Image
WTS Database
The subject of interest is:
waterpipe, water-pipe, nargile, narghile, arguileh, arguile, shisha, sheesha, chichi, hubble bubble, hubbly bubbly, goza, hookah, bong
| Title | Pub Year Sort descending | Author | SearchLink |
|---|---|---|---|
| Smoking and Barrett's esophagus in women who undergo upper endoscopy | 2011 | Section of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Boston University Medical Center, 85 East Concord Street, Room 7721, Boston, MA 02118, USA. brian.jacobson@bmc.org | Read more... |
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Source Type
Print(0)
Ref Type
Journal Article
Periodical, Full
Digestive diseases and sciences
Periodical, Abbrev.
Dig.Dis.Sci.
Pub Date Free Form
Jun
Volume
56
Issue
6
Start Page
1707
Other Pages
1717
Notes
LR: 20151119; GR: CA087969/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States; GR: R01 DK088782/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States; GR: R01 DK088782-01/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States; GR: R01DK088782/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States; JID: 7902782; NIHMS287457; OID: NLM: NIHMS287457;
Place of Publication
United States
ISSN/ISBN
1573-2568; 0163-2116
Accession Number
PMID: 21448698
Language
eng
SubFile
Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; AIM; IM
DOI
10.1007/s10620-011-1672-4 [doi]
Output Language
Unknown(0)
PMID
21448698
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Cigarette use is associated with esophageal adenocarcinoma, and cross-sectional studies suggest an association between smoking and Barrett's esophagus. AIMS: We sought to examine prospectively the effect of smoking on the risk for Barrett's esophagus. METHODS: This was a prospective cohort study among 20,863 women within the Nurses' Health Study who underwent upper gastrointestinal endoscopy for any reason between 1980 and 2006. We assessed the association between smoking and pathologically-confirmed Barrett's esophagus (n = 377). Self-reported data on smoking and potential confounding variables were collected from biennial questionnaires. RESULTS: Compared with women who never smoked, former smokers of 1-24 cigarettes/day had a multivariate odds ratio for Barrett's esophagus of 1.25 (95% CI 0.99-1.59), former smokers of >/= 25 cigarettes/day had a multivariate odds ratio of 1.52 (95% CI 1.04-2.22), current smokers of 1-24 cigarettes/day had a multivariate odds ratio of 0.89 (95% CI 0.54-1.45), and current smokers of >/= 25 cigarettes/day had a multivariate odds ratio of 0.92 (95% CI 0.34-2.54). The risk for Barrett's esophagus increased significantly with increasing pack-years smoked among former (P = 0.008) but not current smokers (P = 0.99), especially when considering exposure >/= 25 years before index endoscopy. Results were similar among women reporting regular heartburn/acid-reflux one or more times a week, and were not accounted for by changes in weight. CONCLUSIONS: Heavy, remote smoking is associated with an increased risk for Barrett's esophagus. This finding suggests a long latency period between exposure and development of the disease, even after discontinuation of smoking.
Descriptors
Links
Book Title
Database
Publisher
Data Source
Authors
Jacobson,B.C., Giovannucci,E.L., Fuchs,C.S.
Original/Translated Title
URL
Date of Electronic
20110330
PMCID
PMC3100531
Editors
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| Examining hookah smoking among a cohort of adolescent ever smokers | 2011 | Institute of Public Health, Georgia State University, 140 Decatur Street SE, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA. ksterling@gsu.edu | Read more... |
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Source Type
Print(0)
Ref Type
Journal Article
Periodical, Full
Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco
Periodical, Abbrev.
Nicotine Tob.Res.
Pub Date Free Form
Dec
Volume
13
Issue
12
Start Page
1202
Other Pages
1209
Notes
LR: 20151119; GR: P01 CA098262/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States; GR: P01 CA09862/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States; JID: 9815751; OID: NLM: PMC3223578; 2011/09/06 [aheadofprint]; ppublish
Place of Publication
England
ISSN/ISBN
1469-994X; 1462-2203
Accession Number
PMID: 21896886
Language
eng
SubFile
Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; IM
DOI
10.1093/ntr/ntr146 [doi]
Output Language
Unknown(0)
PMID
21896886
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: Evidence suggests that hookah smoking is growing among adolescents, particularly among those with a history of cigarette smoking, and is an emerging public health concern. We examined hookah use and its correlates among a sample of adolescents who have ever smoked and may be considered high risk for hookah use. METHODS: We examined differences between hookah users and nonusers among a cohort of 951 adolescents (75.3% of the baseline sample, mean age 17.6 years at 24 months), consisting exclusively of youth who reported ever smoking cigarettes who were participating in a longitudinal study of adolescent smoking predictors and patterns. Ever and 30-day hookah use were assessed at 24 months. RESULTS: Of the 951 participants, 58.5% reported ever use and 30.2% reported smoking hookah at least 1 day in the past 30 days. Multivariate logistic regression analyses found that 30-day hookah use was associated with sex (p
Descriptors
Links
Book Title
Database
Publisher
Data Source
Authors
Sterling,K.L., Mermelstein,R.
Original/Translated Title
URL
Date of Electronic
20110906
PMCID
PMC3223578
Editors
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| Prevalence and correlates of waterpipe tobacco smoking by college students in North Carolina | 2011 | Department of Social Sciences and Health Policy, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, United States. ESutfin@wfubmc.edu | Read more... |
|
Source Type
Print(0)
Ref Type
Journal Article
Periodical, Full
Drug and alcohol dependence
Periodical, Abbrev.
Drug Alcohol Depend.
Pub Date Free Form
1-May
Volume
115
Issue
2-Jan
Start Page
131
Other Pages
136
Notes
LR: 20150204; CI: Copyright (c) 2011; GR: R01 AA014007/AA/NIAAA NIH HHS/United States; GR: R01 AA014007-09/AA/NIAAA NIH HHS/United States; GR: R01AA014007/AA/NIAAA NIH HHS/United States; JID: 7513587; NIHMS271506; OID: NLM: NIHMS271506; OID: NLM: PMC30896
Place of Publication
Ireland
ISSN/ISBN
1879-0046; 0376-8716
Accession Number
PMID: 21353750
Language
eng
SubFile
Comparative Study; Journal Article; Randomized Controlled Trial; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; IM
DOI
10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2011.01.018 [doi]
Output Language
Unknown(0)
PMID
21353750
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Known most commonly in the U.S. as "hookah," waterpipe tobacco smoking appears to be growing among college students. Despite beliefs that waterpipe use is safer than cigarette smoking, research to date (albeit limited) has found health risks of waterpipe smoking are similar to those associated with cigarette smoking, including lung cancer, respiratory illness, and periodontal disease. The goals of this study were to estimate the prevalence of use among a large, multi-institution sample of college students and identify correlates of waterpipe use, including other health-risk behaviors (i.e., cigarette smoking, alcohol, marijuana, and other illicit drug use) and availability of commercial waterpipe tobacco smoking venues. METHODS: A cross-sectional sample of 3770 college students from eight universities in North Carolina completed a web-based survey in fall 2008. RESULTS: Forty percent of the sample reported ever having smoked tobacco from a waterpipe, and 17% reported current (past 30-day) waterpipe tobacco smoking. Correlates associated with current waterpipe use included demographic factors (male gender, freshman class); other health-risk behaviors (daily and nondaily cigarette smoking, alcohol use, marijuana use, other illicit drug use); perceiving waterpipe tobacco smoking as less harmful than regular cigarettes; and having a commercial waterpipe venue near campus. CONCLUSIONS: The results highlight the popularity of waterpipe tobacco smoking among college students and underscore the need for more research to assess the public health implications of this growing trend.
Descriptors
Links
Book Title
Database
Publisher
Elsevier Ireland Ltd
Data Source
Authors
Sutfin,E.L., McCoy,T.P., Reboussin,B.A., Wagoner,K.G., Spangler,J., Wolfson,M.
Original/Translated Title
URL
Date of Electronic
20110225
PMCID
PMC3089695
Editors
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| Isolation and characterisation of lactic acid bacteria from yan-jiang (fermented ginger), a traditional fermented food in Taiwan | 2011 | Department of Biotechnology, Ming Chuan University, No. 5 De-Ming Road, Gui-Shan, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan. | Read more... |
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Source Type
Print(0)
Ref Type
Journal Article
Periodical, Full
Journal of the science of food and agriculture
Periodical, Abbrev.
J.Sci.Food Agric.
Pub Date Free Form
15-Aug
Volume
91
Issue
10
Start Page
1746
Other Pages
1750
Notes
CI: Copyright (c) 2011; JID: 0376334; 0 (Anti-Bacterial Agents); 0 (DNA, Ribosomal); 0 (Plant Preparations); 0 (RNA, Ribosomal, 16S); 2010/11/02 [received]; 2011/01/06 [revised]; 2011/02/02 [accepted]; 2011/03/28 [aheadofprint]; ppublish
Place of Publication
England
ISSN/ISBN
1097-0010; 0022-5142
Accession Number
PMID: 21445893
Language
eng
SubFile
Journal Article; IM
DOI
10.1002/jsfa.4364 [doi]
Output Language
Unknown(0)
PMID
21445893
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Yan-jiang (fermented ginger) is a popular traditional fermented food in Taiwan. The lactic acid bacteria (LAB) microflora in yan-jiang has not been studied in detail. In this study, LAB from yan-jiang were isolated, characterised and identified. RESULTS: A total of 176 LAB were isolated; 160 cultures were isolated from yan-jiang samples and 16 cultures were isolated from raw ginger. These isolates were characterised phenotypically and then divided into nine groups (A to I) by restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis and sequencing of 16S ribosomal DNA. Lactobacillus sakei and Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis were the major LAB found in the initial 2 days of fermentation without pickled plums; these species were mostly replaced by Weissella cibaria and L. plantarum after 3 days of fermentation. In the fermentation bucket with added pickled plums, W. cibaria was the most abundant LAB found during fermentation. The antibacterial activities of the isolates were determined. Twenty-four Lc. lactis subsp. lactis and 19 W. cibaria strains showed inhibitory activity against the indicator strain L. sakei JCM 1157(T) . CONCLUSION: Results demonstrate that various LAB species were more numerous when fermentation was carried out without pickled plums. LAB also had effects on the aroma and flavour of yan-jiang.
Descriptors
Links
Book Title
Database
Publisher
Society of Chemical Industry
Data Source
Authors
Chang,C.H., Chen,Y.S., Yanagida,F.
Original/Translated Title
URL
Date of Electronic
20110328
PMCID
Editors
|
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| Current status of Barrett's esophagus research in Asia | 2011 | Department of Internal Medicine, E-Da Hospital and I-Shou University, Kaohsiung County, Taiwan. | Read more... |
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Source Type
Print(0)
Ref Type
Journal Article
Periodical, Full
Journal of gastroenterology and hepatology
Periodical, Abbrev.
J.Gastroenterol.Hepatol.
Pub Date Free Form
Feb
Volume
26
Issue
2
Start Page
240
Other Pages
246
Notes
LR: 20150325; CI: (c) 2011; GR: CZB/4/709/Chief Scientist Office/United Kingdom; GR: ZIA CP010136-15/Intramural NIH HHS/United States; JID: 8607909; NIHMS256182; OID: NLM: NIHMS256182; OID: NLM: PMC3026914; ppublish
Place of Publication
Australia
ISSN/ISBN
1440-1746; 0815-9319
Accession Number
PMID: 21155883
Language
eng
SubFile
Journal Article; Review; IM
DOI
10.1111/j.1440-1746.2010.06529.x [doi]
Output Language
Unknown(0)
PMID
21155883
Abstract
In Western countries, the epidemiology of esophageal cancer has changed considerably over the past decades with a rise in the ratio of adenocarcinoma to squamous cell carcinoma. Although the prevalence of gastroesophageal reflux is increasing in Asia, the prevalences of Barrett's esophagus (BE) and esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) have remained low in most Asian countries. The Asian Barrett's Consortium recently conducted a review of published studies on BE from Asia to assess the current status of BE research in Asia, and to recommend potential areas for future BE research in the region. Differences in study design, enrolled population, and endoscopic biopsy protocols used have led to substantial variability in the reported BE prevalence (0.06% to 19.9%) across Asia. In particular, some Japanese studies used diagnostic criteria that differed considerably from what was used in most Asian studies. As in Western countries, increased age, male sex, tobacco smoking, reflux symptoms, and erosive esophagitis have been found to be risk factors for BE in several case-control studies from Asia. The Prague C and M criteria, developed to provide better interobserver reliability in diagnosis and grading of BE, are currently under extensive evaluation in the Asian population. There is a need for standardized protocols for endoscopic and histopathologic diagnosis before initiating collaborative projects to identify etiologic determinants of BE and its ensuing malignant transformation. At present, data regarding the management and long-term outcome of BE are extremely limited in Asia. More studies of BE in this geographic area are warranted.
Descriptors
Links
Book Title
Database
Publisher
Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Foundation and Blackwell Publishing Asia Pty Ltd
Data Source
Authors
Chang,C.Y., Cook,M.B., Lee,Y.C., Lin,J.T., Ando,T., Bhatia,S., Chow,W.H., El-Omar,E.M., Goto,H., Li,Y.Q., McColl,K., Reddy,N., Rhee,P.L., Sharma,P., Sung,J.J., Ghoshal,U., Wong,J.Y., Wu,J.C., Zhang,J., Ho,K.Y., Asian Barrett's Consortium
Original/Translated Title
URL
Date of Electronic
PMCID
PMC3026914
Editors
|
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| Socio-economic position, smoking, and plaque: a pathway to severe chronic periodontitis | 2011 | Department of Community Dentistry, Hadassah School of Dental Medicine, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel. aviz@hadassah.org.il | Read more... |
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Source Type
Print(0)
Ref Type
Journal Article
Periodical, Full
Journal of clinical periodontology
Periodical, Abbrev.
J.Clin.Periodontol.
Pub Date Free Form
Mar
Volume
38
Issue
3
Start Page
229
Other Pages
235
Notes
CI: (c) 2010; JID: 0425123; 2010/12/28 [aheadofprint]; ppublish
Place of Publication
Denmark
ISSN/ISBN
1600-051X; 0303-6979
Accession Number
PMID: 21198768
Language
eng
SubFile
Journal Article; D; IM
DOI
10.1111/j.1600-051X.2010.01689.x [doi]
Output Language
Unknown(0)
PMID
21198768
Abstract
AIM: To report periodontal status and elucidate the relationship among socio-economic position (SEP), plaque accumulation, tobacco smoking, and periodontitis in a representative sample of adult Jewish people, aged 35-44 years, living in Jerusalem. METHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted using a stratified sample of two hundred and fifty-four 35-44-year-old adults in Jerusalem (limited to the Jewish population). A clinical examination (Community Periodontal Index and Plaque Index) and a self-administered questionnaire were applied. RESULTS: Two hundred and fifty-four adults, mean age 38.6 (SD=3.3) years, participated. The response rate was 88%; intra-examiner kappa values were above 0.87. The average number of healthy sextants was 1.18, while the average number of sextants with bleeding, calculus, shallow periodontal pockets, and deep periodontal pockets was 1.3, 2.6, 0.7, and 0.1, respectively. Lower level of education was associated with severe chronic periodontitis (SCP, p=0.012) and also with smoking (p=0.030) and higher level of plaque (p
Descriptors
Links
Book Title
Database
Publisher
John Wiley & Sons A/S
Data Source
Authors
Zini,A., Sgan-Cohen,H.D., Marcenes,W.
Original/Translated Title
URL
Date of Electronic
20101228
PMCID
Editors
|
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| Secondhand smoke exposure in bars and restaurants in Guatemala City: before and after smoking ban evaluation | 2011 | Cardiovascular Unit of Guatemala, Guatemala City, Guatemala. jbarnoya@post.harvard.edu | Read more... |
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Source Type
Print(0)
Ref Type
Journal Article
Periodical, Full
Cancer causes & control : CCC
Periodical, Abbrev.
Cancer Causes Control
Pub Date Free Form
Jan
Volume
22
Issue
1
Start Page
151
Other Pages
156
Notes
LR: 20151119; GR: R01 DA024877/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States; JID: 9100846; 0 (Tobacco Smoke Pollution); 6M3C89ZY6R (Nicotine); 2010/05/19 [received]; 2010/10/15 [accepted]; 2010/11/03 [aheadofprint]; ppublish
Place of Publication
Netherlands
ISSN/ISBN
1573-7225; 0957-5243
Accession Number
PMID: 21046446
Language
eng
SubFile
Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM
DOI
10.1007/s10552-010-9673-8 [doi]
Output Language
Unknown(0)
PMID
21046446
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: In February 2009, Guatemala implemented a comprehensive smoking ban. We assessed air nicotine levels in bars and restaurants 6 months after the ban (post-ban) and compared them with levels found in 2006 (pre-ban). METHODS: Exposure was estimated by passive sampling of vapor-phase nicotine using samplers (n=50) placed for 7 working days in 10 bars and 11 restaurants in Guatemala City. Air nicotine was measured by gas chromatography, and the time-weighted average concentration in mug/m(3) was estimated. Employees answered a survey about smoke-free workplaces (n = 32) and compared with pre-ban (n = 37) results. RESULTS: Nicotine was detectable in all bars pre- and post-ban. In restaurants, it was detectable in all pre- and 73% post-ban. Median nicotine concentrations in bars significantly decreased from 4.58 mug/m(3) (IQR, 1.71, 6.45) pre-ban to 0.28 mug/m(3) (IQR 0.17, 0.66) post-ban (87% decrease). In restaurants, concentrations significantly decreased from 0.58 mug/m(3) (IQR, 0.44, 0.71) to 0.04 mug/m(3) (IQR 0.01, 0.11) (95% decrease). Employees' support for a smoke-free workplace increased in the post-ban survey (from 32 to 81%, p
Descriptors
Links
Book Title
Database
Publisher
Data Source
Authors
Barnoya,J., Arvizu,M., Jones,M.R., Hernandez,J.C., Breysse,P.N., Navas-Acien,A.
Original/Translated Title
URL
Date of Electronic
20101103
PMCID
Editors
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| Identification of lactic acid bacteria isolated from corn stovers | 2011 | Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Ion Beam Bio-engineering, Zhengzhou University, Henan, China. | Read more... |
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Source Type
Print(0)
Ref Type
Journal Article
Periodical, Full
Animal science journal = Nihon chikusan Gakkaiho
Periodical, Abbrev.
Anim.Sci.J.
Pub Date Free Form
Oct
Volume
82
Issue
5
Start Page
642
Other Pages
653
Notes
CI: (c) 2011 The Authors. Animal Science Journal (c) 2011; JID: 100956805; 0 (DNA, Bacterial); 0 (RNA, Ribosomal, 16S); 2011/06/16 [aheadofprint]; ppublish
Place of Publication
Australia
ISSN/ISBN
1740-0929; 1344-3941
Accession Number
PMID: 21951900
Language
eng
SubFile
Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM
DOI
10.1111/j.1740-0929.2011.00894.x [doi]
Output Language
Unknown(0)
PMID
21951900
Abstract
One hundred and twenty-six strains were isolated from corn stover in Henan Province, China, of which 105 isolates were considered to be lactic acid bacteria (LAB) according to Gram-positive, catalase-negative and mainly metabolic lactic acid product. Analysis of the 16S ribosomal DNA sequence of 21 representative strains was used to confirm the presence of the predominant groups and to determine the phylogenetic affiliation of isolates. The sequences from the various LAB isolates showed high degrees of similarity to those of the GenBank type strains between 99.4% and 100%. The prevalent LAB, predominantly Lactobacillus (85.6%), consisted of L. plantarum (33.3%), L. pentosus (28.6%) and L. brevis (23.7%). Other LAB species as Leuconostoc lactis (4.8%), Weissella cibaria (4.8%) and Enterococcus mundtii (4.8%) also presented in corn stover. The present study is the first to fully document corn stover-associated LAB involved in the silage fermentation. The identification results revealed LAB composition inhabiting corn stover and enabling the future design of appropriate inoculants aimed at improving the fermentation quality of silage.
Descriptors
Links
Book Title
Database
Publisher
Japanese Society of Animal Science
Data Source
Authors
Pang,H., Zhang,M., Qin,G., Tan,Z., Li,Z., Wang,Y., Cai,Y.
Original/Translated Title
URL
Date of Electronic
20110616
PMCID
Editors
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| Personal, indoor, and outdoor exposure to VOCs in the immediate vicinity of a local airport | 2011 | New Jersey Meadowlands Commission, Meadowlands Environmental Research Institute, 1 DeKorte Park Plaza, Lyndhurst, NJ 07071, USA. | Read more... |
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Source Type
Print(0)
Ref Type
Journal Article
Periodical, Full
Environmental monitoring and assessment
Periodical, Abbrev.
Environ.Monit.Assess.
Pub Date Free Form
Feb
Volume
173
Issue
4-Jan
Start Page
555
Other Pages
567
Notes
LR: 20131121; JID: 8508350; 0 (Air Pollutants); 0 (Benzene Derivatives); 0 (Xylenes); 3FPU23BG52 (Toluene); 6WAC1O477V (4-xylene); J64922108F (Benzene); L5I45M5G0O (ethylbenzene); Z2474E14QP (2-xylene); 2009/05/05 [received]; 2010/02/11 [accepted]; 2010/0
Place of Publication
Netherlands
ISSN/ISBN
1573-2959; 0167-6369
Accession Number
PMID: 20237839
Language
eng
SubFile
Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM
DOI
10.1007/s10661-010-1404-9 [doi]
Output Language
Unknown(0)
PMID
20237839
Abstract
This study measures the effect of emissions from an airport on the air quality of surrounding neighborhoods. The ambient concentrations of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and o-, m-, and p-xylene (BTEX) were measured using passive samplers at 15 households located close to the airport (indoor, outdoor, and personal), at the end of airport runways and an out-of-neighborhood location. Measurements occurred over a 48-h period during summer 2006 and winter 2006-2007. The average concentrations were 0.84, 3.21, 0.30, 0.99, and 0.34 mug/m3 at the airport runways and 0.84, 3.76, 0.39, 1.22, and 0.39 mug/m3 in the neighborhood for benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, m-, p-, and o-xylene. The average neighborhood concentrations were not significantly different to those measured at the airport runways and were higher than the out-of-neighborhood location (0.48, 1.09, 0.15, 0.78, and 0.43 mug/m3, each BTEX). B/T ratios were used as a tracer for emission sources and the average B/T ratio at the airport and outdoors were 0.20 and 0.23 for the summer and 0.40 and 0.42 for the winter, suggesting that both areas are affected by the same emission source. Personal exposure was closely related to levels in the indoor environment where subjects spent most of their time. Indoor/outdoor (I/O) ratios for BTEX ranged from 1.13 to 2.60 and 1.41 to 3.02 for summer and winter. The seasonal differences in I/O ratios reflected residential ventilation patterns, resulting in increased indoor concentrations of volatile organic compounds during winter.
Descriptors
Links
Book Title
Database
Publisher
Data Source
Authors
Jung,K.H., Artigas,F., Shin,J.Y.
Original/Translated Title
URL
Date of Electronic
20100317
PMCID
Editors
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| Smoking outdoors at pubs and bars: is it a problem? An air quality study | 2011 | Health Promotion and Policy Research Unit, Department of Public Health, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand. richard.edwards@otago.ac.nz | Read more... |
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Source Type
Print(0)
Ref Type
Journal Article
Periodical, Full
The New Zealand medical journal
Periodical, Abbrev.
N.Z.Med.J.
Pub Date Free Form
16-Dec
Volume
124
Issue
1347
Start Page
27
Other Pages
37
Notes
JID: 0401067; 0 (Tobacco Smoke Pollution); epublish
Place of Publication
New Zealand
ISSN/ISBN
1175-8716; 0028-8446
Accession Number
PMID: 22237565
Language
eng
SubFile
Comparative Study; Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM
DOI
Output Language
Unknown(0)
PMID
22237565
Abstract
AIMS: (i) To measure air quality in semi-enclosed outdoor smoking areas of pubs and bars in New Zealand. (ii) To evaluate evidence of drift of fine particulates of secondhand smoke (SHS) from semi-enclosed outdoor smoking areas to indoor (smoke-free) areas. (iii) To evaluate evidence that the degree of communication between the outdoor smoking area and indoor areas influences the level of particulates indoors. METHODS: We measured fine particulate levels (PM(2.5)) using portable real-time aerosol monitors in a convenience sample of seven pubs and bars in central Wellington City. This was on one to three occasions (12 measurements in total) over four different nights. RESULTS: On the first two nights, when there was no or infrequent communication between the outdoor and indoor areas, the mean level of PM(2.5) varied from 32 to 109 mug/m(3) in the outdoor smoking area, and from 14 to 79 mug/m(3) in the adjacent indoor areas. On nights three and four, communicating doors were generally open most of the time. The mean level of PM(2.5) varied from 29 to 192 mug/m(3) in the smoking areas, from 36 to 117 mug/m(3) in adjacent indoor areas, and from 23 to 104 mug/m(3) in more distant indoor areas. Levels of PM(2.5) in adjacent indoor areas were highest in pubs where communicating doors were open all the time (mean 117 mug/m(3)), intermediate where communicating doors were open intermittently (mean 85 mug/m(3)), and lowest when they were wholly or mainly closed (mean 25 mug/m(3)). CONCLUSIONS: Air quality in semi-enclosed outdoor smoking areas was variable, and in some pubs was very poor. Where free communication exists between outdoor smoking areas and indoor areas, SHS drift can often greatly reduce indoor air quality throughout the pub or bar. Regulations to restrict the degree of communication and proximity of smoking areas to indoor areas may be justified to maintain indoor air quality and to protect health, particularly that of workers.
Descriptors
Links
Book Title
Database
Publisher
Data Source
Authors
Edwards,R., Wilson,N.
Original/Translated Title
URL
Date of Electronic
20111216
PMCID
Editors
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