WTS database

Title	Pub Year Sort descending	Author	SearchLink
Electronic cigarette use in the European Union: analysis of a representative sample of 27 460 Europeans from 28 countries	2016	Onassis Cardiac Surgery Center, Kallithea, Greece.; Department of Pharmacy, University of Patras, Rio, Greece.; Department of Pharmacy, University of Patras, Rio, Greece.; Onassis Cardiac Surgery Center, Kallithea, Greece.; UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcoh	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Addiction (Abingdon, England) Periodical, Abbrev. Addiction Pub Date Free Form 24-Jun Volume Issue Start Page Other Pages Notes LR: 20160822; CI: (c) 2016; JID: 9304118; OTO: NOTNLM; 2015/10/11 [received]; 2016/05/02 [revised]; 2016/06/17 [accepted]; aheadofprint Place of Publication ISSN/ISBN 1360-0443; 0965-2140 Accession Number PMID: 27338716 Language ENG SubFile JOURNAL ARTICLE DOI 10.1111/add.13506 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 27338716 Abstract AIMS: To assess prevalence of electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) use, reported changes in smoking status due to e-cigarette use and correlates of e-cigarette use in the European Union (EU) member states in 2014. DESIGN: Cross-sectional survey of EU citizens representative of the population (Special Eurobarometer 429). SETTING: All 28 Member States of the EU. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 27 460 EU citizens aged >/= 15 years (after excluding those who responded 'Do not know' to the questions about smoking status and e-cigarette use). MEASUREMENTS: Descriptive analysis [%, 95% confidence interval (CI)] of e-cigarette use prevalence (current use, past use and past experimentation) according to smoking status, self-reported changes in smoking status according to patterns of e-cigarette use and logistic regression analysis to examine correlates of e-cigarette use, especially socio-demographic factors and smoking status. FINDINGS: Ever e-cigarette use was reported by 31.1% (95% CI = 30.0-32.2%) of current smokers, 10.8% (95% CI = 10.0-11.7%) of former smokers and 2.3% (95% CI = 2.1-2.6%) of never smokers. Past experimentation [7.2% (95% CI = 6.9-7.5%)] was more common than current [1.8% (95% CI = 1.6-1.9%)] and past use [2.6% (95% CI = 2.4-2.8%)]. Extrapolated to the whole population, approximately 48.5 million EU citizens were ever e-cigarette users, with 76.8% using nicotine-containing e-cigarettes. An estimated 6.1 and 9.2 million EU citizens had quit and reduced smoking with the help of e-cigarettes, respectively. Initiation with e-cigarettes was reported by 0.8% (95% CI = 0.6-0.9%) of participants who reported ever use of any tobacco-related product. Only 1.3% (95% CI = 1.1-1.5%) of never smokers used nicotine-containing e-cigarettes, with 0.09% (95% CI = 0.04-0.14%) reporting daily nicotine use. Smoking cessation with the help of e-cigarettes was reported by 35.1% (95% CI = 30.7-39.5%) of current e-cigarette users, while a further 32.2% (95% CI = 29.9-36.5%) reported smoking reduction. Being current [odds ratio (OR) = 21.23, 95% CI = 18.32-24.59) or former smokers (OR = 6.49, 95% CI = 5.49-7.67) were the strongest correlates of ever e-cigarette use. CONCLUSIONS: E-cigarette use in the European Union appears to be largely confined to current or former smokers, while current use and nicotine use by people who have never smoked is rare. More than one-third of current e-cigarette users polled reported smoking cessation and reduction. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Society for the Study of Addiction Data Source Authors Farsalinos,K.E., Poulas,K., Voudris,V., Le Houezec,J. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20160624 PMCID Editors
Survey on the use of electronic cigarettes and tobacco among children in middle and high school	2016	Fondation du Souffle, comite departemental contre les maladies respiratoires de Loire-Atlantique, 18 B2, boulevard du Massacre, 44800 Saint-Herblain, France. Electronic address: cdmr44@wanadoo.fr.; Fondation du Souffle, comite departemental contre les mal	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Revue des maladies respiratoires Periodical, Abbrev. Rev.Mal.Respir. Pub Date Free Form Jan Volume 33 Issue 1 Start Page 56 Other Pages 62 Notes CI: Copyright (c) 2015; JID: 8408032; OTO: NOTNLM; 2014/11/27 [received]; 2015/02/02 [accepted]; 2015/06/11 [aheadofprint]; ppublish Place of Publication France ISSN/ISBN 1776-2588; 0761-8425 Accession Number PMID: 26071978 Language fre SubFile English Abstract; Journal Article; IM DOI 10.1016/j.rmr.2015.05.003 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 26071978 Abstract PURPOSE OF STUDY: To estimate the prevalence of electronic cigarette use among teenagers and its connection with the consumption of tobacco. METHODS: In 2014 we conducted a survey of 3319 middle and high school students. RESULTS: Among the students, 56% had tried an electronic cigarette at least once (boys: 59.9%, girls: 49.3%; ranging from 31.3% for the 8th grade students to 66.1% for the 12th grades). However, only 3.4% reported that they used electronic cigarettes every day. Initiation of e-cigarette use in these teenagers was principally due to use by friends or triggered by curiosity and they usually choose fruit or sweet flavours initially. The majority could not give the concentration of nicotine in e-cigarettes that they used. Moreover, 61.5% of the students had ever tried tobacco and 22.3% were daily smokers. Our study found a strong link between vaping and smoking. 80% of the students who had ever tried conventional cigarettes (94% for the daily smokers) had also tried an electronic cigarette, versus 16% of the student who have never smoked. Few students (6.2%) used electronic cigarettes without smoking tobacco too. Usually, they have tried tobacco before trying an electronic cigarette. Only tobacco smokers seem to smoke electronic cigarettes with nicotine. CONCLUSION: Although our study shows that teenagers frequently try electronic cigarettes, it does not prove, for the moment, that vaping itself usually leads to nicotine addiction. However, as most of the teenagers are unable to tell if the electronic cigarette they are testing contains nicotine, it raises the possibility that they could be vulnerable to manipulation by the tobacco industry. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher SPLF. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS Data Source Authors Stenger,N., Chailleux,E. Original/Translated Title Enquete sur l'usage de la cigarette electronique et du tabac en milieu scolaire URL Date of Electronic 20150611 PMCID Editors
Highly selective and effective solid phase microextraction of benzoic acid esters using ionic liquid functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotubes-doped polyaniline coating	2016	Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, PR China; Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials &	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Journal of chromatography.A Periodical, Abbrev. J.Chromatogr.A Pub Date Free Form 11-Mar Volume 1437 Issue Start Page 1 Other Pages 7 Notes CI: Copyright (c) 2016; JID: 9318488; 0 (Aniline Compounds); 0 (Esters); 0 (Ionic Liquids); 0 (Nanotubes, Carbon); 0 (Water Pollutants, Chemical); 0 (polyaniline); 8SKN0B0MIM (Benzoic Acid); OTO: NOTNLM; 2015/09/30 [received]; 2016/01/04 [revised]; 2016/0 Place of Publication Netherlands ISSN/ISBN 1873-3778; 0021-9673 Accession Number PMID: 26852620 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.01.072 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 26852620 Abstract The present work reports the electrochemical fabrication of an ionic liquid functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotubes-polyaniline (MWCNT@IL/PANI) nanocomposite coating and its application in the headspace-solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME) and gas chromatography (GC) determination of benzoic acid esters (i.e., methyl benzoate, ethyl benzoate, propyl benzoate and butyl benzoate). The MWCNTs was firstly functionalized with amine-terminated IL (MWCNT@IL) through chemical reduction, and then was doped in PANI during the electropolymerization of aniline. The resulting coating was characterized by infrared spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy and thermo gravimetry. It showed net-like structure and had high thermal stability (up to 330 degrees C). Furthermore, it presented high selectivity for the four benzoic acid esters and thus suited for their HS-SPME-GC determination. Results showed that under optimized extraction conditions, the detection limits were less than 6.1ngL(-1) (S/N=3) and the linear detection ranges were 0.012-50mugL(-1) (R>/=0.9957) for these analytes. The relative standard deviations (RSDs) were lower than 6.4% for five successive measurements with one fiber, and the RSDs for fiber-to-fiber were 4.4-9.6% (n=5). The developed method was successfully applied to the determination of these benzoic acid esters in perfume samples. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Elsevier B.V Data Source Authors Ai,Y., Wu,M., Li,L., Zhao,F., Zeng,B. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20160202 PMCID Editors
Community Attitudes Toward Mass Drug Administration for Control and Elimination of Neglected Tropical Diseases After the 2014 Outbreak of Ebola Virus Disease in Lofa County, Liberia	2016	Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri; Liberian Institute for Biomedical Research, Charlesville, Liberia; London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom;	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene Periodical, Abbrev. Am.J.Trop.Med.Hyg. Pub Date Free Form Mar Volume 94 Issue 3 Start Page 497 Other Pages 503 Notes LR: 20160319; CI: (c) The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene.; JID: 0370507; 0 (Antiparasitic Agents); 6490C9U457 (Praziquantel); 70288-86-7 (Ivermectin); F4216019LN (Albendazole); OID: NLM: PMC4775880; 2015/08/12 [received]; 2015/11/03 [ac Place of Publication United States ISSN/ISBN 1476-1645; 0002-9637 Accession Number PMID: 26666700 Language eng SubFile Historical Article; Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; AIM; IM DOI 10.4269/ajtmh.15-0591 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 26666700 Abstract The recent outbreak of Ebola virus disease (EVD) interrupted mass drug administration (MDA) programs to control and eliminate neglected tropical diseases in Liberia. MDA programs treat entire communities with medication regardless of infection status to interrupt transmission and eliminate lymphatic filariasis and onchocerciasis. Following reports of hostilities toward health workers and fear that they might be spreading EVD, it was important to determine whether attitudes toward MDA might have changed after the outbreak. We surveyed 140 community leaders from 32 villages in Lofa County, Liberia, that had previously participated in MDA and are located in an area that was an early epicenter of the EVD outbreak. Survey respondents reported a high degree of community trust in the MDA program, and 97% thought their communities were ready to resume MDA. However, respondents predicted that fewer people would comply with MDA after the EVD epidemic than before. The survey also uncovered fears in the community that EVD and MDA might be linked. Respondents suggested that MDA programs emphasize to people that the medications are identical to those previously distributed and that MDA programs have nothing to do with EVD. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Bogus,J., Gankpala,L., Fischer,K., Krentel,A., Weil,G.J., Fischer,P.U., Kollie,K., Bolay,F.K. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20151214 PMCID PMC4775880 Editors
The E-cigarette Social Environment, E-cigarette Use, and Susceptibility to Cigarette Smoking	2016	Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California. Electronic address: jtrimis@usc.edu.; Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California.; Department of Preventive M	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full The Journal of adolescent health : official publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine Periodical, Abbrev. J.Adolesc.Health Pub Date Free Form Jul Volume 59 Issue 1 Start Page 75 Other Pages 80 Notes LR: 20160626; CI: Copyright (c) 2016; GR: P50 CA180905/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States; JID: 9102136; NIHMS773054; OID: NLM: NIHMS773054 [Available on 07/01/17]; OID: NLM: PMC4920702 [Available on 07/01/17]; OTO: NOTNLM; PMCR: 2017/07/01 00:00; 2015/12/08 [r Place of Publication United States ISSN/ISBN 1879-1972; 1054-139X Accession Number PMID: 27161417 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; IM DOI 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2016.03.019 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 27161417 Abstract PURPOSE: One concern regarding the recent increase in adolescent e-cigarette use is the possibility that electronic (e-) cigarettes may be used by those who might not otherwise have used cigarettes, and that dual use, or transition to cigarette use alone, may follow. METHODS: Questionnaire data were obtained in 2014 from 11th/12th grade students attending schools in 12 communities included in the Southern California Children's Health Study. We evaluated the cross-sectional association between e-cigarette use, the social environment (family and friends' use and approval of e-cigarettes and cigarettes), and susceptibility to future cigarette use among never cigarette smokers (N = 1,694), using previously validated measures based on reported absence of a definitive commitment not to smoke. RESULTS: Among adolescents who had never used cigarettes, 31.8% of past e-cigarette users and 34.6% of current (past 30-day) e-cigarette users indicated susceptibility to cigarette use, compared with 21.0% of never e-cigarette users. The odds of indicating susceptibility to cigarette use were two times higher for current e-cigarette users compared with never users (odds ratio = 1.97; 95% confidence interval: 1.21-3.22). A social environment favorable to e-cigarettes (friends' use of and positive attitudes toward the use of e-cigarettes) was also associated with greater likelihood of susceptibility to cigarette use, independent of an individual's e-cigarette use. CONCLUSIONS: E-cigarette use in adolescence, and a pro-e-cigarette social environment, may put adolescents at risk for future use of cigarettes. E-cigarettes may contribute to subsequent cigarette use via nicotine addiction or social normalization of smoking behaviors. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Society for Adolescent Health and Medicine. Published by Elsevier Inc Data Source Authors Barrington-Trimis,J.L., Berhane,K., Unger,J.B., Cruz,T.B., Urman,R., Chou,C.P., Howland,S., Wang,K., Pentz,M.A., Gilreath,T.D., Huh,J., Leventhal,A.M., Samet,J.M., McConnell,R. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20160506 PMCID PMC4920702 Editors
Occurrence of bisphenols, bisphenol A diglycidyl ethers (BADGEs), and novolac glycidyl ethers (NOGEs) in indoor air from Albany, New York, USA, and its implications for inhalation exposure	2016	Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, and Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany, Albany, NY 12201, United States.; Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Yangtze	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Chemosphere Periodical, Abbrev. Chemosphere Pub Date Free Form May Volume 151 Issue Start Page 1 Other Pages 8 Notes CI: Copyright (c) 2016; JID: 0320657; OTO: NOTNLM; 2015/12/24 [received]; 2016/02/06 [revised]; 2016/02/08 [accepted]; 2016/03/15 [aheadofprint]; ppublish Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1879-1298; 0045-6535 Accession Number PMID: 26923236 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; IM DOI 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.02.038 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 26923236 Abstract Bisphenols, bisphenol A diglycidyl ethers (BADGEs), and novolac glycidyl ethers (NOGEs) are used in the production of epoxy resins and polycarbonate plastics. Despite the widespread application of these chemicals in household products, studies on their occurrence in indoor air are limited. In this study, 83 indoor air samples were collected in 2014 from various locations in Albany, New York, USA, to determine the concentrations of bisphenols, BADGEs (refer to BADGE and its derivatives), and NOGEs (refer to NOGE and its derivatives) and to calculate inhalation exposure to these compounds. Among eight bisphenols measured, BPA, BPF, and BPS were found in bulk air (i.e., vapor plus particulate phases), at geometric mean (GM) concentrations of 0.43, 0.69 and 0.09 ng m(-3), respectively. Among 11 BADGEs and NOGEs determined, BADGE.2H2O was the predominant compound found in indoor air (detection rate [DR]: 85.5%), at concentrations as high as 6.71 ng m(-3). Estimation of inhalation exposure to these chemicals for various age groups showed that teenagers had the highest exposure doses to BPA, BPF, BPS, and BADGE.2H2O at 5.91, 9.48, 1.24, and 3.84 ng day(-1), respectively. The body weight-normalized estimates of exposure were the highest for infants, with values at 0.24, 0.39, 0.05, and 0.16 ng kg bw(-1) day(-1) for BPA, BPF, BPS, and BADGE.2H2O, respectively. This is the first survey to report inhalation exposure to bisphenols, BADGEs, and NOGEs. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Elsevier Ltd Data Source Authors Xue,J., Wan,Y., Kannan,K. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20160315 PMCID Editors
Use of multiple tobacco products in a national sample of persons enrolled in addiction treatment	2016	Philip R. Lee Institute for Health Policy Studies, University of California San Francisco, 3333 California St., Ste. 265, San Francisco, CA 94118, United States. Electronic address: joseph.guydish@ucsf.edu.; Philip R. Lee Institute for Health Policy Studi	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Drug and alcohol dependence Periodical, Abbrev. Drug Alcohol Depend. Pub Date Free Form 1-Sep Volume 166 Issue Start Page 93 Other Pages 99 Notes LR: 20160815; CI: Copyright (c) 2016; GR: P50 DA009253/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States; GR: R01 DA036066/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States; JID: 7513587; NIHMS802871; OID: NLM: NIHMS802871 [Available on 09/01/17]; OID: NLM: PMC4983463 [Available on 09/01/17]; O Place of Publication Ireland ISSN/ISBN 1879-0046; 0376-8716 Accession Number PMID: 27449271 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; IM DOI 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.06.035 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 27449271 Abstract OBJECTIVE: To explore use of tobacco products in relationship to marketing exposure among persons in addiction treatment. METHOD: A random sample of treatment programs was drawn from the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) Clinical Trials Network (CTN). Participants in each program completed surveys concerning use of tobacco products (N=1113). Exposure to tobacco marketing and counter-marketing, advertising receptivity, and perceived health risks of smoking were tested for their association with use of multiple tobacco products. RESULTS: Prevalence of combustible cigarette use was 77.9%. Weekly or greater use of other products was: e-cigarettes (17.7%), little filtered cigars (8.6%), smokeless tobacco (5.2%), and standard cigars (4.6%) with 24.4% using multiple tobacco products. Compared to single product users, multiple product users smoked more cigarettes per day (OR=1.03, 95% CI 1.01-1.05, p Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Elsevier Ireland Ltd Data Source Authors Guydish,J., Tajima,B., Pramod,S., Le,T., Gubner,N.R., Campbell,B., Roman,P. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20160714 PMCID PMC4983463 Editors
Prevalence of severe esophagitis in Spain. Results of the PRESS study (Prevalence and Risk factors for Esophagitis in Spain: A cross-sectional study)	2016	Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Pharmacy Faculty, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain.; Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital Universitario La Fe, Valencia, Spain.; Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital Universitario La Fe, Valencia, Spain.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full United European gastroenterology journal Periodical, Abbrev. United.European Gastroenterol.J. Pub Date Free Form Apr Volume 4 Issue 2 Start Page 229 Other Pages 235 Notes LR: 20160420; JID: 101606807; OID: NLM: PMC4804364; OTO: NOTNLM; 2015/04/16 [received]; 2015/06/21 [accepted]; 2015/07/24 [epublish]; ppublish Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 2050-6406; 2050-6406 Accession Number PMID: 27087951 Language eng SubFile Journal Article DOI 10.1177/2050640615595916 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 27087951 Abstract BACKGROUND: N.P. and M.P. contributed equally to this study.The current prevalence of esophagitis in southern Europe is unknown. In addition, the risk factors for reflux esophagitis are not fully understood. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this article is to assess the prevalence and risk factors for esophagitis in Spain. METHODS: A prospective, observational, cross-sectional, multicenter study (PRESS study) was conducted among 31 gastrointestinal endoscopy units throughout Spain. A total of 1361 patients undergoing upper gastrointestinal endoscopy were enrolled. Sociodemographic, clinical and treatment data were recorded. RESULTS: A total of 95% of patients were Caucasian and 52% were male (mean age: 53 +/- 17 years). The most frequent symptoms prompting endoscopy were heartburn (40%), regurgitation (26%) and dysphagia (15%). Fifty-four percent of patients undergoing endoscopy were receiving proton pump inhibitor (PPI) treatment. Esophagitis (mainly mild-moderate) was present in 154 (12.4%) patients. The severe form was recorded in only 11 (0.8%) patients. Multivariate analysis results indicated that the likelihood of esophagitis was higher in men (OR = 1.91, 95% CI = 1.31-2.78), in patients with high GERD-Q scores (OR = 1.256, 95% CI = 1.176-1.343), weight increase (OR = 1.014, 95% CI = 1.003-1.025) and high alcohol consumption (OR = 2.49, 95% CI = 1.16-5.36). CONCLUSION: Severe esophagitis is a rare finding in the Spanish population. Male gender, high GERD-Q score, weight increase and high alcohol consumption are main risk factors for its appearance. Descriptors* Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Pique,N., Ponce,M., Garrigues,V., Rodrigo,L., Calvo,F., de Argila,C.M., Borda,F., Naranjo,A., Alcedo,J., Jose Soria,M., Rey,E., Bujanda,L., Gisbert,J.P., Suarez,D., Calvet,X., Ponce,J., PRESS Study Group Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20150724 PMCID PMC4804364 Editors
E-cigarettes, Cigarettes, and the Prevalence of Adolescent Tobacco Use	2016	Department of Preventive Medicine, and jtrimis@usc.edu.; Department of Preventive Medicine, and.; Department of Preventive Medicine, and.; Department of Preventive Medicine, and.; Department of Preventive Medicine, and.; Department of Preventive Medicine,	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Pediatrics Periodical, Abbrev. Pediatrics Pub Date Free Form Aug Volume 138 Issue 2 Start Page 10.1542/peds.2015 Other Pages 3983. Epub 2016 Jul 11 Notes CI: Copyright (c) 2016; JID: 0376422; 2016/05/09 [accepted]; 2016/07/11 [aheadofprint]; ppublish Place of Publication United States ISSN/ISBN 1098-4275; 0031-4005 Accession Number PMID: 27401102 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; AIM; IM DOI 10.1542/peds.2015-3983 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 27401102 Abstract BACKGROUND: Adolescent e-cigarette use has increased rapidly in recent years, but it is unclear whether e-cigarettes are merely substituting for cigarettes or whether e-cigarettes are being used by those who would not otherwise have smoked. To understand the role of e-cigarettes in overall tobacco product use, we examine prevalence rates from Southern California adolescents over 2 decades. METHODS: The Children's Health Study is a longitudinal study of cohorts reaching 12th grade in 1995, 1998, 2001, 2004, and 2014. Cohorts were enrolled from entire classrooms in schools in selected communities and followed prospectively through completion of secondary school. Analyses used data from grades 11 and 12 of each cohort (N = 5490). RESULTS: Among 12th-grade students, the combined adjusted prevalence of current cigarette or e-cigarette use in 2014 was 13.7%. This was substantially greater than the 9.0% adjusted prevalence of current cigarette use in 2004, before e-cigarettes were available (P = .003) and only slightly less than the 14.7% adjusted prevalence of smoking in 2001 (P = .54). Similar patterns were observed for prevalence rates in 11th grade, for rates of ever use, and among both male and female adolescents and both Hispanic and Non-Hispanic White adolescents. CONCLUSIONS: Smoking prevalence among Southern California adolescents has declined over 2 decades, but the high prevalence of combined e-cigarette or cigarette use in 2014, compared with historical Southern California smoking prevalence, suggests that e-cigarettes are not merely substituting for cigarettes and indicates that e-cigarette use is occurring in adolescents who would not otherwise have used tobacco products. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher by the American Academy of Pediatrics Data Source Authors Barrington-Trimis,J.L., Urman,R., Leventhal,A.M., Gauderman,W.J., Cruz,T.B., Gilreath,T.D., Howland,S., Unger,J.B., Berhane,K., Samet,J.M., McConnell,R. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20160711 PMCID Editors
Compliance to the smoke-free law in Guatemala 5-years after implementation	2016	Research Department, Cardiovascular Surgery Unit of Guatemala, 9th Avenue, 8-00, Zone 11, 01011, Guatemala City, Guatemala. jbarnoya@post.harvard.edu.; Division of Public Health Sciences, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, 66	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full BMC public health Periodical, Abbrev. BMC Public Health Pub Date Free Form 12-Apr Volume 16 Issue Start Page 318 Other Pages 016-2960-x Notes LR: 20160505; JID: 100968562; OID: NLM: PMC4852414; OTO: NOTNLM; 2015/10/10 [received]; 2016/03/15 [accepted]; 2016/04/12 [aheadofprint]; epublish Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1471-2458; 1471-2458 Accession Number PMID: 27138959 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; IM DOI 10.1186/s12889-016-2960-x [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 27138959 Abstract BACKGROUND: Smoke-free environments decrease smoking prevalence and consequently the incidence of heart disease and lung cancer. Due to issues related to poor enforcement, scant data is currently available from low/middle income countries on the long-term compliance to smoke-free laws. In 2006, high levels of secondhand smoke (SHS) were found in bars and restaurants in Guatemala City. Six months after a smoking ban was implemented in 2009, levels significantly decreased. However, in 2010, poor law compliance was observed. Therefore, we sought to assess long-term compliance to the ban using SHS measurements. METHODS: In 2014 we assessed SHS exposure using airborne nicotine monitors in bars (n = 9) and restaurants (n = 12) for 7 days using the same protocol as in 2006 and in 2009. Nicotine was measured using gas-chromatography (mug/m(3)) and compared to levels pre- (2006) and post-ban (2009). Employees responded to a survey about SHS exposure, perceived economic impact of the ban and customers' electronic cigarette use. In addition, we estimated the fines that could have been collected for each law infringement. RESULTS: Most (71 %) venues still have a smoking section, violating the law. The percentage of samples with detectable nicotine concentrations was 100, 85 and 43 % in 2006, 2009 and 2014, respectively. In bars, median (25(th) and 75(th) percentiles) nicotine concentrations were 4.58 mug/m(3) (1.71, 6.45) in 2006, 0.28 (0.17, 0.66) in 2009, and 0.59 (0.01, 1.45) in 2014. In restaurants, the corresponding medians were 0.58 mug/m(3) (0.44, 0.71), 0.04 (0.01, 0.11), and 0.01 (0.01, 0.09). Support for the law continues to be high (88 %) among bar and restaurant employees. Most employees report no economic impact of the law and that a high proportion of customers (78 %) use e-cigarettes. A total of US$50,012 could have been collected in fines. CONCLUSIONS: Long-term compliance to the smoking ban in Guatemala is decreasing. Additional research that evaluates the determinants of non-compliance is needed and could also contribute to improve enforcement and implementation of the smoke-free law in Guatemala. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Barnoya,J., Monzon,J.C., Briz,P., Navas-Acien,A. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20160412 PMCID PMC4852414 Editors

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