Image
WTS Database
The subject of interest is:
waterpipe, water-pipe, nargile, narghile, arguileh, arguile, shisha, sheesha, chichi, hubble bubble, hubbly bubbly, goza, hookah, bong
| Title | Pub Year Sort descending | Author | SearchLink |
|---|---|---|---|
| Waterpipe smoking among college students in the United States: a review of the literature | 2012 | Department of Psychology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA. grekine@wayne.edu | Read more... |
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Source Type
Print(0)
Ref Type
Journal Article
Periodical, Full
Journal of American college health : J of ACH
Periodical, Abbrev.
J.Am.Coll.Health
Pub Date Free Form
Volume
60
Issue
3
Start Page
244
Other Pages
249
Notes
JID: 8214119; ppublish
Place of Publication
United States
ISSN/ISBN
1940-3208; 0744-8481
Accession Number
PMID: 22420702
Language
eng
SubFile
Journal Article; Review; IM
DOI
10.1080/07448481.2011.589419 [doi]
Output Language
Unknown(0)
PMID
22420702
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To review the literature on college student waterpipe use with a focus on undergraduates in the United States. PARTICIPANTS: Undergraduate students. METHODS: Studies were accessed using the databases PubMed, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, and Academic Search Premier. Searches included combinations of the following keywords: "waterpipe," "hookah," "shisha," "nargila," "argileh," "hubble bubble," "college," "university," and "student." RESULTS: Results demonstrate that approximately 1 in 5 American college students report past-year waterpipe use. Results also suggest that there are a number of established correlates of waterpipe smoking, including male gender, Arab ethnicity, cigarette smoking, and the belief that waterpipe smoking is less harmful than cigarette smoking. CONCLUSIONS: Despite its harmful health effects, waterpipe smoking is quite common among college students. Future research with better methodologies and theoretical frameworks are needed to advance the field.
Descriptors
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Database
Publisher
Data Source
Authors
Grekin,E.R., Ayna,D.
Original/Translated Title
URL
Date of Electronic
PMCID
Editors
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| The associations of asthma symptoms with active and passive smoking in Hong Kong adolescents | 2012 | Department of Community Medicine and School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China. kkmak@graduate.hku.hk | Read more... |
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Source Type
Print(0)
Ref Type
Journal Article
Periodical, Full
Respiratory care
Periodical, Abbrev.
Respir.Care
Pub Date Free Form
Sep
Volume
57
Issue
9
Start Page
1398
Other Pages
1404
Notes
CI: Copyright 2012; JID: 7510357; 0 (Tobacco Smoke Pollution); CIN: Respir Care. 2012 Sep;57(9):1528-9. PMID: 22943156; 2012/02/17 [aheadofprint]; ppublish
Place of Publication
United States
ISSN/ISBN
0020-1324; 0020-1324
Accession Number
PMID: 22348876
Language
eng
SubFile
Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM
DOI
10.4187/respcare.01548 [doi]
Output Language
Unknown(0)
PMID
22348876
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Tobacco smoke has detrimental effects on the respiratory system. This study investigated the associations of active and passive smoking with asthma symptoms in Hong Kong adolescents. METHODS: A total of 6,494 Hong Kong secondary school students, with a mean +/- SD age of 15.0 +/- 1.21 years, participated in the Health Related Behavior General Survey in 2000-2001. They reported their demographic factors (sex, age, housing type, district of living), lifestyles (smoking, drinking, extracurricular sports, eating), and asthma symptoms (exercise-induced bronchospasm [EIB] and nocturnal cough) in the questionnaire. In addition, number of smoking parents (none/one/both) and presence of a smoking best friend (yes/no) were assessed. Logistic regression models were used to determine the odds ratios (OR) of frequently having the asthma symptoms for different smoking status of students, parents, and best friend, with adjustment for demographic factors and lifestyles. RESULTS: The prevalence of former, light, and heavy smokers was 17.5%, 7.7%, and 1.0%, respectively. Moreover, 35.1% of the participants had one and 3.8% had 2 parents who smoked. Heavy smokers were more likely to experience EIB with OR (95% CI) of 2.27 (1.30-3.97) and nocturnal cough with OR (95% CI) of 3.45 (1.52-7.81), as well as both symptoms with OR (95% CI) = 4.69 (1.88-11.73) when compared to those who never smoked. The corresponding OR (95% CI) for having at least one smoking parent and a smoking best friend was 1.45 (1.17-1.81), 1.61 (1.06-2.42), and 2.43 (1.37-4.31), when compared with those without a parent or best friend who smoked. CONCLUSIONS: Adolescents who are heavy smokers and having parents and a best friend who smoke are more likely than others to have asthma symptoms. Both active and passive smoking are related to asthma symptoms in adolescents.
Descriptors
Links
Book Title
Database
Publisher
Daedalus Enterprises
Data Source
Authors
Mak,K.K., Ho,R.C., Day,J.R.
Original/Translated Title
URL
Date of Electronic
20120217
PMCID
Editors
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| Influence of smoking on interleukin-1beta level, oxidant status and antioxidant status in gingival crevicular fluid from chronic periodontitis patients before and after periodontal treatment | 2012 | Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Turkey. tokerhulya@gmail.com | Read more... |
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Source Type
Print(0)
Ref Type
Journal Article
Periodical, Full
Journal of periodontal research
Periodical, Abbrev.
J.Periodontal.Res.
Pub Date Free Form
Oct
Volume
47
Issue
5
Start Page
572
Other Pages
577
Notes
LR: 20151119; CI: (c) 2012; JID: 0055107; 0 (Antioxidants); 0 (Benzothiazoles); 0 (Chromogenic Compounds); 0 (Fluorescent Dyes); 0 (Indicators and Reagents); 0 (Interleukin-1beta); 0 (Oxidants); 0 (Phenols); 0 (Sulfonic Acids); 0 (Sulfoxides); 28752-68-3
Place of Publication
United States
ISSN/ISBN
1600-0765; 0022-3484
Accession Number
PMID: 22364664
Language
eng
SubFile
Comparative Study; Journal Article; D; IM
DOI
10.1111/j.1600-0765.2012.01468.x [doi]
Output Language
Unknown(0)
PMID
22364664
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of smoking on the relationship between interleukin-1 (IL-1beta) and oxidation in patients with periodontitis and response to nonsurgical periodontal therapy. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Data were obtained from 30 patients with generalized chronic periodontitis (15 smokers and 15 nonsmokers) and from 10 periodontally healthy controls. IL-1beta level, total oxidant status (TOS) and total antioxidant status (TAS) were recorded in gingival crevicular fluid. Probing depth, clinical attachment level, gingival and plaque indices and bleeding on probing were also measured. The gingival crevicular fluid and clinical parameters were recorded at baseline and 6 wk after periodontal treatment. RESULTS: The study showed statistically significant improvement of clinical parameters in both smokers and nonsmokers after periodontal treatment. Moreover, the baseline IL-1beta levels were significantly higher in smokers compared with nonsmokers (p
Descriptors
Links
Book Title
Database
Publisher
John Wiley & Sons A/S
Data Source
Authors
Toker,H., Akpinar,A., Aydin,H., Poyraz,O.
Original/Translated Title
URL
Date of Electronic
20120227
PMCID
Editors
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| Normal values and influencing factors of fractional exhaled nitric oxide for Chinese healthy adults | 2012 | China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China. | Read more... |
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Source Type
Print(0)
Ref Type
Journal Article
Periodical, Full
Zhonghua yi xue za zhi
Periodical, Abbrev.
Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi
Pub Date Free Form
24-Jul
Volume
92
Issue
28
Start Page
1971
Other Pages
1973
Notes
LR: 20131121; JID: 7511141; 31C4KY9ESH (Nitric Oxide); ppublish
Place of Publication
China
ISSN/ISBN
0376-2491; 0376-2491
Accession Number
PMID: 22944271
Language
chi
SubFile
English Abstract; Journal Article; IM
DOI
Output Language
Unknown(0)
PMID
22944271
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the normal values of fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FENO) for Chinese adults. METHODS: A total of 200 non-smoking and healthy Chinese adults were recruited according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. They received lung function and allergen skin prick tests at the Outpatient Department of China-Japan Friendship Hospital from February to August 2011. There were 100 males and 100 females. FENO test was performed according to the standard procedures of American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society (ATS/ERS) recommendation. The FENO levels of healthy non-smokers were tested by the NIOXMINO analyzer. All variables, such as age, gender, height, weight, forced expiratory volume at 1 second (FEV(1))% predicted and FEV(1)/FVC, were included for multiple regression analyses. RESULTS: The FENO level of healthy non-smokers was (14.2 +/- 5.6)x10(-9) mol/L with the 95% normal range of (3.2 - 25.2)x10(-9) mol/L. The value of FENO was significantly higher in males than females ((15.6 +/- 5.5) vs (12.9 +/- 5.4)x10(-9) mol/L, t = 3.48, P = 0.001). The FENO level of the subjects aged 60 - 80 years was (15.7 +/- 5.4)x10(-9) mol/L and it was higher than those aged 18 - 60 years ((13.8 +/- 5.6)x10(-9) mol/L, t = 2.04, P = 0.040). Multiple regression analysis showed that gender was an independent influencing factor of FENO level. CONCLUSIONS: The FENO level of non-smoking and healthy Chinese adults is similar with that of the westerners. Gender is an independent influencing factor of FENO level.
Descriptors
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Book Title
Database
Publisher
Data Source
Authors
Zhang,Y.M., Lin,J.T.
Original/Translated Title
URL
Date of Electronic
PMCID
Editors
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| The combined effect of very low nicotine content cigarettes, used as an adjunct to usual Quitline care (nicotine replacement therapy and behavioural support), on smoking cessation: a randomized controlled trial | 2012 | Clinical Trials Research Unit, School of Population Health, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand. n.walker@ctru.auckland.ac.nz | Read more... |
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Source Type
Print(0)
Ref Type
Journal Article
Periodical, Full
Addiction (Abingdon, England)
Periodical, Abbrev.
Addiction
Pub Date Free Form
Oct
Volume
107
Issue
10
Start Page
1857
Other Pages
1867
Notes
LR: 20151119; CI: (c) 2012; JID: 9304118; 0 (Nicotinic Agonists); 6M3C89ZY6R (Nicotine); CIN: Evid Based Nurs. 2014 Jan;17(1):19-20. PMID: 23474750; 2012/05/17 [aheadofprint]; ppublish
Place of Publication
England
ISSN/ISBN
1360-0443; 0965-2140
Accession Number
PMID: 22594651
Language
eng
SubFile
Journal Article; Randomized Controlled Trial; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM
DOI
10.1111/j.1360-0443.2012.03906.x [doi]
Output Language
Unknown(0)
PMID
22594651
Abstract
AIM: To determine the combined effect of very low nicotine content (VLNC) cigarettes and usual Quitline care [nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) and behavioural support] on smoking abstinence, in smokers motivated to quit. DESIGN: Single-blind, parallel randomized trial. SETTING: New Zealand. PARTICIPANTS Smokers who called the Quitline for quitting support were randomized to either VLNC cigarettes to use whenever they had an urge to smoke for up to 6 weeks after their quit date, in combination with usual Quitline care (8 weeks of NRT patches and/or gum or lozenges, plus behavioural support) or to usual Quitline care alone. MEASUREMENTS: The primary outcome was 7-day point-prevalence smoking abstinence 6 months after quit day. Secondary outcomes included continuous abstinence, cigarette consumption, withdrawal, self-efficacy, alcohol use, serious adverse events and views on the use of the VLNC cigarettes at 3 and 6 weeks and 3 and 6 months. FINDINGS: A total of 1410 participants were randomized (705 in each arm), with a 24% loss to follow-up at 6 months. Participants in the intervention group were more likely to have quit smoking at 6 months compared to the usual care group [7-day point-prevalence abstinence 33 versus 28%, relative risk (RR) = 1.18, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.01, 1.39, P = 0.037; continuous abstinence 23 versus 15%, RR = 1.50, 95% CI: 1.20, 1.87, P = 0.0003]. The median time to relapse in the intervention group was 2 months compared to 2 weeks in the usual care group (P
Descriptors
Links
Book Title
Database
Publisher
Auckland Uni Services Ltd
Data Source
Authors
Walker,N., Howe,C., Bullen,C., Grigg,M., Glover,M., McRobbie,H., Laugesen,M., Parag,V., Whittaker,R.
Original/Translated Title
URL
Date of Electronic
20120517
PMCID
Editors
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| Risks factors for recurrent neurological decompression sickness in recreational divers: a case-control study | 2012 | Department of Hyperbaric and Diving Medicine, Sainte Anne's Military Hospital, Toulon, France. gempp@voila.fr | Read more... |
|
Source Type
Print(0)
Ref Type
Journal Article
Periodical, Full
The Journal of sports medicine and physical fitness
Periodical, Abbrev.
J.Sports Med.Phys.Fitness
Pub Date Free Form
Oct
Volume
52
Issue
5
Start Page
530
Other Pages
536
Notes
JID: 0376337; ppublish
Place of Publication
Italy
ISSN/ISBN
0022-4707; 0022-4707
Accession Number
PMID: 22976740
Language
eng
SubFile
Journal Article; IM
DOI
R40123675 [pii]
Output Language
Unknown(0)
PMID
22976740
Abstract
AIM: Individual or environmental factors that predispose to the recurrence of neurological decompression sickness (DCS) in scuba divers are not known and preventive measures designed to mitigate the risk of a subsequent episode remain empirical. The aim of this controlled study was to examine some potential risk factors predictive of recurrent DCS event that may lead to practical recommendations for divers who wish to continue diving after an initial episode. METHODS: Age, gender, diving experience, presence of a large right-to-left shunt (RLS) and diving practice following post-DCS resumption were evaluated as potential predictors of a further DCS in recreational divers admitted in our hyperbaric facility over a period of 12 years. RESULTS: Twenty-four recurrent cases and 50 divers treated for a single DCS episode which continued diving were recruited after review of medical forms and follow-up interview by telephone. After controlling for potential confounding variables between groups, multivariate analysis revealed that experienced divers (OR, 3.8; 95%CI, 1.1-14; P=0.03), the presence of large RLS (OR, 5.4; 95%CI, 1.5-19.7; P=0.006) and the lack of changes in the way of diving after prior DCS (OR, 8.4; 95%CI, 2.3-31.1; P=0.001) were independently associated with a repeated episode. CONCLUSION: The findings highlight the importance for divers to adopt conservative dives profiles or to use preferentially oxygen-enriched breathing mixtures after an initial DCS. Closure of a documented RLS through a large patent foramen ovale as a secondary preventive procedure for individuals that cannot adapt their diving practice remains debatable.
Descriptors
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Book Title
Database
Publisher
Data Source
Authors
Gempp,E., Louge,P., Blatteau,J.E., Hugon,M.
Original/Translated Title
URL
Date of Electronic
PMCID
Editors
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| Ground-level ozone differentially affects nitrogen acquisition and allocation in mature European beech (Fagus sylvatica) and Norway spruce (Picea abies) trees | 2012 | Ecophysiology of Plants, Department of Ecology and Ecosystem Management, Technische Universitat Munchen, 85354 Freising, Germany. weigt@wzw.tum.de | Read more... |
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Source Type
Print(0)
Ref Type
Journal Article
Periodical, Full
Tree physiology
Periodical, Abbrev.
Tree Physiol.
Pub Date Free Form
Oct
Volume
32
Issue
10
Start Page
1259
Other Pages
1273
Notes
LR: 20131121; JID: 100955338; 0 (Nitrogen Isotopes); 0 (Soil); 059QF0KO0R (Water); 66H7ZZK23N (Ozone); N762921K75 (Nitrogen); 2012/10/05 [aheadofprint]; ppublish
Place of Publication
Canada
ISSN/ISBN
1758-4469; 0829-318X
Accession Number
PMID: 23042769
Language
eng
SubFile
Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM
DOI
10.1093/treephys/tps087 [doi]
Output Language
Unknown(0)
PMID
23042769
Abstract
Impacts of elevated ground-level ozone (O(3)) on nitrogen (N) uptake and allocation were studied on mature European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) and Norway spruce (Picea abies [L.] Karst.) in a forest stand, hypothesizing that: (i) chronically elevated O(3) limits nutrient uptake, and (ii) beech responds more sensitively to elevated O(3) than spruce, as previously found for juvenile trees. Tree canopies were exposed to twice-ambient O(3) concentrations (2 x O(3)) by a free-air fumigation system, with trees under ambient O(3) serving as control. After 5 years of O(3) fumigation, (15)NH(4)(15)NO(3) was applied to soil, and concentrations of newly acquired N (N(labelled)) and total N (N(total)) in plant compartments and soil measured. Under 2 x O(3), N(labelled) and N(total) were increased in the bulk soil and tended to be lower in fine and coarse roots of both species across the soil horizons, supporting hypothesis (i). N(labelled) was reduced in beech foliage by up to 60%, and by up to 50% in buds under 2 x O(3). Similarly, N(labelled) in stem bark and phloem was reduced. No such reduction was observed in spruce, reflecting a stronger effect on N acquisition in beech in accordance with hypothesis (ii). In spruce, 2 x O(3) tended to favour allocation of new N to foliage. N(labelled) in beech foliage correlated with cumulative seasonal transpiration, indicating impaired N acquisition was probably caused by reduced stomatal conductance and, hence, water transport under elevated O(3). Stimulated fine root growth under 2 x O(3) with a possible increase of below-ground N sink strength may also have accounted for lowered N allocation to above-ground organs. Reduced N uptake and altered allocation may enhance the use of stored N for growth, possibly affecting long-term stand nutrition.
Descriptors
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Book Title
Database
Publisher
Data Source
Authors
Weigt,R.B., Haberle,K.H., Millard,P., Metzger,U., Ritter,W., Blaschke,H., Gottlein,A., Matyssek,R.
Original/Translated Title
URL
Date of Electronic
20121005
PMCID
Editors
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| The activity of echinocandins, amphotericin B and voriconazole against fluconazole-susceptible and fluconazole-resistant Brazilian Candida glabrata isolates | 2012 | Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Centro de Ciencias da Saude, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brasil. debora_alves6@hotmail.com | Read more... |
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Source Type
Print(0)
Ref Type
Journal Article
Periodical, Full
Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz
Periodical, Abbrev.
Mem.Inst.Oswaldo Cruz
Pub Date Free Form
May
Volume
107
Issue
3
Start Page
433
Other Pages
436
Notes
LR: 20141120; JID: 7502619; 0 (Antifungal Agents); 0 (Echinocandins); 0 (Lipopeptides); 0 (Pyrimidines); 0 (Triazoles); 7XU7A7DROE (Amphotericin B); 8VZV102JFY (Fluconazole); 9HLM53094I (anidulafungin); F0XDI6ZL63 (caspofungin); JFU09I87TR (Voriconazole);
Place of Publication
Brazil
ISSN/ISBN
1678-8060; 0074-0276
Accession Number
PMID: 22510843
Language
eng
SubFile
Comparative Study; Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM
DOI
S0074-02762012000300022 [pii]
Output Language
Unknown(0)
PMID
22510843
Abstract
The extensive use of azole antifungal agents has promoted the resistance of Candida spp to these drugs. Candida glabrata is a problematic yeast because it presents a high degree of primary or secondary resistance to fluconazole. In Brazil, C. glabrata has been less studied than other species. In this paper, we compared the activity of three major classes of antifungal agents (azoles, echinocandins and polyenes) against fluconazole-susceptible (FS) and fluconazole-resistant (FR) C. glabrata strains. Cross-resistance between fluconazole and voriconazole was remarkable. Among the antifungal agents, the echinocandins were the most effective against FS and FR C. glabrata and micafungin showed the lowest minimal inhibitory concentrations.
Descriptors
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Database
Publisher
Data Source
Authors
Mario,D.A., Denardi,L.B., Bandeira,L.A., Antunes,M.S., Santurio,J.M., Severo,L.C., Alves,S.H.
Original/Translated Title
URL
Date of Electronic
PMCID
Editors
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| Increasing prevalence of smoke-free homes and decreasing rates of sudden infant death syndrome in the United States: an ecological association study | 2012 | Center for Global Tobacco Control, Department of Society, Human Development, and Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA. ibehm@hsph.harvard.edu. | Read more... |
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Source Type
Print(0)
Ref Type
Journal Article
Periodical, Full
Tobacco control
Periodical, Abbrev.
Tob.Control
Pub Date Free Form
Jan
Volume
21
Issue
1
Start Page
6
Other Pages
11
Notes
JID: 9209612; 0 (Tobacco Smoke Pollution); 2011/04/07 [aheadofprint]; ppublish
Place of Publication
England
ISSN/ISBN
1468-3318; 0964-4563
Accession Number
PMID: 21474502
Language
eng
SubFile
Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM
DOI
10.1136/tc.2010.041376 [doi]
Output Language
Unknown(0)
PMID
21474502
Abstract
PURPOSE: This study utilises an ecological design to analyse the relation between concurrent temporal trends in sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) rates and prevalence of smoke-free households with infants in the USA, controlling for an important risk factor, infant supine sleep position. METHODS: Annual state-specific SIDS cases were computed using period linked birth/infant death files; the prevalence of 100% smoke-free homes with infants using Tobacco Use Supplement to the Current Population Survey data, and percentage of infants in supine sleep position from National Infant Sleep Position data, for years 1995-2006. Incidence rate ratios relating trends in SIDS cases and risk factors were determined using time-series negative binomial regression. Population-level health effects were assessed with secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure population attributable fractions and excess attributable SIDS deaths. RESULTS: For every 1% absolute increase in the prevalence of smoke-free homes with infants, SIDS rates decreased 0.4% from 1995 to 2006, controlling for supine sleep position. Nationally, it is possible that 20% of the 1326 total SIDS cases were attributable to childhood SHS exposure at home in 2006 with potentially 534 fewer infant deaths attributable to SHS exposure in 2006 than in 1995, owing to an increasing prevalence of 100% smoke-free homes with infants. Cumulatively, 4402 (lower 95% CI) to 6406 (upper 95% CI) excess SIDS cases may have been attributable to SHS exposure in the home over the 12-year study period. CONCLUSIONS: The uptake of voluntary restrictions on smoking inside the home may present a public health benefit for infants in their first year of life. In light of inherent ecological study design limitations, these results warrant further individual level research linking postnatal SHS exposure and SIDS.
Descriptors
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Book Title
Database
Publisher
Data Source
Authors
Behm,I., Kabir,Z., Connolly,G.N., Alpert,H.R.
Original/Translated Title
URL
Date of Electronic
20110407
PMCID
Editors
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| Use of smoking reduction strategies among U.S. tobacco quitlines | 2012 | Department of Epidemiology and Cancer Control, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Mail Stop 735, Memphis, TN 38105, USA. | Read more... |
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Source Type
Print(0)
Ref Type
Journal Article
Periodical, Full
Addictive Behaviors
Periodical, Abbrev.
Addict.Behav.
Pub Date Free Form
Apr
Volume
37
Issue
4
Start Page
583
Other Pages
586
Notes
CI: Copyright (c) 2012; JID: 7603486; 2011/08/16 [received]; 2011/10/20 [revised]; 2012/01/17 [accepted]; 2012/01/25 [aheadofprint]; ppublish
Place of Publication
England
ISSN/ISBN
1873-6327; 0306-4603
Accession Number
PMID: 22301531
Language
eng
SubFile
Journal Article; IM
DOI
10.1016/j.addbeh.2012.01.018 [doi]
Output Language
Unknown(0)
PMID
22301531
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: Tobacco quitlines (QLs) are efficacious and have assisted many smokers in achieving tobacco abstinence. However, most smokers are not able to achieve tobacco abstinence with QL services. QL counseling interventions for smokers who do not quit on their target quit date (TQD) and decline to set a new TQD after missing their TQD have not been systematically evaluated. METHODS: A telephone survey of tobacco QLs in the United States (US) was conducted to examine systematic approaches used with smokers who do not quit on their TQD and decline to set a new TQD. Tobacco QLs service providers were identified through the North American Quitline Consortium (NAQC). RESULTS: Fourteen service providers managing QLs of all 50 US states were identified and completed the voluntary survey. All providers recommended setting a new quit TQD if smokers did not achieve smoking cessation by their initial TQD. Six percent of US state QLs used brief motivational interviewing utilizing the "5R's" (relevance, risk, rewards, roadblocks, repetition). However, 90% of QLs had intervention protocols emphasizing smoking rate reduction. CONCLUSION: Although some US QLs utilized the "5Rs," the majority provided smoking reduction interventions for smokers not achieving tobacco cessation by their initial TQD and declining to set a new TQD. Research is needed to evaluate the efficacy of smoking rate reduction methods implemented through QLs for increasing smoking abstinence rates.
Descriptors
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Book Title
Database
Publisher
Elsevier Ltd
Data Source
Authors
Asfar,T., Ebbert,J.O., Klesges,R.C., Klosky,J.L.
Original/Translated Title
URL
Date of Electronic
20120125
PMCID
Editors
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