Image
WTS Database
The subject of interest is:
waterpipe, water-pipe, nargile, narghile, arguileh, arguile, shisha, sheesha, chichi, hubble bubble, hubbly bubbly, goza, hookah, bong
| Title | Pub Year Sort descending | Author | SearchLink |
|---|---|---|---|
| Transcranial Doppler ultrasound in commercial air divers: a field study including cases with right-to-left shunting | 1995 | University Department of Medicine & Therapeutics, Western Infirmary, Glasgow. | Read more... |
|
Source Type
Print(0)
Ref Type
Journal Article
Periodical, Full
Undersea & hyperbaric medicine : journal of the Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society, Inc
Periodical, Abbrev.
Undersea Hyperb.Med.
Pub Date Free Form
Jun
Volume
22
Issue
2
Start Page
129
Other Pages
135
Notes
LR: 20041117; JID: 9312954; ppublish
Place of Publication
UNITED STATES
ISSN/ISBN
1066-2936; 1066-2936
Accession Number
PMID: 7633274
Language
eng
SubFile
Journal Article; IM; S
DOI
Output Language
Unknown(0)
PMID
7633274
Abstract
Many cases of decompression illness occur in divers using recommended decompression tables. Doppler ultrasound has been used for over 20 yr and has shown the presence of venous bubbles in asymptomatic divers working well within decompression limits. Previous studies have demonstrated an increased prevalence of patent foramen ovale in divers who have suffered neurologic decompression illness. It has been postulated that right-to-left shunting through a patent foramen ovale could allow arterialization of these bubbles, causing symptoms and signs of acute decompression illness and possibly chronic subclinical neurologic impairment. We set out to determine the incidence of bubbles in the cerebral circulation of commercial divers decompressing from air dives. Using transcranial Doppler ultrasound (TCD), the middle cerebral arteries of 17 divers were monitored after surfacing from depths ranging between 3 and 50 m. Peripheral contrast injection with simultaneous transthoracic echocardiography and TCD was used to screen for right-to-left shunting. Right-to-left shunting was detected in four divers by TCD (one at rest, two after a Valsalva maneuver, and one only after coughing); however, echocardiography was positive in only one of these subjects after a Valsalva maneuver (TCD was positive at rest in this subject). Seventy-three TCD recordings were performed in four settings: 41 after underwater decompression, 18 after surface decompression, 10 in the interval between surfacing and entering the decompression chamber, and 4 after a chamber dive. Twenty-three of these recordings were in four subjects with right-to-left shunting; no bubbles were detected in any of these recordings.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Descriptors
Adult, Cough/physiopathology, Decompression, Decompression Sickness/etiology/ultrasonography, Diving, Heart Septal Defects, Atrial/complications, Humans, Male, Ultrasonography, Doppler, Transcranial, Valsalva Maneuver
Links
Book Title
Database
Publisher
Data Source
Authors
Glen,S. K., Georgiadis,D., Grosset,D. G., Douglas,J. D., Lees,K. R.
Original/Translated Title
URL
Date of Electronic
PMCID
Editors
|
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| Environmental tobacco smoke, wheezing, and asthma in children in 24 communities | 1996 | Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. | Read more... |
|
Source Type
Print(0)
Ref Type
Journal Article
Periodical, Full
American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine
Periodical, Abbrev.
Am.J.Respir.Crit.Care Med.
Pub Date Free Form
Jan
Volume
153
Issue
1
Start Page
218
Other Pages
224
Notes
LR: 20071114; GR: ES-0002/ES/NIEHS NIH HHS/United States; GR: ES-04595/ES/NIEHS NIH HHS/United States; GR: ES-07069/ES/NIEHS NIH HHS/United States; JID: 9421642; 0 (Tobacco Smoke Pollution); ppublish
Place of Publication
UNITED STATES
ISSN/ISBN
1073-449X; 1073-449X
Accession Number
PMID: 8542119
Language
eng
SubFile
Comparative Study; Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.; AIM; IM
DOI
10.1164/ajrccm.153.1.8542119 [doi]
Output Language
Unknown(0)
PMID
8542119
Abstract
The association of exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) at home with asthma and several measures of wheeze was examined among 11,534 children aged 8 to 11 yr in 24 communities in the United States and Canada in 1988 through 1990. Information on the child's respiratory symptoms in the past year and history of exposure to ETS was provided by the child's mother on a questionnaire. After adjusting for potential confounders, children currently exposed to ETS were at greater risk of wheezing with colds (odds ratio [OR] = 1.7; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 1.4 to 1.9), going to a hospital emergency room for wheeze (OR = 1.6; 95% CI, 1.2 to 2.2), and having persistent wheeze (OR = 1.4; 95% CI, 1.1 to 1.8). The relative odds of these symptoms increased with exposure level, and there was no evidence of a difference in the association with smoking by mother, father, or other adults. In contrast to wheeze symptoms, active doctor-diagnosed asthma and asthma medication use were not significantly associated with ETS exposure at home, possibly reflecting underdiagnosis of asthma, reporting bias, or smoking cessation by parents whose child is labeled asthmatic. We conclude that exposure to ETS is associated with wheezing symptoms, medical therapy for wheezing, and wheezing-related emergency department visits in U.S. and Canadian children.
Descriptors
Adult, Asthma/diagnosis/epidemiology/etiology, Canada/epidemiology, Child, Common Cold/etiology, Confidence Intervals, Emergencies, Female, Humans, Male, Odds Ratio, Respiratory Sounds, Risk Factors, Smoking/epidemiology, Smoking Cessation, Tobacco Smoke Pollution/adverse effects, United States/epidemiology
Links
Book Title
Database
Publisher
Data Source
Authors
Cunningham,J., O'Connor,G. T., Dockery,D. W., Speizer,F. E.
Original/Translated Title
URL
Date of Electronic
PMCID
Editors
|
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| Medicinal plants of Cariris Velhos, Paraiba, Part II: Subclass Magnoliidae, Caryophyllidae, Dilleniidae and Rosidae | 1996 | De Fatima Agra, M., Lab. de Tecnologia Farmaceutica, Universidade Federal de Paraiba, 58.051-970 Joao Pessoa, PB, Brazil | Read more... |
|
Source Type
Print(0)
Ref Type
Journal Article
Periodical, Full
Revista Brasileira de Farmacia
Periodical, Abbrev.
REV.BRAS.FARM.
Pub Date Free Form
1996/
Volume
77
Issue
3
Start Page
97
Other Pages
102
Notes
Place of Publication
ISSN/ISBN
0370-372X
Accession Number
Language
SubFile
DOI
Output Language
Unknown(0)
PMID
Abstract
The present work is a ethnomedicinal survey of the plant species of the Rosidae, Dilleniidae, Caryophyllidae and Magnoliidae subclass found in the 'Cariris Velhos'. The information collected was obtained by interviewing the 'raizeiros' and vendors of medicinal plants, and also includes a bibliographic and herbaria (JPB, EAN, IPA) survey. The voucher specimens are deposited in the JPB Herbarium. A list of the 101 plant species and their ethnomedicinal uses are presented. The subclass Rosideae is predominant with 61 species, (ca. 60%). More popular references of several species including Amburana caerensis (Fr. Allemao) A.C. Smith., Ziziphus joazeiro Mart., Bauhinia cheilanta (Bong.) Steud., Myracrodruon urundeuva Fr. Allemao and Syderoxylon obtusifolium (Roemer and Schultes) Penn. are cited.
Descriptors
unindexed drug, article, ethnopharmacology, medicinal plant, phytochemistry, phytotherapy
Links
Book Title
Plantas medicinais nos Cariris Velhos, Paraiba, Parte II: Subclasses Magnoliidae, Caryophyllidae, Dilleniidae e Rosidae
Database
Embase
Publisher
Data Source
Embase
Authors
De Fatima Agra,M., Locatelli,E., Rocha,E. A., Baracho,G. S., Formiga,S. C.
Original/Translated Title
URL
Date of Electronic
PMCID
Editors
|
|||
| Izuchenie sredinnykh struktur mozga i sistemy likvoroobrashcheniia v usloviiakh patologii tsentral'noi nervnoi sistemy | 1996 | Read more... | |
|
Source Type
Print(0)
Ref Type
Journal Article
Periodical, Full
Arkh Patol
Periodical, Abbrev.
Arkh.Patol.
Pub Date Free Form
Volume
58
Issue
3
Start Page
30
Other Pages
3
Notes
ID: 8967839
Place of Publication
ISSN/ISBN
Accession Number
Language
ru
SubFile
DOI
Output Language
Unknown(0)
PMID
Abstract
The author offers an original method of the study of the midbrain structures and liquor circulation system (the third ventricle, brain water-pipe, the fourth ventricle) in the small cavity in the course of autopsy. The position of the middle structures is characterized by means of the angle measuring of their borders against bone structures of the base and vault of the skull. The method allows to assess morphometrically the degree of dislocation of the middle structures in pathological conditions accompanied by brain edema.
Descriptors
Central Nervous System Diseases/pathology, Mesencephalon/pathology, Brain Injuries/cerebrospinal fluid, Brain Injuries/pathology, Brain Mapping, Catheterization, Central Nervous System Diseases/cerebrospinal fluid, Cerebral Ventricles/pathology, Humans, Mesencephalon/anatomy & histology
Links
http://pesquisa.bvsalud.org/ghl/resource/en/mdl-8967839
Book Title
Database
MEDLINE; http://www.globalhealthlibrary.net/
Publisher
Data Source
Authors
Dobrovol'skii,G.F.
Original/Translated Title
URL
Date of Electronic
PMCID
Editors
|
|||
| Midbrain structures and the cerebrospinal fluid circulation system in central nervous system disease | 1996 | Dobrovol'skii, G.F. | Read more... |
|
Source Type
Print(0)
Ref Type
Journal Article
Periodical, Full
Arkhiv Patologii
Periodical, Abbrev.
Arkh.Patol.
Pub Date Free Form
/
Volume
58
Issue
3
Start Page
30
Other Pages
33
Notes
Place of Publication
ISSN/ISBN
0004-1955
Accession Number
Language
SubFile
DOI
Output Language
Unknown(0)
PMID
Abstract
The author offers an original method of the study of the midbrain structures and liquor circulation system (the third ventricle, brain water-pipe, the fourth ventricle) in the small cavity in the course of autopsy. The position of the middle structures is characterized by means of the angle measuring of their borders against bone structures of the base and vault of the skull. The method allows to assess morphometrically the degree of dislocation of the middle structures in pathological conditions accompanied by brain edema.
Descriptors
article, brain injury, brain mapping, brain ventricle, catheterization, central nervous system disease, cerebrospinal fluid, histology, human, mesencephalon, pathology
Links
Book Title
Izuchenie sredinnykh struktur mozga i sistemy likvoroobrashcheniia v usloviiakh patologii tsentral'noi nervnoi sistemy.
Database
MEDLINE
Publisher
Data Source
Embase
Authors
Dobrovol'skii,G. F.
Original/Translated Title
URL
Date of Electronic
PMCID
Editors
|
|||
| Risk factors for childhood asthma and wheezing. Importance of maternal and household smoking | 1996 | Department of Community Health, University of Cape Town, South Africa. | Read more... |
|
Source Type
Print(0)
Ref Type
Journal Article
Periodical, Full
American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine
Periodical, Abbrev.
Am.J.Respir.Crit.Care Med.
Pub Date Free Form
Sep
Volume
154
Issue
3 Pt 1
Start Page
681
Other Pages
688
Notes
LR: 20151119; JID: 9421642; 0 (Sodium Chloride, Dietary); 0 (Tobacco Smoke Pollution); AYI8EX34EU (Creatinine); K5161X06LL (Cotinine); ppublish
Place of Publication
UNITED STATES
ISSN/ISBN
1073-449X; 1073-449X
Accession Number
PMID: 8810605
Language
eng
SubFile
Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; AIM; IM
DOI
10.1164/ajrccm.154.3.8810605 [doi]
Output Language
Unknown(0)
PMID
8810605
Abstract
To identify modifiable risk factors for wheezing illness in childhood, the associations between current asthma or wheezing and factors such as household smoking, damp and dietary salt preference were measured in a questionnaire-based prevalence study of schoolchildren 7 to 9 yr of age in Cape Town. In a random sample of 15 schools, questionnaires were completed by parents of 1,955 children, from which 368 cases and 294 controls were selected on the basis of reported asthma diagnosis or symptoms. Urinary cotinine concentrations were measured, and the parents were interviewed. An exposure-response relationship between the urinary cotinine creatinine ratio and asthma/wheeze was observed. In multivariate analysis, predictors of asthma/wheeze were hay fever (odds ratio [OR] - 5.30; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 3.16 to 8.89), eczema (OR = 2.19; 95% CI = 1.33-3.62), parental asthma (OR = 1.77; 95% CI = 1.11 to 2.84), absence of paternal contribution to income (OR = 1.72; 95% CI = 1.17 to 2.54), maternal smoking in pregnancy (OR = 1.87; 95% CI = 1.25 to 2.81), and each additional household smoker (OR = 1.15; 95% CI = 1.01 to 1.30). Findings were similar, with higher odds ratios for most variables, except number of household smokers, when the group was restricted to children with parent-reported asthma. The findings confirm that household smoking is an important modifiable risk factor in asthma/wheeze among young schoolchildren, and they suggest that maternal smoking in pregnancy and current household exposure are independent contributors to this effect.
Descriptors
Asthma/epidemiology/etiology/genetics, Child, Cotinine/urine, Creatinine/urine, Female, Humans, Male, Multivariate Analysis, Pregnancy, Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects, Prevalence, Random Allocation, Respiratory Sounds/etiology, Risk Factors, Sampling Studies, Smoking/epidemiology, Socioeconomic Factors, Sodium Chloride, Dietary/adverse effects, South Africa/epidemiology, Surveys and Questionnaires, Tobacco Smoke Pollution/adverse effects
Links
Book Title
Database
Publisher
Data Source
Authors
Ehrlich,R. I., Du Toit,D., Jordaan,E., Zwarenstein,M., Potter,P., Volmink,J. A., Weinberg,E.
Original/Translated Title
URL
Date of Electronic
PMCID
Editors
|
|||
| Smoking among medical students in Tunisia: trends in behavior and attitudes | 1996 | Centre national de formation pedagogique des cadres de la sante, El Omrane, Tunisie. | Read more... |
|
Source Type
Print(0)
Ref Type
Journal Article
Periodical, Full
Sante (Montrouge, France)
Periodical, Abbrev.
Sante
Pub Date Free Form
Jan-Feb
Volume
6
Issue
1
Start Page
37
Other Pages
42
Notes
LR: 20151119; JID: 9212437; ppublish
Place of Publication
FRANCE
ISSN/ISBN
1157-5999; 1157-5999
Accession Number
PMID: 8612012
Language
fre
SubFile
English Abstract; Journal Article; IM
DOI
Output Language
Unknown(0)
PMID
8612012
Abstract
We report a cross sectional survey to analyze the effects of medical training on the smoking habits of Tunisian medical students, and their attitudes and knowledge about smoking. Two groups of medical students were studied. One group was 257 first year students at the Medical Faculties of Tunis and Sfax, in 1987, the other 211 final year students at the same Faculties in 1994 and who had been in the first year in 1987. A questionnaire bases on that of the WHO and International Union against Lung Disease for health professionals was administered. It was completed by 95% of the students. Fifty-four % were men and 46% women, and 70.2% lived in an urban area before attending university (table 1). Nonsmokers were defined as those who had never smoked. Exsmokers were those who had formerly smoked but no longer did so. Smokers were divided into those who smoked occasionally and those who smoked daily. The prevalence of smoking was higher among the final year students than the first year students. Combined daily and occasional smoking was 24.1% among first year students and 37.1% among final year students (table 2). The rates among men for daily smoking were 19.2% in the first year and 38.9% in the final year, whereas for women the corresponding rates were 1.8% and 2% (table 3). The prevalence of occasional smoking among men was 17.8% for the first year and 17.7% in the final year. Among women, this behavior increased from 5.5% to 16.8%. Men exsmokers increased from 6.2% to 16.8% and women from 4.6% to 13.4% from the first to the final year. The proportion of first year smokers who reported a serious attempt to stop was 64.8% and that of final year students was 50%. Protected personal health was the most common reason (table 4). In the final year, 94.1% of te students agreed strongly with the view that smoking is harmful to health (table 5). However, there was substantial underestimation of the contribution of tobacco to causing serious diseases including bladder cancer, coronary artery disease, peripheral vascular disease, emphysema and neonatal morality (table 6). The study evidences insufficient awareness of medical students about their responsibility for health education and prevention. There was little interest in preventive action for patients. Only 4.5% of the final year students felt that they were equipped to advise patients about smoking. Similarly, 65.7% would not advise patients to stop smoking if they had no smoking-related symptoms and did not raise the question themselves (table 7). There were major deficiences in knowledge of preventive measures. Only 45.5% of final year students considered that they had adequate knowledge to advise patients about smoking (table 8) and 72.5% thought that they should have received more specific training about counseling (table 9). This work shows that, like in Africa, Asia and Europe, Tunisian medical students have an unsatisfactory knowledge of tobacco and its effects. There were no substantial changes in the students' knowledge of, or attitude to, smoking between the first and final year of training. Simply stimulating the interest of these future doctors in the problem of smoking is insufficient.
Descriptors
Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Prevalence, Smoking/psychology/trends, Students, Medical/psychology/statistics & numerical data, Surveys and Questionnaires, Tunisia
Links
Book Title
Database
Publisher
Data Source
Authors
Fakhfakh,R., Hsairi,M., Ben Romdhane,H., Achour,N., Ben Ammar,R., Zouari,B., Nacef,T.
Original/Translated Title
Le tabagisme des etudiants en medecine en Tunisie: tendances des comportements et des attitudes
URL
Date of Electronic
PMCID
Editors
|
|||
| Assessment of air quality in Stockholm by personal monitoring of nonsmokers for respirable suspended particles and environmental tobacco smoke | 1996 | Corning Hazleton (Europe), Harrogate North Yorkshire, England. | Read more... |
|
Source Type
Print(0)
Ref Type
Journal Article
Periodical, Full
Scandinavian journal of work, environment & health
Periodical, Abbrev.
Scand.J.Work Environ.Health
Pub Date Free Form
Volume
22 Suppl 1
Issue
Start Page
1
Other Pages
24
Notes
LR: 20131121; JID: 7511540; 0 (Air Pollutants); 0 (Tobacco Smoke Pollution); K5161X06LL (Cotinine); ppublish
Place of Publication
FINLAND
ISSN/ISBN
0355-3140; 0355-3140
Accession Number
PMID: 8817762
Language
eng
SubFile
Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM
DOI
125 [pii]
Output Language
Unknown(0)
PMID
8817762
Abstract
Exposure to respirable suspended particles (RSP) from all sources and environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) was assessed for 190 nonsmokers in Stockholm during 1994. Each subject wore a personal monitor for 24-h, provided saliva samples for cotinine analysis, and completed a detailed questionnaire about air quality and life-style. The subjects consisted of housewives and househusbands in one main group and working men and women in the second. The housewives and househusbands wore a single monitor throughout the 24-h period and the working subjects wore one monitor at work and a separate monitor while not at work. The geodemographic distribution of the recruited subjects accurately reflected the population of Stockholm. For most of the subjects, exposure to ETS and nicotine was at or below the limits of quantification (LOQ). This finding was supported by the fact that about 80% of the recruited subjects claimed that their exposure to ETS was "none" or "low". The concentration of RSP was found to be highest (median 39 micrograms.m-3) in homes where smoking occurred and below the LOQ in the workplace irrespective of its smoking status. These levels are at the lowest end of typical indoor air levels for RSP. For the housewives and househusbands living in smoking homes (nonsmoking homes in parentheses), the median exposure levels were 39 micrograms.m-3 (18 micrograms.m-3) for RSP, 17 micrograms . m-3 (0.12 micrograms . m-3) for ETS particles, and 1.1 micrograms.m-3 (0.05 micrograms.m-3) for nicotine. Both the pre- and postmonitoring continine saliva levels measured for these housewives and househusbands were 2.9 ng.ml-1 (pre-0.56 ng.ml-1, post-0.41 ng.ml-1). The highest exposure levels were recorded for the housewives and househusbands in the age range of 35-49 years. For the working subjects, the exposure measured in smoking workplaces (nonsmoking workplaces in parentheses) gave median levels of 16 micrograms.m-3 (16 micrograms.m-3) for RSP, 1.1 micrograms.m-3) for ETS particles and 0.2 micrograms.m-3 (0.15 microgram.m-3) for nicotine. Similarly measured exposures at home (nonsmoking homes in parentheses), including all other locations outside the workplace, gave median levels of 24 micrograms.m-3 (19 micrograms.m-3) for RSP, 1.4 micrograms. m-3 (0.2 microgram.m-3) for ETS particles, and 0.15 microgram.m-3 (0.07 microgram.m-3) for nicotine. Overall, the exposure levels of ETS due to living with smokers in Stockholm was found to be much lower than similar exposures measured previously in the United Kingdom and the United States. Over 70% of all the nicotine measurements and 60% of all the ETS measurements were below the LOQ. When the median values for nicotine and ETS particles are converted to cigarette equivalents, Stockholm housewives and househusbands living with smokers would receive 6-9 cigarette equivalents per year, working nonsmokers living with smokers would receive 0.6-0.7 cigarette equivalents at home, and nonsmokers working with smokers would be exposed to 0.1-0.2 cigarette equivalent at work. The exposures were therefore up to six times greater at home than in workplaces where smoking was occurring. Although all the subjects were recruited as nonsmokers on the basis of their self-reported nonsmoking status, saliva continine measurements were used for confirmation. Subjects with continine levels below 25 ng.ml-1 were considered to be nonsmokers although the selection of a threshold level within the range of 10-50 ng.ml-1 was not considered to be critical. With a threshold of 25 ng.ml-1, between 2.7% and 5.3% were later shown to be misclassified as nonsmokers, depending on the definition of misclassification used. During the study period the air quality in Stockholm could be described according a British nomenclature as "very good" for the majority of the time. The daily average at no time fell below "good," and the maximum hourly nitrogen dioxide level was 111 micrograms.m-3 (inner c
Descriptors
Adult, Aged, Air Pollutants/analysis, Air Pollution, Indoor/analysis/statistics & numerical data, Cotinine/analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Saliva/chemistry, Sweden, Tobacco Smoke Pollution/statistics & numerical data
Links
Book Title
Database
Publisher
Data Source
Authors
Phillips,K., Bentley,M. C., Howard,D. A., Alvan,G.
Original/Translated Title
URL
Date of Electronic
PMCID
Editors
|
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| Groundwater as source of contamination for water supply in rapidly growing megacities of Asia: Case of Karachi, Pakistan | 1996 | Rahman, A.-U., Department of Geography, National University of Singapore, Kent Ridge 0511, Singapore | Read more... |
|
Source Type
Print(0)
Ref Type
Generic
Periodical, Full
Water Science and Technology
Periodical, Abbrev.
WATER SCI. TECHNOL.
Pub Date Free Form
1996/
Volume
34
Issue
7-8 -8 pt 4
Start Page
285
Other Pages
292
Notes
Place of Publication
ISSN/ISBN
0273-1223
Accession Number
Language
SubFile
DOI
Output Language
Unknown(0)
PMID
Abstract
The development of essential services including water and sanitation in many megacities of the economically developing countries of Asia cannot keep pace with their rapidly growing population and accompanying urban and industrial development. The inadequate water supply and poor sanitation services lead to contamination of their water supply through the input of sewage water into groundwater. This paper examines the problem of contamination of water supply in Karachi, the largest city in Pakistan with a population of over 12 million and growing at 6 percent per annum. The paper presents the data on water quality from various sources, mainly municipal water supply, vendors and well water; the three major sources of water for domestic use in Karachi. Except municipal water from some areas and during certain periods, water from most other sources contains coliform bacteria, and in many cases faecal coliform, in amounts several magnitudes higher than any standards permit. Many samples have also been found to contain heavy metals including chromium, lead, nickel and arsenic in amounts excessive of permitted standards. The probable sources of contaminants for the various types of water (piped, vendors, wells) indicate that groundwater may be the main contributor. The very source of this groundwater is predominantly from sewage. The paper also evaluates the solutions that are being practised, proposed or may be feasible, as well as those that are evolving.
Descriptors
arsenic, chromium, drinking water, ground water, heavy metal, lead, nickel, coliform bacterium, conference paper, developing country, Pakistan, sanitation, sewage, water contamination, water quality, water supply
Links
Book Title
Database
Embase
Publisher
Data Source
Embase
Authors
Rahman,A. -U
Original/Translated Title
URL
Date of Electronic
PMCID
Editors
|
|||
| Smoking behaviour and attitudes among adult Saudi nationals in Riyadh City, Saudi Arabia | 1996 | Department of Community Health Sciences, College Of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. | Read more... |
|
Source Type
Print(0)
Ref Type
Journal Article
Periodical, Full
Tobacco control
Periodical, Abbrev.
Tob.Control
Pub Date Free Form
Autumn
Volume
5
Issue
3
Start Page
215
Other Pages
219
Notes
LR: 20081120; JID: 9209612; OID: NLM: PMC1759520; ppublish
Place of Publication
ENGLAND
ISSN/ISBN
0964-4563; 0964-4563
Accession Number
PMID: 9035357
Language
eng
SubFile
Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM
DOI
Output Language
Unknown(0)
PMID
9035357
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To measure the smoking behaviour and attitudes among Saudi adults residing in Riyadh City, the capital of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. DESIGN: Cross-sectional survey. SETTING AND SUBJECTS: Primary health care centres (PHCCs) in Riyadh City were selected by stratified random sampling. Subjects resident in each PHCC catchment area were selected by systematic sampling from their records in the PHCCs; 1534 adults aged 15 years and older were interviewed during January to April 1994. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Self-reported smoking prevalence; age of smoking initiation; daily cigarette consumption; duration of smoking; reasons for smoking, not smoking, and quitting smoking; intentions to smoke in the future; and attitudes toward various tobacco control measures. RESULTS: 25.3% of respondents were current smokers, 10.2% were ex-smokers, and 64.5% had never smoked. About 79% of all smokers started smoking between the ages of 15 and 30 years, and 19.5% before age 15. Significantly higher smoking prevalence and daily cigarette consumption were associated with being male, single, and being more highly educated. Relief of psychological tension, boredom, and imitating others were the most important reasons for smoking, whereas health and religious considerations were the most important reasons for not smoking among never-smokers, for quitting among ex-smokers, and for attempting to quit or thinking about quitting among current smokers. About 90% of all subjects thought that they would not smoke in the future. Physicians and religious men were identified as the most effective anti-smoking advocates by a much higher proportion of respondents (44%) than nurses, health educators, and teachers (each less than 5%). Health and religious education were generally cited as more effective in deterring smoking than tobacco control laws and policies. CONCLUSIONS: Cigarette smoking is prevalent among Saudi adults in Riyadh, particularly males, most of whom begin to smoke rather early in life and continue for many years. Health and religious education should be the cornerstone for any organised tobacco control activities, which are urgently needed to combat the expected future epidemic of smoking-related health problems.
Descriptors
Adolescent, Adult, Age of Onset, Attitude to Health, Female, Humans, Incidence, Male, Middle Aged, Random Allocation, Saudi Arabia/epidemiology, Smoking/epidemiology/prevention & control
Links
Book Title
Database
Publisher
Data Source
Authors
Saeed,A. A., Khoja,T. A., Khan,S. B.
Original/Translated Title
URL
Date of Electronic
PMCID
PMC1759520
Editors
|
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