WTS database

Title	Pub Year Sort descending	Author	SearchLink
Trajectories of smokeless tobacco use and of cigarette smoking in a cohort of Swedish adolescents: differences and implications	2008	Stockholm Center for Public Health - Tobacco Prevention, Stockholm County Council, Stockholm, Sweden. ingvar.rosendahl.sll.se	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco Periodical, Abbrev. Nicotine Tob.Res. Pub Date Free Form Jun Volume 10 Issue 6 Start Page 1021 Other Pages 1027 Notes LR: 20090217; JID: 9815751; ppublish Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1462-2203; 1462-2203 Accession Number PMID: 18584465 Language eng SubFile Comparative Study; Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI 10.1080/14622200802097522 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 18584465 Abstract Developmental trajectories of cigarette smoking have often been described, but there are no such analyses dealing with smokeless tobacco use. A semi-parametric group-based mixture modeling procedure was used to determine the development of smokeless tobacco (snus) use, as well as of cigarette smoking, over time in a cohort of 2,175 Swedish adolescents who were never-users of tobacco at the time of recruitment. An indicator of snus and of cigarette consumption in the previous year was used to model the development of the behavior between 11 and 18 years of age. For snus use three trajectories best described the cohort's experience, while four trajectories provided the best description of cigarette smoking in the cohort. For both tobacco types there were two escalation patterns and one sustained trial trajectory, while an extinction pattern was apparent for cigarette smoking only. Marked sex differences were found, since rapid escalation for snus use was found only among males while high consumption of cigarettes was observed only among females. Dual users (54.9% of all users) showed a trajectory of steeper and more prolonged increase of tobacco consumption than exclusive users of either snus or cigarettes. Several risk factors for tobacco use measured at baseline influenced individual probabilities of belonging to a particular trajectory. The developmental patterns of snus use and cigarette smoking showed high similarity, but they evolved differently in the two sexes. Dual users emerged as a high-risk group for tobacco dependence and tobacco-related harms. Descriptors Adolescent, Adolescent Behavior, Confidence Intervals, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice, Humans, Life Style, Male, Odds Ratio, Peer Group, Prevalence, Risk Factors, Risk-Taking, Smoking/epidemiology/psychology, Smoking Cessation/methods, Social Environment, Students/psychology/statistics & numerical data, Sweden/epidemiology, Tobacco Use Disorder/epidemiology/prevention & control, Tobacco, Smokeless Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Rosendahl,K. I., Galanti,M. R., Gilljam,H. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Results from the Albanian Adult Tobacco Survey	2008	International Tobacco Control Research, American Cancer Society, 250 Williams St. NW, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA. hana.ross@cancer.org	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Central European journal of public health Periodical, Abbrev. Cent.Eur.J.Public Health Pub Date Free Form Dec Volume 16 Issue 4 Start Page 182 Other Pages 188 Notes JID: 9417324; 0 (Tobacco Smoke Pollution); ppublish Place of Publication Czech Republic ISSN/ISBN 1210-7778; 1210-7778 Accession Number PMID: 19256287 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; IM DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 19256287 Abstract Tobacco use prevalence in Europe is characterized by large disparities, with Western nations reporting smoking rates generally below 25%, while Eastern nations have smoking rates usually above 30%. Albania provides a distressing case study for Eastern Europe in which the exposure to the West after the fall of the communist regime dramatically increased the availability of Western-type cigarettes, while adoption of counterbalancing tobacco control measures lagged far behind. Results based on the representative Albanian Adult Tobacco Survey (AATS) conducted in 2007 suggest that smoking is a major problem, with a 64% smoking prevalence among Albanian men. It is becoming an increasingly greater concern among women, whose smoking prevalence more than doubled since 1990, reaching 19% in 2007. Young women living in urban areas are particularly susceptible to tobacco use; about one-third of them reported that they smoke. About 85% of current smokers smoke daily and with very high intensity, which further increases their risk of dying of smoking-attributable diseases. Smoking and secondhand exposure kill about 3,800 Albanians per year, about one-fifth of all deaths in the country. In addition, tobacco use imposes opportunity costs on Albanian households, which spent $358.6 million on cigarettes in 2007, or about 6% of the gross domestic product (GDP). To reduce the health and economic burden caused by tobacco use, the Albanian government should implement and enforce evidence-based tobacco control policies such increasing cigarette taxes; promoting cessation, particularly via the health care system; and enacting stricter clean indoor air laws. Descriptors Adolescent, Adult, Age Distribution, Aged, Albania/epidemiology, Family Characteristics, Female, Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice, Health Surveys, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Prevalence, Risk-Taking, Rural Population, Sex Distribution, Smoking/adverse effects/epidemiology, Smoking Cessation/statistics & numerical data, Social Control Policies, Social Problems, Tobacco Smoke Pollution/adverse effects/statistics & numerical data, Tobacco Use Disorder/complications/epidemiology, Urban Population, Young Adult Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Ross,H., Zaloshnja,E., Levy,D. T., Tole,D. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Linking Global Youth Tobacco Survey (GYTS) data to the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC): the case for Lebanon	2008	Non-Communicable Disease Program World Health Organization, Beirut Office Glass Building 4th Floor, Museum Square Beirut Lebanon. saadeg@leb.emro.who.int	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Preventive medicine Periodical, Abbrev. Prev.Med. Pub Date Free Form Sep Volume 47 Suppl 1 Issue Start Page S15 Other Pages 9 Notes JID: 0322116; 0 (Tobacco Smoke Pollution); 2008/02/14 [received]; 2008/05/28 [revised]; 2008/06/04 [accepted]; 2008/06/12 [aheadofprint]; ppublish Place of Publication United States ISSN/ISBN 1096-0260; 0091-7435 Accession Number PMID: 18590759 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; IM DOI 10.1016/j.ypmed.2008.06.003 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 18590759 Abstract OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this paper is to use data collected in the 2001 and 2005 Lebanon Global Youth Tobacco Survey (GYTS) to monitor articles in the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (WHO FCTC). This information is necessary to enhance the capacity of the Ministry of Health and relevant organizations to design, implement, and evaluate tobacco control and prevention programs in Lebanon, especially among adolescents. METHODS: The GYTS is a school-based survey which uses a two-stage sample design to produce representative, independent, cross-sectional estimates. The GYTS was conducted in 2001 and 2005 in Lebanon to produce representative national estimates. Data in this report are limited to students aged 13-15 years. In total, 5035 students from 50 schools participated in 2001; and 3341 students from 50 schools participated in 2005. RESULTS: The data in this report show that, in 2005, 8.6% of the students currently smoked cigarettes, but 33.9% currently smoked narguileh. Half of current smokers wanted to stop smoking and 6 in 10 have tried to stop during the past year but have failed. In 2005, exposure to SHS at home (78.4%) and in public places (74.4%) was very high; while 85.2% thought smoking should be banned in public places. Nearly 9 in 10 students who usually buy their cigarettes in stores were not refused purchase because of their age. Overall, only half of the students in Lebanon reported that during the past school year they had been taught about the dangers of smoking. CONCLUSIONS: Data in this report can be used as baseline measures for future evaluation of the tobacco control programs implemented by the Ministry of Health with particular attention to youth. The key for the Lebanese parliament is to develop, endorse, implement and enforce these new tobacco control laws and use the data from GYTS to monitor progress toward achieving the goals of the WHO FCTC. One key component of tobacco control needs to be the monitoring of Narguileh use among youth, a new emergency. Descriptors Adolescent, Adolescent Behavior, Advertising as Topic, Female, Humans, Lebanon/epidemiology, Male, Population Surveillance, Prevalence, Sex Factors, Smoking/epidemiology/prevention & control, Smoking Cessation/psychology/statistics & numerical data, Substance-Related Disorders/epidemiology/prevention & control, Tobacco Smoke Pollution/legislation & jurisprudence/prevention & control/statistics & numerical data Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Saade,G., Warren,C. W., Jones,N. R., Asma,S., Mokdad,A. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20080612 PMCID Editors
Hookah smoking and cancer: carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) levels in exclusive/ever hookah smokers	2008		Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Harm Reduct J Periodical, Abbrev. Pub Date Free Form Volume 5 Issue Start Page 19 Other Pages 19 Notes ID: 18501010 Place of Publication ISSN/ISBN Accession Number Language en SubFile DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID Abstract BACKGROUND: We have recently published some work on CEA levels in hookah (also called narghile, shisha elsewhere) and cigarette smokers. Hookah smokers had higher levels of CEA than non-smokers although mean levels were low compared to cigarette smokers. However some of them were also users of other tobacco products (cigarettes, bidis, etc.). OBJECTIVES: To find serum CEA levels in ever/exclusive hookah smokers, i.e. those who smoked only hookah (no cigarettes, bidis, etc.), prepared between 1 and 4 times a day with a quantity of up to 120 g of a tobacco-molasses mixture each (i.e. the tobacco weight equivalent of up to 60 cigarettes of 1 g each) and consumed in 1 to 8 sessions. METHODS: Enhanced chemiluminescent immunometric technique was applied to measure CEA levels in serum samples from 59 exclusive male smokers with age ranging from 20-80 years (mean = 58.8 +/- 14.7 years) and 8-65 years of smoking (mean = 37.7 +/- 16.8). 36 non-smokers served as controls. Subjects were divided into 3 groups according to the number of preparations; the number of sessions and the total daily smoking time: Light (1; 1; 20 min to 2 hrs to < or = 6 hrs). Because of the nature of distribution of CEA levels among our individuals, Wilcoxon's rank sum two-sample test was applied to compare the variables. RESULTS: The overall CEA levels in exclusive hookah smokers (mean: 3.58 +/- 2.61 ng/ml; n = 59) were not significantly different (p < or = 0.0937) from the levels in non-smokers (2.35 +/- 0.71 ng/ml). Mean levels in light, medium and heavy smokers were: 1.06 +/- 0.492 ng/ml (n = 5); 2.52 +/- 1.15 ng/ml (n = 28) and 5.11 +/- 3.08 ng/ml (n = 26) respectively. The levels in medium smokers and non-smokers were also not significantly different (p < or = 0.9138). In heavy smokers, the CEA levels were significantly higher than in non-smokers (p < or = 0.0001567). CONCLUSION: Overall CEA levels in exclusive hookah smokers were low compared to cigarette smokers. However, heavy hookah smoking substantially raises CEA levels. Low-nitrosamines smokeless tobacco of the SNUS Swedish type could be envisaged as an alternative to smoking for this category of users and also, in a broad harm reduction perspective, to the prevalent low-quality moist snuff called naswar. Descriptors Links http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2438352/?tool=pubmed; http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1477-7517-5-19 Book Title Database MEDLINE; http://www.globalhealthlibrary.net/ Publisher Data Source Authors Sajid,Khan Mohammad, Chaouachi,Kamal, Mahmood,Rubaida Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Waterpipe smoking: construction and validation of the Lebanon Waterpipe Dependence Scale (LWDS-11)	2008		Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Nicotine Tob Res Periodical, Abbrev. Nicotine Tob.Res. Pub Date Free Form Volume 10 Issue 1 Start Page 149 Other Pages 58 Notes ID: 18188755 Place of Publication ISSN/ISBN Accession Number Language en SubFile DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID Abstract Waterpipe smoking is becoming fashionable in Lebanon, but no studies have studied nicotine dependence related to waterpipe smoking. A score was constructed from 21 items and subsequently submitted to two factor analyses, which led to the extraction of four factors. Reliability and test-retest reproducibility were measured. Convergent construct validity and discriminant validity also were assessed for different smokers' samples. The Lebanon Waterpipe Dependence Scale-11 (LWDS-11) was composed of four subscales, the first representing nicotine dependence, the second negative reinforcement, the third psychological craving, and the fourth positive reinforcement. Internal consistency and test-retest reproducibility were adequate, and the subscales correlated adequately with measurements of nicotine metabolites, exhaled carbon monoxide levels, and the frequency of waterpipe smoking. The LWDS-11 discriminated between mild, moderate, and heavy waterpipe smokers, based on a threshold score of 10. Results were biologically and psychologically sound. This is the first scale to characterize waterpipe dependence. With further improvement and confirmation, it could become a useful clinical and epidemiological tool. Descriptors Behavior, Addictive/diagnosis, Smoking, Questionnaires, Tobacco Use Disorder/diagnosis, Behavior, Addictive/psychology, Factor Analysis, Statistical, Female, Humans, Lebanon, Male, Psychometrics, Quality of Life, Reproducibility of Results, Sensitivity and Specificity, Tobacco Use Disorder/classification Links http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14622200701767753 Book Title Database MEDLINE; http://www.globalhealthlibrary.net/ Publisher Data Source Authors Salameh,Pascale, Waked,Mirna, Aoun,Zeina Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Elevated toxicant yields with narghile waterpipes smoked using a plastic hose	2008		Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Food Chem Toxicol Periodical, Abbrev. Food Chem.Toxicol. Pub Date Free Form Volume 46 Issue 5 Start Page 1461 Other Pages 6 Notes ID: 18207299 Place of Publication ISSN/ISBN Accession Number Language en SubFile DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID Abstract The effect of hose permeability on toxicant yields for the narghile waterpipe is investigated, with special reference to the recent adoption of plastic as a hose construction material. Measurements of air infiltration rates for 23 leather and plastic hoses representing 11 types commonly available in Beirut, Lebanon were made, revealing that while leather hoses allowed significant outside air infiltration during a puff constituting up to 31% of the puff volume, plastic hoses were found to be air-tight, indicating that the smoke reaching the waterpipe user can be considerably more concentrated when delivered via a plastic hose. Total particulate matter (TPM), nicotine and carbon monoxide (CO) yields were compared when a waterpipe was machine smoked using a highly permeable leather and an air-tight plastic hose. It was found that the plastic hose resulted in similar yields of nicotine, but more than double the CO yielded with the highly permeable leather hose. Thus, even if narghile smokers titrate for nicotine intake, the use of a plastic hose will likely greatly increase the exposure to CO, a major causative agent in cardiovascular disease. Descriptors Plastics/chemistry, Plastics/toxicity, Smoke/analysis, Smoking/adverse effects, Tobacco/chemistry, Carbon Monoxide/analysis, Data Interpretation, Statistical, Filtration, Nicotine/analysis, Particulate Matter/analysis Links http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2007.12.007 Book Title Database MEDLINE; http://www.globalhealthlibrary.net/ Publisher Data Source Authors Saleh,Rawad, Shihadeh,Alan Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Taxonomic structure and stability of the bacterial community in belgian sourdough ecosystems as assessed by culture and population fingerprinting	2008	Laboratory of Microbiology, Ghent University, K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35, 9000 Ghent, Belgium. ilse.scheirlinck@ugent.be	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Applied and Environmental Microbiology Periodical, Abbrev. Appl.Environ.Microbiol. Pub Date Free Form Apr Volume 74 Issue 8 Start Page 2414 Other Pages 2423 Notes LR: 20140904; GENBANK/AM901454; GENBANK/AM901455; GENBANK/AM901456; GENBANK/AM901457; GENBANK/AM901458; GENBANK/AM901459; GENBANK/AM901460; GENBANK/AM901461; GENBANK/AM901462; GENBANK/AM901463; GENBANK/AM901464; GENBANK/AM901465; GENBANK/AM901466; GENBANK Place of Publication United States ISSN/ISBN 1098-5336; 0099-2240 Accession Number PMID: 18310426 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI 10.1128/AEM.02771-07 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 18310426 Abstract A total of 39 traditional sourdoughs were sampled at 11 bakeries located throughout Belgium which were visited twice with a 1-year interval. The taxonomic structure and stability of the bacterial communities occurring in these traditional sourdoughs were assessed using both culture-dependent and culture-independent methods. A total of 1,194 potential lactic acid bacterium (LAB) isolates were tentatively grouped and identified by repetitive element sequence-based PCR, followed by sequence-based identification using 16S rRNA and pheS genes from a selection of genotypically unique LAB isolates. In parallel, all samples were analyzed by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) of V3-16S rRNA gene amplicons. In addition, extensive metabolite target analysis of more than 100 different compounds was performed. Both culturing and DGGE analysis showed that the species Lactobacillus sanfranciscensis, Lactobacillus paralimentarius, Lactobacillus plantarum, and Lactobacillus pontis dominated the LAB population of Belgian type I sourdoughs. In addition, DGGE band sequence analysis demonstrated the presence of Acetobacter sp. and a member of the Erwinia/Enterobacter/Pantoea group in some samples. Overall, the culture-dependent and culture-independent approaches each exhibited intrinsic limitations in assessing bacterial LAB diversity in Belgian sourdoughs. Irrespective of the LAB biodiversity, a large majority of the sugar and amino acid metabolites were detected in all sourdough samples. Principal component-based analysis of biodiversity and metabolic data revealed only little variation among the two samples of the sourdoughs produced at the same bakery. The rare cases of instability observed could generally be linked with variations in technological parameters or differences in detection capacity between culture-dependent and culture-independent approaches. Within a sampling interval of 1 year, this study reinforces previous observations that the bakery environment rather than the type or batch of flour largely determines the development of a stable LAB population in sourdoughs. Descriptors Acetobacter/chemistry/classification/genetics/isolation & purification, Amino Acids/analysis, Belgium, Biodiversity, Carbohydrates/analysis, DNA Fingerprinting, DNA, Bacterial/chemistry/genetics, DNA, Ribosomal/chemistry/genetics, Ecosystem, Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel, Enterobacteriaceae/chemistry/classification/genetics/isolation & purification, Flour/microbiology, Food Microbiology, Interspersed Repetitive Sequences, Lactobacillus/chemistry/classification/genetics/isolation & purification, Molecular Sequence Data, Nucleic Acid Denaturation, Polymerase Chain Reaction, RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics, Sequence Analysis, DNA Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Scheirlinck,I., Van der Meulen,R., Van Schoor,A., Vancanneyt,M., De Vuyst,L., Vandamme,P., Huys,G. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20080229 PMCID PMC2293155 Editors
A genus-specific PCR method for differentiation between Leuconostoc and Weissella and its application in identification of heterofermentative lactic acid bacteria from coffee fermentation	2008	Federal Research Centre for Nutrition and Foods, Institute of Hygiene and Toxicology, Karlsruhe, Germany. ulrich.schillinger@mri.bund.de	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full FEMS microbiology letters Periodical, Abbrev. FEMS Microbiol.Lett. Pub Date Free Form Sep Volume 286 Issue 2 Start Page 222 Other Pages 226 Notes JID: 7705721; 0 (Coffee); 0 (DNA Primers); 0 (DNA, Bacterial); 0 (DNA, Ribosomal); 0 (RNA, Ribosomal, 16S); 2008/07/24 [aheadofprint]; ppublish Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 0378-1097; 0378-1097 Accession Number PMID: 18657111 Language eng SubFile Evaluation Studies; Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2008.01286.x [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 18657111 Abstract A genus-specific PCR analysis method was developed for a rapid and reliable differentiation between the two heterofermentative lactic acid bacteria genera Leuconostoc and Weissella. Primer sets specific for target regions of the 16S rRNA genes were designed and the specificity of the PCR was evaluated using the type strains of 13 species of Leuconostoc and 11 species of Weissella. In addition, the newly developed genus-specific PCR analysis was applied to characterize 72 lactic acid bacteria (LAB) strains isolated from coffee fermentation and which were presumptively classified as Leuconostoc or Weissella species. Additionally, a total of 34 LAB isolates from various other fermented foods were included. The investigations of these strains were conducted to test the effectiveness of correct characterization of field isolates using the genus-specific PCR approach. The correct assignment to one of these two genera by the application of the genus-specific primers was confirmed by further identifying the strains using repetitive extragenic palindromic-PCR and 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Descriptors Coffee/metabolism, DNA Primers/genetics, DNA, Bacterial/genetics, DNA, Ribosomal/genetics, Fermentation, Food Microbiology, Genes, rRNA/genetics, Gram-Positive Bacteria/classification/genetics, Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods, RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics, Sensitivity and Specificity, Sequence Analysis, DNA Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Schillinger,U., Boehringer,B., Wallbaum,S., Caroline,L., Gonfa,A., Huch Nee Kostinek,M., Holzapfel,W. H., Franz,C. M. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20080724 PMCID Editors
Exposure to secondhand smoke in Germany: air contamination due to smoking in German restaurants, bars, and other venues	2008	Mannheim Institute of Public Health, Social and Preventive Medicine, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco Periodical, Abbrev. Nicotine Tob.Res. Pub Date Free Form Mar Volume 10 Issue 3 Start Page 547 Other Pages 555 Notes LR: 20121115; JID: 9815751; 0 (Tobacco Smoke Pollution); EIN: Nicotine Tob Res. 2008 Apr;10(4):745; ppublish Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1462-2203; 1462-2203 Accession Number PMID: 18324575 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI 10.1080/14622200801902029 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 18324575 Abstract This study quantified exposure to secondhand smoke in German restaurants, bars, and entertainment venues by determining the concentration of respirable suspended particles measuring 2.5 microm or less (PM2.5) in indoor air. The measurements were taken using an inconspicuous device placed on the investigator's table in the venue. The concentration of particulate matter in the indoor air was measured for a minimum of 30 min. A total of 39 restaurants, 20 coffee bars, 12 bars, 9 discotheques, and 20 restaurant cars in trains were visited throughout Germany from September 30 to October 31, 2005. The readings disclosed a median PM2.5 of 260 microg/m3 and an arithmetic mean PM2.5 of 333 microg/m3. Median values were 378 microg/m3 in bars, 131 microg/m3 in cafes, and 173 microg/m3 in restaurants. The highest medians were measured in discotheques and restaurant cars, with values averaging 432 microg/m3 and 525 microg/m3 PM2.5, respectively. This study was the first to show the magnitude and extent of exposure to secondhand smoke on such an extensive scale in Germany. The contaminated air due to smoking is a human carcinogenic and major health hazard, which would be prevented most effectively and completely by implementing a ban on smoking. This study is important for the ongoing national debate in Germany as well as for debates in all countries without smoke-free air legislation, which includes most countries around the world. Descriptors Air Pollution, Indoor/analysis/statistics & numerical data, Environmental Monitoring/instrumentation/methods, Epidemiological Monitoring, Germany/epidemiology, Health Policy, Humans, Inhalation Exposure/analysis/statistics & numerical data, Primary Prevention/methods, Restaurants, Risk Assessment, Risk Factors, Smoking/epidemiology, Tobacco Smoke Pollution/analysis/statistics & numerical data Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Schneider,S., Seibold,B., Schunk,S., Jentzsch,E., Potschke-Langer,M., Dresler,C., Travers,M. J., Hyland,A. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Cell density and cell aging as factors modulating antifungal resistance of Candida albicans biofilms	2008	Faculty of Dentistry, Oral Biosciences, The University of Hong Kong, Prince Philip Dental Hospital, Hong Kong. lakshman@hku.hk	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy Periodical, Abbrev. Antimicrob.Agents Chemother. Pub Date Free Form Sep Volume 52 Issue 9 Start Page 3259 Other Pages 3266 Notes LR: 20140903; JID: 0315061; 0 (Antifungal Agents); 0 (Culture Media); 0 (Polystyrenes); OID: NLM: PMC2533466; 2008/07/14 [aheadofprint]; ppublish Place of Publication United States ISSN/ISBN 1098-6596; 0066-4804 Accession Number PMID: 18625775 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI 10.1128/AAC.00541-08 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 18625775 Abstract Biofilm formation is a major virulence attribute of Candida pathogenicity which contributes to higher antifungal resistance. We investigated the roles of cell density and cellular aging on the relative antifungal susceptibility of planktonic, biofilm, and biofilm-derived planktonic modes of Candida. A reference and a wild-type strain of Candida albicans were used to evaluate the MICs of caspofungin (CAS), amphotericin B (AMB), nystatin (NYT), ketoconazole (KTC), and flucytosine (5FC). Standard, NCCLS, and European Committee on Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing methods were used for planktonic MIC determination. Candida biofilms were then developed on polystyrene wells, and MICs were determined with a standard 2,3-bis(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-5-[(phenylamino)carbonyl]-2H-tetrazolium hydroxide assay. Subsequently, antifungal susceptibility testing was performed for greater inoculum concentrations and 24- and 48-h-old cultures of planktonic Candida. Furthermore, Candida biofilm-derived planktonic cells (BDPC) were also subjected to antifungal susceptibility testing. The MICs for both C. albicans strains in the planktonic mode were low, although on increasing the inoculum concentration (up to 1 x 10(8) cells/ml), a variable MIC was noted. On the contrary, for Candida biofilms, the MICs of antifungals were 15- to >1,000-fold higher. Interestingly, the MICs for BDPC were lower and were similar to those for planktonic-mode cells, particularly those of CAS and AMB. Our data indicate that higher antifungal resistance of Candida biofilms is an intrinsic feature possibly related to the biofilm architecture rather than cellular density or cellular aging. Descriptors Antifungal Agents/pharmacology, Biofilms/drug effects/growth & development, Candida albicans/drug effects/growth & development/physiology, Cell Adhesion, Colony Count, Microbial, Culture Media, Drug Resistance, Fungal, Humans, Microbial Sensitivity Tests/methods, Polystyrenes, Time Factors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Seneviratne,C. J., Jin,L. J., Samaranayake,Y. H., Samaranayake,L. P. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20080714 PMCID PMC2533466 Editors

E-mail