porcelain/chemistry, Dentin-Bonding Agents/chemistry, Materials Testing, Polyurethanes/chemistry, Shear Strength, Time Factors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Guler,A. U., Yilmaz,F., Yenisey,M., Guler,E., Ural,C. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors

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