WTS database

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Secondhand hookah smoke: an occupational hazard for hookah bar employees	2016	Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.; New York University, New York, New York, USA.; Department of Pediatrics, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA Department of E	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Tobacco control Periodical, Abbrev. Tob.Control Pub Date Free Form 25-Jan Volume Issue Start Page Other Pages Notes LR: 20160127; CI: Published by the BMJ Publishing Group Limited. For permission to use (where not already granted under a licence) please go to http://www.bmj.com/company/products-services/rights-and-licensing/; JID: 9209612; OTO: NOTNLM; aheadofprint Place of Publication ISSN/ISBN 1468-3318; 0964-4563 Accession Number PMID: 26811352 Language ENG SubFile JOURNAL ARTICLE DOI tobaccocontrol-2015-052505 [pii] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 26811352 Abstract BACKGROUND: Despite the increasing popularity of hookah bars, there is a lack of research assessing the health effects of hookah smoke among employees. This study investigated indoor air quality in hookah bars and the health effects of secondhand hookah smoke on hookah bar workers. METHODS: Air samples were collected during the work shift of 10 workers in hookah bars in New York City (NYC). Air measurements of fine particulate matter (PM2.5), fine black carbon (BC2.5), carbon monoxide (CO), and nicotine were collected during each work shift. Blood pressure and heart rate, markers of active smoking and secondhand smoke exposure (exhaled CO and saliva cotinine levels), and selected inflammatory cytokines in blood (ineterleukin (IL)-1b, IL-6, IL-8, interferon gamma (IFN-gamma), tumour necrosis factor (TNF-alpha)) were assessed in workers immediately prior to and immediately after their work shift. RESULTS: The PM2.5 (gravimetric) and BC2.5 concentrations in indoor air varied greatly among the work shifts with mean levels of 363.8 microg/m3 and 2.2 microg/m3, respectively. The mean CO level was 12.9 ppm with a peak value of 22.5 ppm CO observed in one hookah bar. While heart rate was elevated by 6 bpm after occupational exposure, this change was not statistically significant. Levels of inflammatory cytokines in blood were all increased at postshift compared to preshift testing with IFN-Upsilon increasing from 0.85 (0.13) to 1.6 (0.25) (mean (standard error of the mean; SEM)) pg/mL (p90 ppm exhaled CO. CONCLUSIONS: These results demonstrate that hookah bars have elevated concentrations of indoor air pollutants that appear to cause adverse health effects in employees. These data indicate the need for further research and a marked need for better air quality monitoring and policies in such establishments to improve the indoor air quality for workers and patrons. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Zhou,S., Behrooz,L., Weitzman,M., Pan,G., Vilcassim,R., Mirowsky,J.E., Breysee,P., Rule,A., Gordon,T. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20160125 PMCID Editors
Secondary effects of anion exchange on chloride, sulfate, and lead release: systems approach to corrosion control	2012	Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences, University of Florida, P.O. Box 116450, Gainesville, FL 32611-6450, USA.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Water research Periodical, Abbrev. Water Res. Pub Date Free Form 1-May Volume 46 Issue 7 Start Page 2385 Other Pages 2394 Notes LR: 20131121; CI: Copyright A(c) 2012; JID: 0105072; 0 (Anions); 0 (Chlorides); 0 (Sulfates); 0 (Water Pollutants, Chemical); 2P299V784P (Lead); 2011/11/03 [received]; 2012/02/02 [revised]; 2012/02/04 [accepted]; 2012/02/14 [aheadofprint]; ppublish Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1879-2448; 0043-1354 Accession Number PMID: 22374301 Language eng SubFile Comparative Study; Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI 10.1016/j.watres.2012.02.010 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 22374301 Abstract Water treatment processes can cause secondary changes in water chemistry that alter finished water quality including chloride, sulfate, natural organic matter (NOM), and metal release. Hence, the goal of this research was to provide an improved understanding of the chloride-to-sulfate mass ratio (CSMR) with regards to chloride and sulfate variations at full-scale water treatment plants and corrosion potential under simulated premise plumbing conditions. Laboratory corrosion studies were conducted using Pb-Sn solder/Cu tubing galvanic cells exposed to model waters with low (approx. 5 mg/L Cl(-) and 10 mg/L SO(4)(2-)) and high (approx. 50 mg/L Cl(-) and 100 mg/L SO(4)(2-)) concentrations of chloride and sulfate at a constant CSMR of approximately 0.5. The role of NOM during corrosion was also evaluated by changing the type of organic material. In addition, full-scale sampling was conducted to quantify the raw water variability of chloride, sulfate, and NOM concentrations and the changes to these parameters from magnetic ion exchange treatment. Test conditions with higher concentrations of chloride and sulfate released significantly more lead than the lower chloride and sulfate test waters. In addition, the source of NOM was a key factor in the amount of lead released with the model organic compounds yielding significantly less lead release than aquatic NOM. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Elsevier Ltd Data Source Authors Willison,H., Boyer,T.H. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20120214 PMCID Editors
Second-hand smoke levels in Israeli bars, pubs and cafes before and after implementation of smoke-free legislation	2011	Department of Health Promotion, School of Public Health, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel. rosenl@post.tau.ac.il	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full European journal of public health Periodical, Abbrev. Eur.J.Public Health Pub Date Free Form Feb Volume 21 Issue 1 Start Page 15 Other Pages 20 Notes LR: 20121115; JID: 9204966; 0 (Particulate Matter); 0 (Tobacco Smoke Pollution); 2010/01/28 [aheadofprint]; ppublish Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1464-360X; 1101-1262 Accession Number PMID: 20110272 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI 10.1093/eurpub/ckp243 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 20110272 Abstract BACKGROUND: In 2007, Israel passed a law to extend existing restrictions on smoking in public places and to strengthen enforcement. Responsibility for ensuring smoke-free indoor public places was placed on establishment owners. Bars and pubs were included in the law for the first time. This study aimed to assess changes in air quality in popular Israeli bars, pubs and cafes after the implementation of law, and to examine changes in patron numbers, percentage of smoking patrons and venue-seating sections. METHODS: Air quality was determined by measuring respirable suspended particles (PM(2.5) mug(-3)) in 33 randomly selected venues in Jerusalem and Tel Aviv, including bars, pubs and cafes, before and after law implementation. Numbers of patrons and smoking patrons were recorded. RESULTS: Average respirable small particles (RSP) level was 245 mug(-3) prior to implementation and 161 mug(-3) following implementation of the law, representing a decline of 34% (P = 0.0043). RSP levels decreased in bars and pubs and in cafes. Percentage of smoking patrons declined from 19% to 9% (P = 0.0036). The magnitude of the effect decreased over time (P = 0.0039). Non-smoking establishments were more common following the legislation (P = 0.0047). CONCLUSION: Indoor air pollution from second-hand smoke in Israeli bars, pubs and cafes in Jerusalem and Tel Aviv declined following the implementation of law. This demonstrates that a law to extend existing restrictions and enforcement policies may help protect workers and patrons from tobacco smoke. However, RSP levels in Israeli bars and pubs, especially in Tel Aviv, remain unacceptably high. Enforced, 100% smoke-free laws are essential for complete protection. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Rosen,L.J., Zucker,D.M., Rosen,B.J., Connolly,G.N. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20100128 PMCID Editors
Second-hand smoke in mental healthcare settings: time to implement total smoke-free bans?	2013	Tobacco Control Unit, Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Institut Catala d'Oncologia, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full International journal of epidemiology Periodical, Abbrev. Int.J.Epidemiol. Pub Date Free Form Jun Volume 42 Issue 3 Start Page 886 Other Pages 893 Notes JID: 7802871; 0 (Particulate Matter); 0 (Tobacco Smoke Pollution); CIN: Int J Epidemiol. 2013 Jun;42(3):894-5. PMID: 23918856; OTO: NOTNLM; 2013/03/29 [aheadofprint]; ppublish Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1464-3685; 0300-5771 Accession Number PMID: 23543600 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI 10.1093/ije/dyt014 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 23543600 Abstract BACKGROUND: Second-hand smoke is associated with adverse health effects. Many countries have extended smoke-free policies to public buildings and workplaces such as hospitals, but mental health units have usually been exempted from complete smoke-free bans. The objective of this study was to evaluate second-hand smoke levels in mental health units with different types of smoking bans. Method We conducted a cross-sectional study to evaluate second-hand smoke in 64 mental health inpatient units (95.5% of the all such units) in Catalonia, Spain. We measured air concentrations of particulate matter Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Ballbe,M., Sureda,X., Martinez-Sanchez,J.M., Salto,E., Gual,A., Fernandez,E. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20130329 PMCID Editors
Second-hand smoke in indoor hospitality venues in Pakistan	2011	Medical College, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full The international journal of tuberculosis and lung disease : the official journal of the International Union against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease Periodical, Abbrev. Int.J.Tuberc.Lung Dis. Pub Date Free Form Jul Volume 15 Issue 7 Start Page 972 Other Pages 977 Notes JID: 9706389; 0 (Tobacco Smoke Pollution); ppublish Place of Publication France ISSN/ISBN 1815-7920; 1027-3719 Accession Number PMID: 21682974 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; IM DOI 10.5588/ijtld.10.0524 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 21682974 Abstract BACKGROUND: Second-hand smoke (SHS) constitutes a significant public health threat in countries with a high smoking prevalence. However, data assessing the quality of indoor air at public venues in Pakistan are limited. OBJECTIVES: To measure mean concentrations of PM(2.5) (particulate matter =2.5 microns in diameter), a sensitive indicator of SHS, in hospitality venues in Pakistan. SETTING AND DESIGN: Data were collected discreetly from 39 indoor venues such as cafes, restaurants and shisha (water-pipe) bars from three major cities in Pakistan. Data were recorded using a portable air quality monitoring device. RESULTS: The overall mean PM(2.5) value for the visited venues was 846 mug/m(3) (95%CI 484-1205). The mean PM(2.5) value was 101 mug/m(3) (95%CI 69-135 mug/m(3)) for non-smoking venues, 689 mug/m(3) (95%CI 241-1138) for cigarette smoking venues and 1745 mug/m(3) (95%CI 925-2565) for shisha smoking venues. CONCLUSION: The significant levels of SHS recorded in this study, in particular from shisha smoking venues, could represent a major public health burden in Pakistan. Appropriate legislation needs to be enforced to protect the health of those exposed to the hazards of second-hand tobacco smoke. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Zaidi,S.M., Moin,O., Khan,J.A. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Second-hand smoke in hospitals in Catalonia (2009): a cross-sectional study measuring PM2.5 and vapor-phase nicotine	2010	Institut Catala d'Oncologia-IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet, Barcelona, Spain.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Environmental research Periodical, Abbrev. Environ.Res. Pub Date Free Form Nov Volume 110 Issue 8 Start Page 750 Other Pages 755 Notes LR: 20151119; CI: Copyright (c) 2010; JID: 0147621; 0 (Air Pollutants); 0 (Tobacco Smoke Pollution); 6M3C89ZY6R (Nicotine); 2010/02/18 [received]; 2010/09/15 [revised]; 2010/09/17 [accepted]; 2010/10/08 [aheadofprint]; ppublish Place of Publication United States ISSN/ISBN 1096-0953; 0013-9351 Accession Number PMID: 20933229 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI 10.1016/j.envres.2010.09.008 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 20933229 Abstract OBJECTIVES: To describe second-hand smoke in the hospitals of the Catalan Network for Smoke-free Hospitals using Particulate Matter (PM(2.5)) and to assess the association between second-hand smoke exposure in main entrances (outdoors) and halls and between PM(2.5) and airborne nicotine concentrations. METHODS: Cross-sectional study carried out in 2009 in the 53 hospitals affiliated with the network. We measured PM(2.5) (mug/m(3)) in all hospitals and measured airborne nicotine concentrations (mug/m(3)) in a subsample of 11 hospitals. For each assessment, we measured nine locations within the hospitals, computing medians, means, geometric means, interquartile ranges (IQRs), and 95% confidence intervals (CI) of the means and the geometric means. Further, we used Spearman's linear correlation coefficient r(sp)) to explore the association between PM(2.5) concentrations in halls and main entrances and between PM(2.5) and nicotine concentrations. RESULTS: The overall median of the 429 PM(2.5) measurements was 12.48 mug/m(3) (IQR: 8.84-19.76 mug/m(3)). The most exposed locations were outdoor smoking points (16.64 mug/m(3)), cafeterias (14.82 mug/m(3)), and main entrances (14.04 mug/m(3)); dressing rooms were the least exposed (6.76 mug/m(3)). PM(2.5) concentrations in halls were positively correlated with those in main entrances (r(sp)=0.591, 95% CI: 0.377-0.745), as were PM(2.5) values and nicotine concentrations (r(sp)=0.644, 95% CI: 0.357-0.820). CONCLUSIONS: Second-hand smoke levels in hospitals were low in most locations, with the highest levels observed in outdoor locations where smoking is allowed (smoking points and entrances). Smoking in main entrances was associated with increased second-hand smoke levels in halls. Use of PM(2.5) to evaluate second-hand smoke is feasible and shows a good correlation with airborne nicotine values. Descriptors Air Pollutants/analysis, Air Pollution, Indoor/analysis/statistics & numerical data, Cross-Sectional Studies, Environmental Monitoring, Epidemiological Monitoring, Hospitals/statistics & numerical data, Humans, Inhalation Exposure/analysis/statistics & numerical data, Nicotine/analysis, Spain/epidemiology, Tobacco Smoke Pollution/analysis/statistics & numerical data Links Book Title Database Publisher Elsevier Inc Data Source Authors Sureda,X., Fu,M., Lopez,M. J., Martinez-Sanchez,J. M., Carabasa,E., Salto,E., Martinez,C., Nebot,M., Fernandez,E. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20101008 PMCID Editors
Second-hand smoke exposure in hospitality venues in Barcelona: measurement of respirable particles	2011	Servicio de Evaluacion y Metodos de Intervencion, Agencia de Salud Publica de Barcelona, Espana.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Gaceta sanitaria / S.E.S.P.A.S Periodical, Abbrev. Gac.Sanit. Pub Date Free Form May-Jun Volume 25 Issue 3 Start Page 220 Other Pages 223 Notes CI: Copyright (c) 2010; JID: 8901623; 0 (Particulate Matter); 0 (Tobacco Smoke Pollution); 2010/07/30 [received]; 2010/11/03 [revised]; 2010/11/07 [accepted]; 2011/02/20 [aheadofprint]; ppublish Place of Publication Spain ISSN/ISBN 1578-1283; 0213-9111 Accession Number PMID: 21339029 Language spa SubFile Comparative Study; English Abstract; Journal Article; IM DOI 10.1016/j.gaceta.2010.11.009 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 21339029 Abstract OBJECTIVES: To quantify the concentration of respirable particles equal to or smaller than 2.5mum (PM(2.5)) as a marker of second-hand smoke (SHS) exposure in a sample of hospitality venues in Barcelona 2 years after the Spanish smoking law came into effect. METHODS: We performed a cross-sectional descriptive study from October to December 2007. The study population consisted of 40 hospitality venues in Barcelona selected by a random route sampling, with representation of the different types of smoking regulation included in the law (smoking allowed, smoking ban and venues with smoking areas). SHS levels were quantified by measuring PM(2.5) concentrations, which were measured using a laser photometer (Side Pack AM 510 Personal Aerosol Monitor). The measurements were carried out for 5 minutes outside the venue and for 30 minutes inside the venue. In addition, observational variables related to the characteristics of the venue and signs of tobacco consumption were recorded. RESULTS: The concentration of PM(2.5) in venues where smoking was still allowed was five times higher than that in venues where smoking was banned (182mug/m(3) and 34mug/m(3), respectively) and exceeded the concentration established by the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) as harmful (35mug/m(3)). However, in venues where smoking was banned, the concentration was lower than the EPA standard and there were no significant differences with the outdoor PM(2.5) concentration. CONCLUSIONS: Two years after the introduction of the Spanish smoking law, SHS exposure in venues where smoking was allowed was q still very high, representing a significant health risk for hospitality workers. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher SESPAS. Published by Elsevier Espana Data Source Authors Villarroel,N., Lopez,M.J., Sanchez-Martinez,F., Fernandez,E., Nebot,M. Original/Translated Title Exposicion al humo ambiental de tabaco en locales de hosteleria de Barcelona: medicion de particulas respirables URL Date of Electronic 20110220 PMCID Editors
Second-hand smoke and indoor air quality in public places in Gaza City	2013		Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Eastern Mediterranean health journal = La revue de sante de la Mediterranee orientale = al-Majallah al-sihhiyah li-sharq al-mutawassit Periodical, Abbrev. East.Mediterr.Health J. Pub Date Free Form May Volume 19 Issue 5 Start Page 447 Other Pages 451 Notes JID: 9608387; 0 (Particulate Matter); 0 (Tobacco Smoke Pollution); ppublish Place of Publication Egypt ISSN/ISBN 1020-3397; 1020-3397 Accession Number PMID: 24617123 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 24617123 Abstract Second-hand smoke is a major cause of preventable disease and death in the Eastern Mediterranean Region. To assess how second-hand smoke impacts air quality, respirable suspended particles (PM2.5) which are emitted during cigarette and waterpipe smoking, were measured inside and outside of 18 smoking and 5 nonsmoking public venues in Gaza city. Median PM2.5 level inside the smoking venues was 117 microg/m3, which exceeds the WHO guidelines for daily PM2.5 exposure (25 microg/m3) by more than 4-fold. The median level inside the smoking venues (117 microg/m3) was significantly higher than outside the venues (43 microg/m3), and significantly higher than the median level inside non-smoking venues (40 microg/m3). By contrast particulate levels outside non-smoking venues (35 microg/m3) did not differ from the corresponding levels inside (40 microg/m3). To protect employees and the public from second-hand smoke exposure, policies prohibiting sinoking in public niaces are needed in Gaza city. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Abuelaish,I., Seidenberg,A.B., Kennedy,R.D., Rees,V.W. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Second hand smoke in alfresco areas	2010	WA Tobacco Document Searching Program, Curtin University of Technology, Western Australia. j.stafford@curtin.edu.au	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Health promotion journal of Australia : official journal of Australian Association of Health Promotion Professionals Periodical, Abbrev. Health.Promot.J.Austr Pub Date Free Form Aug Volume 21 Issue 2 Start Page 99 Other Pages 105 Notes JID: 9710936; 0 (Particulate Matter); 0 (Tobacco Smoke Pollution); ppublish Place of Publication Australia ISSN/ISBN 1036-1073; 1036-1073 Accession Number PMID: 20701558 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 20701558 Abstract ISSUE ADDRESSED: There are moves to ban smoking in outdoor areas of pubs, restaurants and cafes. Some argue that this is unnecessary as exposure to second hand smoke (SHS) is minimal. The aim of this study was to determine potential exposure of patrons to SHS in outdoor areas of eating and drinking venues. METHODS: Concentrations of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) were measured in the alfresco areas of 28 cafes and pubs. Data were collected on the number of smokers present during sampling and factors that could influence PM2.5concentrations. PM2.5concentrations for periods with and without smokers were compared using paired and independent sample tests. RESULTS: PM2.5 concentrations were significantly increased when there was at least one smoker compared to periods with no smoking (14.25 microg/m3 and 3.98 g/m3, respectively). There was evidence of a dose response increase with mean concentrations for none, one and two or more smokers of 3.98, 10.59and 17.00microg/m3, respectively. The differences remained significant after controlling for other factors. When two or more people were smoking, average PM2.5reached levels the US Environmental Protection Agency warns may put particularly sensitive people at risk of respiratory symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: Smoking increases PM2.5concentrations in outdoor areas to levels that are potentially hazardous to health. Descriptors Environmental Exposure/analysis, Environmental Monitoring/methods, Humans, Inhalation Exposure/analysis, New South Wales, Particulate Matter/analysis, Restaurants, Tobacco Smoke Pollution/analysis Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Stafford,J., Daube,M., Franklin,P. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Second hand smoke exposure and excess heart disease and lung cancer mortality among hospital staff in Crete, Greece: a case study	2008	Department of Social Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Greece. vardavas@edu.med.uoc.gr	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full International journal of environmental research and public health Periodical, Abbrev. Int.J.Environ.Res.Public.Health. Pub Date Free Form Sep Volume 5 Issue 3 Start Page 125 Other Pages 129 Notes LR: 20151119; JID: 101238455; 0 (Particulate Matter); 0 (Tobacco Smoke Pollution); 6M3C89ZY6R (Nicotine); OID: NLM: PMC3699981; ppublish Place of Publication Switzerland ISSN/ISBN 1660-4601; 1660-4601 Accession Number PMID: 19139529 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 19139529 Abstract Exposure to secondhand smoke (SHS) is a serious threat to public health, and a significant cause of lung cancer and heart disease among non-smokers. Even though Greek hospitals have been declared smoke free since 2002, smoking is still evident. Keeping the above into account, the aim of this study was to quantify the levels of exposure to environmental tobacco smoke and to estimate the attributed lifetime excess heart disease and lung cancer deaths per 1000 of the hospital staff, in a large Greek public hospital. Environmental airborne respirable suspended particles (RSP) of PM2.5 were performed and the personnel's excess mortality risk was estimated using risk prediction formulas. Excluding the intensive care unit and the operating theatres, all wards and clinics were polluted with environmental tobacco smoke. Mean SHS-RSP measurements ranged from 11 to 1461 microg/m3 depending on the area. Open wards averaged 84 microg/m3 and the managing wards averaged 164 microg/m3 thus giving an excess lung cancer and heart disease of 1.12 (range 0.23-1.88) and 11.2 (range 2.3-18.8) personnel in wards and 2.35 (range 0.55-12.2) and 23.5 (range 5.5-122) of the managing staff per 1000 over a 40-year lifespan, respectively. Conclusively, SHS exposure in hospitals in Greece is prevalent and taking into account the excess heart disease and lung cancer mortality risk as also the immediate adverse health effects of SHS exposure, it is clear that proper implementation and enforcement of the legislation that bans smoking in hospitals is imperative to protect the health of patients and staff alike. Descriptors Adult, Air Pollution, Indoor/adverse effects/analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Epidemiological Monitoring, Greece/epidemiology, Heart Diseases/etiology/mortality, Hospital Units/classification/legislation & jurisprudence/standards, Hospitals, Public/legislation & jurisprudence/standards, Humans, Law Enforcement, Lung Neoplasms/etiology/mortality, Middle Aged, Nicotine/adverse effects/analysis, Occupational Exposure/adverse effects/analysis/legislation & jurisprudence, Organizational Case Studies, Particulate Matter/adverse effects/analysis/chemistry, Personnel, Hospital/statistics & numerical data, Prevalence, Risk Assessment, Tobacco Smoke Pollution/adverse effects/analysis/legislation & jurisprudence Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Vardavas,C. I., Mpouloukaki,I., Linardakis,M., Ntzilepi,P., Tzanakis,N., Kafatos,A. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID PMC3699981 Editors

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