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Title	Pub Year	Author Sort descending	SearchLink
Tobacco consumption in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, 2013: findings from a national survey	2015	Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, 2301 Fifth Ave., Suite 600, Seattle, WA, 98121, USA. mmoradi@uw.edu.; Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, 2301 Fifth Ave., Suite 600, Seattle, WA, 98	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full BMC public health Periodical, Abbrev. BMC Public Health Pub Date Free Form 5-Jul Volume 15 Issue Start Page 611 Other Pages 015-1902-3 Notes LR: 20150708; JID: 100968562; 0 (Tobacco Smoke Pollution); OID: NLM: PMC4491232; 2015/01/13 [received]; 2015/06/03 [accepted]; 2015/07/05 [aheadofprint]; epublish Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1471-2458; 1471-2458 Accession Number PMID: 26141062 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; IM DOI 10.1186/s12889-015-1902-3 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 26141062 Abstract BACKGROUND: Tobacco consumption is a major risk factor for morbidity and mortality. The Saudi Ministry of Health started a national tobacco control program in 2002 with increased and intensified efforts after joining the World Health Organization Framework Convention for Tobacco Control in 2005. METHODS: In order to assess the status of tobacco consumption in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), we conducted a survey on 10735 individuals aged 15 years or older (5253 men and 5482 women) which was performed between April and June 2013. The Saudi Health Interview Survey had a multistage sampling and was nationally representative. Data were collected through face-to-face interviews. The survey included questions on socio-demographic characteristics, tobacco consumption, diet, physical activity, health care utilization, different health-related behaviors, and self-reported chronic conditions. RESULTS: Overall prevalence of current smoking was 12.2 % and males were more likely to smoke than females (21.5 % vs. 1.1 %). Mean age of smoking initiation was 19.1 years (+/-6.5 years) with 8.9 % of ever smokers starting before the age of 15 years. Daily shisha smoking was reported by 4.3 % of the population (7.3 % of men and 1.3 % of women). Around 1.4 % of population (2.6 % of men and 0.1 % of women) were daily smokers of cigarette/cigar and shisha. Receiving advice for quitting smoking by health care professionals during the last 12 months was reported by 53.2 % (95 % confidence interval [CI]: 49.8-56.5) of ever smokers. Among ever smokers, 51.3 % of individuals reportedly attempted to quit smoking during the last 12 months. Of those, 25.3 % were successful by the time of the survey. Around 23.3 % of the entire population, 32.3 % of men and 13.5 % of women, were exposed to secondhand smoke for at least one day during the past 7 days at home, work, or school. CONCLUSIONS: Although the indicators of tobacco consumption in KSA are better than most of the countries of the Middle East region and high-income countries, there are many potential areas for improvement. Our findings call for the development and implementation of programs to prevent smoking initiation and encourage quitting. To achieve its health goals, KSA may consider increasing taxation on tobacco products as well as other measures. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Moradi-Lakeh,M., El Bcheraoui,C., Tuffaha,M., Daoud,F., Al Saeedi,M., Basulaiman,M., Memish,Z.A., AlMazroa,M.A., Al Rabeeah,A.A., Mokdad,A.H. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20150705 PMCID PMC4491232 Editors
Prevalence of asthma in Saudi adults: findings from a national household survey, 2013	2015	Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, 2301 Fifth Ave., Suite 600, Seattle, WA, 98121, USA. mmoradi@uw.edu.; Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, 2301 Fifth Ave., Suite 600, Seattle, WA, 98	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full BMC pulmonary medicine Periodical, Abbrev. BMC Pulm.Med. Pub Date Free Form 28-Jul Volume 15 Issue Start Page 77 Other Pages 015-0080-5 Notes LR: 20150731; JID: 100968563; OID: NLM: PMC4517561; 2015/06/09 [received]; 2015/07/21 [accepted]; 2015/07/28 [aheadofprint]; epublish Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1471-2466; 1471-2466 Accession Number PMID: 26216220 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Multicenter Study; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI 10.1186/s12890-015-0080-5 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 26216220 Abstract BACKGROUND: There are not enough data on the epidemiology of asthma in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). We analyzed data from a national household survey conducted in KSA in 2013 to estimate prevalence, associated risk factors and control measurements of asthma. METHODS: The Saudi Health Interview Survey was a cross-sectional national multistage survey of 10,735 individuals aged 15 years or older. The survey included a detailed household questionnaire and a physical exam. We used self-reported clinical diagnosis of asthma to assess prevalence of asthma. RESULTS: The prevalence of asthma in KSA was 4.05 % (95 % confidence interval [CI]: 3.54-4.62 %). Asthma was less frequent in individuals with higher education but higher in former smokers and obese individuals. Around 76.7 % of asthma patients (95 % CI: 70.6-82.0 %) experienced an asthmatic attack, and 61.6 % (95 % CI: 54.4-68.4 %) visited a hospital/emergency room because of asthma during the past year. Asthma attack was less frequent in older patients (odds ratio [OR] = 0.78, 95 %CI: 0.59-0.96 for each decade of life). Current use of medication for asthma was highly associated with asthma attacks (OR = 9.14, 95 % CI: 3.29-25.38). Asthma attack was also more frequent in individuals who were exposed to secondhand smoking (OR = 2.17, 95 %CI: 1.05-4.45) and those who were obese (OR = 3.01, 95 %CI: 1.34-6.78). CONCLUSION: Saudi Arabia has a relatively low prevalence of diagnosed asthma; however, many of the patients with known asthma do not have it under good control. Our study calls for programs to inform patients about the importance and proper means of controlling their condition. Implementing and monitoring of clinical guidelines can also help to improve asthma control among patients as well as identify undiagnosed cases. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Moradi-Lakeh,M., El Bcheraoui,C., Daoud,F., Tuffaha,M., Kravitz,H., Al Saeedi,M., Basulaiman,M., Memish,Z.A., AlMazroa,M.A., Al Rabeeah,A.A., Mokdad,A.H. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20150728 PMCID PMC4517561 Editors
Smoking prevalence and cigarette consumption in 187 countries, 1980-2012	2014	Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle.; Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle.; Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle.; Institute fo	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Jama Periodical, Abbrev. JAMA Pub Date Free Form 8-Jan Volume 311 Issue 2 Start Page 183 Other Pages 192 Notes LR: 20141120; JID: 7501160; CIN: BMJ. 2014;348:g406. PMID: 24449292; ppublish Place of Publication United States ISSN/ISBN 1538-3598; 0098-7484 Accession Number PMID: 24399557 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; AIM; IM DOI 10.1001/jama.2013.284692 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 24399557 Abstract IMPORTANCE: Tobacco is a leading global disease risk factor. Understanding national trends in prevalence and consumption is critical for prioritizing action and evaluating tobacco control progress. OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence of daily smoking by age and sex and the number of cigarettes per smoker per day for 187 countries from 1980 to 2012. DESIGN: Nationally representative sources that measured tobacco use (n = 2102 country-years of data) were systematically identified. Survey data that did not report daily tobacco smoking were adjusted using the average relationship between different definitions. Age-sex-country-year observations (n = 38,315) were synthesized using spatial-temporal gaussian process regression to model prevalence estimates by age, sex, country, and year. Data on consumption of cigarettes were used to generate estimates of cigarettes per smoker per day. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Modeled age-standardized prevalence of daily tobacco smoking by age, sex, country, and year; cigarettes per smoker per day by country and year. RESULTS: Global modeled age-standardized prevalence of daily tobacco smoking in the population older than 15 years decreased from 41.2% (95% uncertainty interval [UI], 40.0%-42.6%) in 1980 to 31.1% (95% UI, 30.2%-32.0%; P Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Ng,M., Freeman,M.K., Fleming,T.D., Robinson,M., Dwyer-Lindgren,L., Thomson,B., Wollum,A., Sanman,E., Wulf,S., Lopez,A.D., Murray,C.J., Gakidou,E. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Sensations from initial exposure to nicotine predicting adolescent smoking in China: a potential measure of vulnerability to nicotine	2003	Institute for Health Promotion and Disease Prevention Research, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Alhambra CA, USA. jchen@crcm.med.wayne.edu	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco Periodical, Abbrev. Nicotine Tob.Res. Pub Date Free Form Aug Volume 5 Issue 4 Start Page 455 Other Pages 463 Notes LR: 20151119; GR: P 150 CA84735-01/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States; JID: 9815751; 0 (Ganglionic Stimulants); 6M3C89ZY6R (Nicotine); ppublish Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1462-2203; 1462-2203 Accession Number PMID: 12959783 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.; IM DOI 4UBD7FP8Y68691HY [pii] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 12959783 Abstract Sensations derived from initial exposure to nicotine are a potential indicator of an individual's vulnerability to nicotine. This study assessed whether sensations experienced during the first lifetime exposure to nicotine could predict current and established cigarette smoking. Data from 210 respondents who reported having ever tried cigarette smoking in Wuhan, China, were obtained for this study from 610 students in 10th grade at two schools. Subjects were participants in a multipurpose pilot survey for an adolescent smoking prevention trial. The survey was administered in a classroom setting using a paper-and-pencil questionnaire. Sensations reported were cigarette smell (59.2%), coughing (54.1%), dizziness (52.1%), nausea (42.5%), relaxation (19.1%), and pleasurable buzz/rush (9.0%). After controlling for confounders, multiple logistic regression analyses identified three sensations significantly associated with smoking: (a) Cigarette smell (OR for days smoked in the past 30 days=2.93, p<.05, OR for number of cigarettes smoked per day=2.69, p<.05, and OR for 100-cigarette smoking=5.40, p<.01), (b) pleasurable buzz/rush (OR for 100-cigarette smoking=11.09, p<.05), and (c) relaxation (OR for past 30-day smoking measures ranged from 3.69 to 4.48, p<.01, and OR for 100-cigarette smoking=4.12, p<.05). A dose-response relationship was observed between the sensations and cigarette smoking. Self-reported sensations from initial exposure to nicotine may be a useful indicator of an individual's vulnerability to nicotine. This information can be used for adolescent smoking prevention and cessation interventions. Descriptors Adolescent, Adolescent Behavior, China, Cough/etiology, Dizziness/etiology, Female, Ganglionic Stimulants/pharmacology, Humans, Male, Nicotine/pharmacology, Odds Ratio, Regression Analysis, Risk Factors, Smoking/psychology, Smoking Cessation, Tobacco Use Disorder/physiopathology/psychology Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Chen,X., Stacy,A., Zheng,H., Shan,J., Spruijt-Metz,D., Unger,J., Gong,J., Gallaher,P., Liu,C., Azen,S., Shakib,S., Ph,D. A. J. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Illicit drug use among school-going adolescents in Malaysia	2014	Institute for Public Health, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia fadhli_my@moh.gov.my.; Institute for Public Health, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.; Institute for Public Health, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Kuala Lump	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Asia-Pacific Journal of Public Health / Asia-Pacific Academic Consortium for Public Health Periodical, Abbrev. Asia.Pac.J.Public.Health. Pub Date Free Form Sep Volume 26 Issue 5 Suppl Start Page 100S Other Pages 7S Notes CI: (c) 2014; JID: 8708538; 0 (Street Drugs); OTO: NOTNLM; 2014/07/17 [aheadofprint]; ppublish Place of Publication China ISSN/ISBN 1941-2479; 1010-5395 Accession Number PMID: 25038195 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI 10.1177/1010539514542425 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 25038195 Abstract Illicit drug use among adolescents has become a public health issue in Malaysia. This study was from the Global School-Based Student Health Survey (GSHS) and aimed to determine the prevalence of and factors associated with illicit drug use among school-going adolescents in Malaysia. A 2-stage stratified cluster sampling method was used and data were collected via a self-administered questionnaire. A total of 25 507 students participated in the study. The prevalence of adolescents who ever used illicit drugs was 1.7%. Adolescents who ever used illicit drugs were associated with current smoking (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 6.99; 95% CI = 5.19, 9.40), current alcohol use (aOR = 4.63; 95% CI = 3.43, 6.26), ever having sex (aOR = 4.76; 95% CI = 3.54, 6.41), truancy (aOR = 1.43; 95% CI = 1.07, 1.90), lack of peer support (aOR = 1.47; 95% CI = 1.07, 2.03), and lack of parental monitoring (aOR = 1.71; 95% CI = 1.22, 2.39). Public health intervention should be addressed to prevent illicit drug used among adolescents. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher APJPH Data Source Authors Yusoff,F., Sahril,N., Rasidi,N.M., Zaki,N.A., Muhamad,N., Ahmad,N. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20140717 PMCID Editors
Systematic review on international practices in controlling waterpipe tobacco smoking	2015	Institute for Public Health, Ministry of Health, Malaysia E-mail : helentee.gh@moh.gov.my.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention : APJCP Periodical, Abbrev. Asian Pac.J.Cancer.Prev. Pub Date Free Form Volume 16 Issue 9 Start Page 3659 Other Pages 3665 Notes JID: 101130625; 0 (Tobacco Smoke Pollution); ppublish Place of Publication Thailand ISSN/ISBN 1513-7368; 1513-7368 Accession Number PMID: 25987018 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Review; IM DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 25987018 Abstract BACKGROUND: Waterpipe tobacco smoking has becoming popular especially among young people worldwide. Smokers are attracted by its sweeter, smoother smoke, social ambience and the misconception of reduced harm. The objective of this study was to systematically review the effects of waterpipe tobacco policies and practices in reducing its prevalence. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A systematic review was conducted electronically using the PubMed, OVID, Science Direct, Proquest and Embase databases. All possible studies from 1980 to 2013 were initially screened based on titles and abstracts. The selected articles were subjected to data extraction and quality rating. RESULTS: Three studies met the inclusion criteria and were eligible for this review. Almost all of the waterpipe tobacco products and its accessories did not comply with the regulations on health warning labelling practices as stipulated under Article 11 of WHO FCTC. In addition, the grisly new warning labels for cigarettes introduced by Food and Drug Administration did not affect hookah tobacco smoking generally. Indoor air quality in smoking lounges was found to be poor and some hookah lounges were operated without smoke shop certification. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings revealed the availability of minimal information on the practices in controlling waterpipe smoking in reducing its prevalence. The lack of comprehensive legislations or practices in controlling waterpipe smoking warrants further research and policy initiatives to curb this burgeoning global epidemic, especially among the vulnerable younger population. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Tee,G.H., Hairi,N.N., Nordin,F., Choo,W.Y., Chan,Y.Y., Kaur,G., Veerasingam,P.D., Bulgiba,A. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Ethyl 2-[4-(morpholin-4-yl)phen-yl]-1-[3-(2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)prop-yl]-1H-1,3-benzimid azole-5-carboxyl-ate monohydrate	2012	Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden 11800, Penang, Malaysia.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Acta crystallographica.Section E, Structure reports online Periodical, Abbrev. Acta Crystallogr.Sect.E.Struct.Rep.Online Pub Date Free Form 1-Oct Volume 68 Issue Pt 10 Start Page o2967 Other Pages 8 Notes LR: 20130304; JID: 101089178; OID: NLM: PMC3470336; 2012/08/29 [received]; 2012/09/14 [accepted]; 2012/09/22 [epublish]; ppublish Place of Publication United States ISSN/ISBN 1600-5368; 1600-5368 Accession Number PMID: 23125749 Language eng SubFile Journal Article DOI 10.1107/S1600536812039268 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 23125749 Abstract The asymmetric unit of the title compound, C(27)H(32)N(4)O(4).H(2)O, contains two independent benzimidazole-5-carboxyl-ate mol-ecules and two water mol-ecules. In both main mol-ecules, the pyrrolidine rings are in an envelope conformation with a methyl-ene C atom as the flap. The morpholine rings adopt chair conformations. Both benzimidazole rings are essentially planar, with maximum deviations of 0.008 (1) A, and form dihedral angles of 37.65 (6) and 45.44 (6) degrees with the benzene rings. In one mol-ecule, an intra-molecular C-Hcdots, three dots, centeredO hydrogen bond forms an S(7) ring motif. In the crystal, O-Hcdots, three dots, centeredO and O-Hcdots, three dots, centeredN hydrogen bonds connect pairs of main mol-ecules and pairs of water mol-ecules into two independent centrosymmetric four-compoment aggregates. These aggregates are connect by C-Hcdots, three dots, centeredO hydrogen bonds leading to the formation of a three-dimensional network, which is stabilized by C-Hcdots, three dots, centeredpi interactions. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Yoon,Y.K., Ali,M.A., Choon,T.S., Arshad,S., Razak,I.A. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20120922 PMCID PMC3470336 Editors
Is consumer response to plain/standardised tobacco packaging consistent with framework convention on tobacco control guidelines? A systematic review of quantitative studies	2013	Institute for Social Marketing & Cancer Research United Kingdom Centre for Tobacco Control Research and United Kingdom Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies, University of Stirling, Stirling, United Kingdom.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full PloS one Periodical, Abbrev. PLoS One Pub Date Free Form 16-Oct Volume 8 Issue 10 Start Page e75919 Other Pages Notes LR: 20150708; GR: MR/K023195/1/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom; GR: British Heart Foundation/United Kingdom; GR: Department of Health/United Kingdom; GR: Medical Research Council/United Kingdom; JID: 101285081; OID: NLM: PMC3797796; 2013 [ecollect Place of Publication United States ISSN/ISBN 1932-6203; 1932-6203 Accession Number PMID: 24146791 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Review; IM DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0075919 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 24146791 Abstract BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Standardised or 'plain' tobacco packaging was introduced in Australia in December 2012 and is currently being considered in other countries. The primary objective of this systematic review was to locate, assess and synthesise published and grey literature relating to the potential impacts of standardised tobacco packaging as proposed by the guidelines for the international Framework Convention on Tobacco Control: reduced appeal, increased salience and effectiveness of health warnings, and more accurate perceptions of product strength and harm. METHODS: Electronic databases were searched and researchers in the field were contacted to identify studies. Eligible studies were published or unpublished primary research of any design, issued since 1980 and concerning tobacco packaging. Twenty-five quantitative studies reported relevant outcomes and met the inclusion criteria. A narrative synthesis was conducted. RESULTS: Studies that explored the impact of package design on appeal consistently found that standardised packaging reduced the appeal of cigarettes and smoking, and was associated with perceived lower quality, poorer taste and less desirable smoker identities. Although findings were mixed, standardised packs tended to increase the salience and effectiveness of health warnings in terms of recall, attention, believability and seriousness, with effects being mediated by the warning size, type and position on pack. Pack colour was found to influence perceptions of product harm and strength, with darker coloured standardised packs generally perceived as containing stronger tasting and more harmful cigarettes than fully branded packs; lighter coloured standardised packs suggested weaker and less harmful cigarettes. Findings were largely consistent, irrespective of location and sample. CONCLUSIONS: The evidence strongly suggests that standardised packaging will reduce the appeal of packaging and of smoking in general; that it will go some way to reduce consumer misperceptions regarding product harm based upon package design; and will help make the legally required on-pack health warnings more salient. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Stead,M., Moodie,C., Angus,K., Bauld,L., McNeill,A., Thomas,J., Hastings,G., Hinds,K., O'Mara-Eves,A., Kwan,I., Purves,R.I., Bryce,S.L. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20131016 PMCID PMC3797796 Editors
Young adult smokers' perceptions of plain packaging: a pilot naturalistic study	2011	Institute for Social Marketing, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, Scotland, UK. c.s.moodie@stir.ac.uk	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Tobacco control Periodical, Abbrev. Tob.Control Pub Date Free Form Sep Volume 20 Issue 5 Start Page 367 Other Pages 373 Notes LR: 20120529; GR: Cancer Research UK/United Kingdom; JID: 9209612; EIN: Tob Control. 2012 May;21(3):329; 2011/07/12 [aheadofprint]; ppublish Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1468-3318; 0964-4563 Accession Number PMID: 21752795 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI 10.1136/tc.2011.042911 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 21752795 Abstract AIMS: To explore the impact, if any, that using plain (non-branded) cigarette packs in real-life settings has on young adult smokers. METHODS: Naturalistic-type research was employed, where smokers used brown 'plain' packs for 2 weeks and their regular packs for 2 weeks, in real-life settings. Participants were recruited in Glasgow, Scotland. Of the 140 smokers aged 18-35 years who participated in the naturalistic study, 48 correctly completed and returned all questionnaires. Over the 4-week study period, participants completed a questionnaire twice a week assessing pack perceptions and feelings, feelings about smoking, salience of health warnings and smoking-related behaviours. A subsample of 18 participated in a post-study interview, which employed a semistructured topic guide to assess perceptions and experiences of using plain packs. RESULTS: Trends in the data show that in comparison with branded packaging, plain packaging increased negative perceptions and feelings about the pack and about smoking. Plain packaging also increased avoidant behaviour (hiding the pack, covering the pack), certain smoking cessation behaviours, such as smoking less around others and forgoing cigarettes, and thinking about quitting. Almost half (n=8) of those in the post-study interview, predominantly women (n=6), reported that the use of plain packs had either increased avoidant behaviour or reduced consumption. CONCLUSIONS: This pilot naturalistic study suggests that plain packaging could potentially help reduce tobacco consumption among some young adult smokers, and women in particular. Employing an innovative research methodology, the findings of this study are consistent with, and indeed support, past plain packaging research. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Moodie,C., Mackintosh,A.M., Hastings,G., Ford,A. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20110712 PMCID Editors
Risk factors for e-cigarette, conventional cigarette, and dual use in German adolescents: a cohort study	2015	Institute for Therapy and Health Research, IFT-Nord, Kiel, Germany; University Medical Center, Kiel, Germany. Electronic address: hanewinkel@ift-nord.de.; Institute for Therapy and Health Research, IFT-Nord, Kiel, Germany.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Preventive medicine Periodical, Abbrev. Prev.Med. Pub Date Free Form May Volume 74 Issue Start Page 59 Other Pages 62 Notes CI: Copyright (c) 2015; ISRCTN/ISRCTN99442407; JID: 0322116; OTO: NOTNLM; 2014/11/15 [received]; 2015/02/23 [revised]; 2015/03/07 [accepted]; 2015/03/12 [aheadofprint]; ppublish Place of Publication United States ISSN/ISBN 1096-0260; 0091-7435 Accession Number PMID: 25770433 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Randomized Controlled Trial; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI 10.1016/j.ypmed.2015.03.006 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 25770433 Abstract OBJECTIVE: Little is known about risk factors that are associated with e-cigarette use in adolescents. METHODS: Multilevel mixed-effects regressions were performed to assess the relationship between factors that might be associated with e-cigarette, conventional cigarette and dual use in a cohort of 2693 German adolescents (mean age=12.5 years; SD=0.6). Risk factors were assessed in October 2010 and life time e-cigarette and conventional cigarette use were assessed 26 months later. RESULTS: Use of e-cigarettes as well as use of conventional cigarette and dual use were associated with higher sensation seeking scores, and higher odds of having friends and parents who smoke conventional cigarettes, with conventional cigarette use additionally with male gender, being older, having higher odds of siblings who smoke conventional cigarettes, and less likely for adolescents who attend a Gymnasium, secondary school with a strong emphasis on academic learning. The use of conventional cigarettes at baseline did not predict e-cigarette use at follow-up. Lifetime prevalence of e-cigarette use was 4.7%, of conventional cigarette use 18.4%. A quarter of e-cigarette users (23.8%) never smoked a conventional cigarette. DISCUSSION: Data indicate that e-cigarette and conventional cigarette use share many but not all risk factors. E-cigarettes could counteract the process of denormalization of smoking. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Elsevier Inc Data Source Authors Hanewinkel,R., Isensee,B. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20150312 PMCID Editors

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