WTS database

Title	Pub Year	Author Sort descending	SearchLink
Evaluation of fast volatile analysis for detection of Botrytis cinerea infections in strawberry	2012	BIOSYST-MeBioS, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Willem de Croylaan 42, 3001 Leuven, Belgium.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Food Microbiology Periodical, Abbrev. Food Microbiol. Pub Date Free Form Dec Volume 32 Issue 2 Start Page 406 Other Pages 414 Notes CI: Copyright (c) 2012; JID: 8601127; 0 (Volatile Organic Compounds); 2011/10/21 [received]; 2012/07/04 [revised]; 2012/08/06 [accepted]; 2012/08/11 [aheadofprint]; ppublish Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1095-9998; 0740-0020 Accession Number PMID: 22986207 Language eng SubFile Evaluation Studies; Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI 10.1016/j.fm.2012.08.002 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 22986207 Abstract Grey mold (Botrytis cinerea) is one of the major phytopathogens causing serious losses during strawberry postharvest and storage. B. cinerea-host interaction affect emissions of volatile compounds during infection resulting in a characteristic earthy, mushroom odor. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate two analytical techniques based on fast volatile analysis on their performance for monitoring evolution and early detection of B. cinerea infections in strawberry. In a first experiment headspace multi-capillary column-ion mobility spectrometry (HS MCC-IMS) has been successfully used to evaluate development of strawberry aroma during shelflife. In a second experiment the same technique has been used to detect the degree of B. cinerea infection through changes in the volatile profile. Additionally, these samples were analyzed with headspace solid-phase-microextraction fast GC-MS (HS SPME fast GC-MS). Both HS MCC-IMS and HS SPME fast GC-MS could determine the changes in volatile composition as a function of the degree of B. cinerea infection as determined by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and could be used to follow the evolution of infection. According to the ELISA data, some fruit were infected even without any symptoms and volatiles produced by the fungus may be overshadowed by the fruit volatiles. Therefore, both analytical techniques could not be used for early detection of B. cinerea infections. After identification of the volatile compounds and multivariate data analysis, potential biomarkers specific for B. cinerea were highlighted, being 3-methylbutanal, cis-4-decenal, 2-methyl-1-butanol, 2-methyl-1-propanol, 1-octen-3-one and 1-octen-3-ol. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Elsevier Ltd Data Source Authors Vandendriessche,T., Keulemans,J., Geeraerd,A., Nicolai,B.M., Hertog,M.L. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20120811 PMCID Editors
Occurrence of lectins and hydrophobicity of bacteria obtained from biofilm of hospital catheters and water pipes	2000	Block, J.C., LCPE-UMR 7564, Faculte de Pharmacie-Pole de l'Eau, F-54500 Vandoeuvre, France	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Journal of applied microbiology Periodical, Abbrev. J.Appl.Microbiol. Pub Date Free Form 2000/ Volume 89 Issue 3 Start Page 494 Other Pages 500 Notes Place of Publication ISSN/ISBN 1364-5072 Accession Number Language SubFile DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID Abstract Bacteria isolated from biofilms of water distribution pipes and colonized catheters from hospitalized patients were studied for their haemagglutination ability, expression of lectins and hydrophobicity. Higher haemagglutination ability of clinical strains for human red blood cells was demonstrated, which could be an expression of their adaptation to the human ecosystem. Environmental strains had higher hydrophobicity, possibly related to adaptation to a low nutritive ecosystem. Expression of lectins was relatively low and comparable in both bacterial populations, but carbohydrate specificities were very different, possibly related to a different implication of these structures in the two ecosystems. Descriptors lectin, article, bacterial colonization, biofilm, catheter, hemagglutination, hospital patient, hydrophobicity, nonhuman, water supply Links Book Title Database Embase; MEDLINE Publisher Data Source Embase Authors Fiorina,J. C., Weber,M., Block,J. C. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Biogeochemical cycling in coniferous ecosystems on different aged marine terraces in Coastal Oregon	1997	Bockheim, J.G., Dep. of Soil Science, Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706-1299, United States	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Journal of environmental quality Periodical, Abbrev. J.Environ.Qual. Pub Date Free Form 1997/01 Volume 26 Issue 1 Start Page 292 Other Pages 301 Notes Place of Publication ISSN/ISBN 0047-2425 Accession Number Language SubFile DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID Abstract Biogeochemical cycling was studied in Sitka spruce [Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.] and western hemlock-Douglas-fir [Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.-Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirbel) Franco] ecosystems on a chronosequence of five uplifted marine terraces in coastal Oregon. The terraces occur 0.25 to 8.6 km from the Pacific Ocean and range from 80 to ~ 500 kyr in age. The soils are highly weathered and include Inceptisols on the youngest terrace and Spodosols with clay-enriched horizons and Ultisols on the older terraces. Bulk precipitation, throughfall, and soil solutions (four depths) were collected monthly from November 1992 through April 1993. The solutions were analyzed for pH, dissolved cartons (Na, Mg, Ca, K, Fe, Al, and Si), anions (Cl, SO4, HCO3, NO3, and PO4), and organic C. Cations (Î¼mol, L-1) in all solutions were ranked: Na > Mg > Ca â‰¤ K > H; anions were ranked: Cl > SO4 > NO3 >> HCO3. The Na/Cl ratio in all solutions was comparable to that of seawater. The mean sums of cations and anions in all solutions declined sharply with distance from the coast. Throughfall enrichment of all ions suggests that aerosol impaction of sea salts is a dominant process within the coastal fogbelt of Oregon. In that the soils have low inherent fertility, the trees appear to obtain Ca, Mg, K, and S primarily from atmospheric sources. These nutrients are utilized by abundant fine roots in the forest floor and upper 5 to 20 cm of mineral soil. Net cation loss is less than in other areas of the Pacific Northwest and is controlled by organic anions rather than the bicarbonate anion. Descriptors anion, carbon, cation, article, clay, ecosystem, seashore, soil, tree, United States Links Book Title Database Embase Publisher Data Source Embase Authors Bockheim,J. G., Langley-Turnbaugh,S. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Comparison of indoor air quality in smoke-permitted and smoke-free multiunit housing: findings from the Boston Housing Authority	2015	Boston Public Health Commission, Boston, MA; erusso@bphc.org.; Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA;; Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA;; Mongan Institute for Health Policy, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco Periodical, Abbrev. Nicotine Tob.Res. Pub Date Free Form Mar Volume 17 Issue 3 Start Page 316 Other Pages 322 Notes LR: 20160519; CI: (c) The Author 2014; GR: 1U58DP002478-01/DP/NCCDPHP CDC HHS/United States; GR: P50 CA148596/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States; GR: P50-CA148596/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States; GR: R01-HL112212/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/United States; JID: 9815751; 0 (Pa Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1469-994X; 1462-2203 Accession Number PMID: 25156526 Language eng SubFile Comparative Study; Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.; IM DOI 10.1093/ntr/ntu146 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 25156526 Abstract INTRODUCTION: Secondhand smoke remains a health concern for individuals living in multiunit housing, where smoke has been shown to easily transfer between units. Building-wide smoke-free policies are a logical step for minimizing smoke exposure in these settings. This evaluation sought to determine whether buildings with smoke-free policies have less secondhand smoke than similar buildings without such policies. Furthermore, this study assessed potential secondhand smoke transfer between apartments with and without resident smokers. METHODS: Fine particulate matter (PM2.5), airborne nicotine, and self-reported smoking activity were recorded in 15 households with resident smokers and 17 households where no one smoked in 5 Boston Housing Authority developments. Of these, 4 apartment pairs were adjacent apartments with and without resident smokers. Halls between apartments and outdoor air were also monitored to capture potential smoke transfer and to provide background PM2.5 concentrations. RESULTS: Households within buildings with smoke-free policies showed lower PM2.5 concentrations compared to buildings without these policies (median: 4.8 vs 8.1 microg/m(3)). Although the greatest difference in PM2.5 between smoking-permitted and smoke-free buildings was observed in households with resident smokers (14.3 vs 7.0 microg/m(3)), households without resident smokers also showed a significant difference (5.1 vs 4.0 microg/m(3)). Secondhand smoke transfer to smoke-free apartments was demonstrable with directly adjacent households. CONCLUSION: This evaluation documented instances of secondhand smoke transfer between households as well as lower PM2.5 measurements in buildings with smoke-free policies. Building-wide smoke-free policies can limit secondhand smoke exposure for everyone living in multiunit housing. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher . Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco Data Source Authors Russo,E.T., Hulse,T.E., Adamkiewicz,G., Levy,D.E., Bethune,L., Kane,J., Reid,M., Shah,S.N. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20140825 PMCID PMC4837992 Editors
Coffee consumption and periodontal disease in males	2014	Boston University Henry M. Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Department of Health Policy and Health Services Research, Boston, MA.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Journal of periodontology Periodical, Abbrev. J.Periodontol. Pub Date Free Form Aug Volume 85 Issue 8 Start Page 1042 Other Pages 1049 Notes LR: 20150716; GR: K24 DE000419/DE/NIDCR NIH HHS/United States; GR: R01 DE019833/DE/NIDCR NIH HHS/United States; JID: 8000345; 0 (Coffee); CIN: J Evid Based Dent Pract. 2015 Jun;15(2):77-9. PMID: 25987390; CIN: J Periodontol. 2015 Apr;86(4):489-90. PMID: 2 Place of Publication United States ISSN/ISBN 1943-3670; 0022-3492 Accession Number PMID: 24359164 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.; D; IM DOI 10.1902/jop.2013.130179 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 24359164 Abstract BACKGROUND: Coffee is a major dietary source of antioxidants as well as of other anti-inflammatory factors. Given the beneficial role of such factors in periodontal disease, whether coffee intake is associated with periodontal disease in adult males was explored. METHODS: Existing data collected by a prospective, closed-panel cohort study of aging and oral health in adult males was used. Participants included the 1,152 dentate males in the Veterans Affairs (VA) Dental Longitudinal Study who presented for comprehensive medical and dental examinations from 1968 to 1998. Mean age at baseline was 48 years; males were followed for up to 30 years. Participants are not VA patients; rather, they receive their medical and dental care in the private sector. Periodontal status was assessed by probing depth (PD), bleeding on probing, and radiographic alveolar bone loss (ABL), measured on intraoral periapical radiographs with a modified Schei ruler method. Moderate-to-severe periodontal disease was defined as cumulative numbers of teeth exhibiting PD >/=4 mm or ABL >/=40%. Coffee intake was obtained from participant self-reports using the Cornell Medical Index and food frequency questionnaires. Multivariate repeated-measures generalized linear models estimated mean number of teeth with moderate-to-severe disease at each examination by coffee intake level. RESULTS: It was found that higher coffee consumption was associated with a small but significant reduction in number of teeth with periodontal bone loss. No evidence was found that coffee consumption was harmful to periodontal health. CONCLUSION: Coffee consumption may be protective against periodontal bone loss in adult males. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Ng,N., Kaye,E.K., Garcia,R.I. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20131222 PMCID Editors
High altitude retinal hemorrhages in the expeditions to 8,000 meter peaks. A study of 10 cases	1998	Botella de Maglia, J., Unidad de Medicina Intensiva y, Hospital La Fe, Valencia.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Medicina clÃnica Periodical, Abbrev. Med Clin (Barc) Pub Date Free Form / Volume 110 Issue 12 Start Page 457 Other Pages 461 Notes Place of Publication ISSN/ISBN 0025-7753 Accession Number Language SubFile DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID Abstract BACKGROUND: Retinal haemorrhages are common at high altitude. Their pathogenesis is unknown. It has been suggested that they are less frequent in sherpas, and that possible predisposing factors might be the abscence of previous high-altitude experience, the extent of the high-altitude hypoxic exposure, polycythemia (because of hyperviscosity), history of cough and Valsalva manoeuvres during the expedition, existence of severe forms of mountain sickness (high-altitude pulmonary oedema and high-altitude cerebral oedema) and use of antiinflammatory drugs. The aim of this study is to know the incidence of retinal haemorrhages in the expeditions to mountains higher than 8.000 m and their relationship to the previously referred possible predisposing factors. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Funduscopy was performed on 17 healthy subjects taking part in expeditions to Cho-Oyu (8.201 m) and to Shisha Pangma (8.046 m) and on six of their Nepali coworkers. RESULTS: Retinal haemorrhages were found in 10 of the European (59%) and in none of the Nepali mountaineers (p = 0.019). Other 2 Spanish climbers had tortuosity and engorgment of the retinal veins. No statistical association was found between retinal haemorrhages and maximal altitude attained prior to the expedition, maximal altitude reached during the present expedition, number of nights spent at extreme altitude, weight loss as an expression of chronic exposure to hypoxia, haemoglobin, history of cough or Valsalva manoeuvres during the expedition, existence of severe forms of mountain sickness or use of drugs. CONCLUSIONS: These results do not allow us to state that the mentioned factors predispose to high-altitude retinal haemorrhages. Descriptors adult, altitude disease, article, epidemiology, female, human, male, mountaineering, retina hemorrhage Links Book Title Hemorragias retinianas en las expediciones a montaÃ±as de mÃ¡s de 8.000 m. Estudio de 10 casos. Database MEDLINE Publisher Data Source Embase Authors Botella de Maglia,J., MartÃnez-Costa,R. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Interventions for tobacco use cessation in people living with HIV and AIDS	2016	Brighton and Sussex University Hospitals NHS Trust, Brighton, UK.	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full The Cochrane database of systematic reviews Periodical, Abbrev. Cochrane Database Syst.Rev. Pub Date Free Form 13-Jun Volume (6):CD011120. doi Issue 6 Start Page CD011120 Other Pages Notes JID: 100909747; 0 (Nicotinic Agonists); W6HS99O8ZO (Varenicline); epublish Place of Publication England ISSN/ISBN 1469-493X; 1361-6137 Accession Number PMID: 27292836 Language eng SubFile Journal Article; Meta-Analysis; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Review; IM DOI 10.1002/14651858.CD011120.pub2 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 27292836 Abstract BACKGROUND: Tobacco use is highly prevalent amongst people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) and has a substantial impact on morbidity and mortality. OBJECTIVES: To assess the effectiveness of interventions to motivate and assist tobacco use cessation for people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA), and to evaluate the risks of any harms associated with those interventions. SEARCH METHODS: We searched the Cochrane Tobacco Addiction Group's Specialised Register, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), MEDLINE, EMBASE, and PsycINFO in June 2015. We also searched EThOS, ProQuest, four clinical trial registries, reference lists of articles, and searched for conference abstracts using Web of Science and handsearched speciality conference databases. SELECTION CRITERIA: Controlled trials of behavioural or pharmacological interventions for tobacco cessation for PLWHA. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two review authors independently extracted all data using a standardised electronic data collection form. They extracted data on the nature of the intervention, participants, and proportion achieving abstinence and they contacted study authors to obtain missing information. We collected data on long-term (greater than or equal to six months) and short-term (less than six months) outcomes. Where appropriate, we performed meta-analysis and estimated the pooled effects using the Mantel-Haenszel fixed-effect method. Two authors independently assessed and reported the risk of bias according to prespecified criteria. MAIN RESULTS: We identified 14 studies relevant to this review, of which we included 12 in a meta-analysis (n = 2087). All studies provided an intervention combining behavioural support and pharmacotherapy, and in most studies this was compared to a less intensive control, typically comprising a brief behavioural intervention plus pharmacotherapy.There was moderate quality evidence from six studies for the long-term abstinence outcome, which showed no evidence of effect for more intense cessation interventions: (risk ratio (RR) 1.00, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.72 to 1.39) with no evidence of heterogeneity (I(2) = 0%). The pooled long-term abstinence was 8% in both intervention and control conditions. There was very low quality evidence from 11 studies that more intense tobacco cessation interventions were effective in achieving short-term abstinence (RR 1.51, 95% CI 1.15 to 2.00); there was moderate heterogeneity (I(2) = 42%). Abstinence in the control group at short-term follow-up was 8% (n = 67/848) and in the intervention group was 13% (n = 118/937). The effect of tailoring the intervention for PLWHA was unclear. We further investigated the effect of intensity of behavioural intervention via number of sessions and total duration of contact. We failed to detect evidence of a difference in effect according to either measure of intensity, although there were few studies in each subgroup. It was not possible to perform the planned analysis of adverse events or HIV outcomes since these were not reported in more than one study. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: There is moderate quality evidence that combined tobacco cessation interventions provide similar outcomes to controls in PLWHA in the long-term. There is very low quality evidence that combined tobacco cessation interventions were effective in helping PLWHA achieve short-term abstinence. Despite this, tobacco cessation interventions should be offered to PLWHA, since even non-sustained periods of abstinence have proven benefits. Further large, well designed studies of cessation interventions for PLWHA are needed. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher Data Source Authors Pool,E.R., Dogar,O., Lindsay,R.P., Weatherburn,P., Siddiqi,K. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20160613 PMCID Editors
Exposure to tetrachloroethylene via contaminated drinking water pipes in Massachusetts: A predictive model	1993	Brown, H.S., Center for Technology, Clark University, Worcester, MA 01610-1477, United States	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Archives of Environmental Health Periodical, Abbrev. Arch.Environ.Health Pub Date Free Form 1993/ Volume 48 Issue 5 Start Page 293 Other Pages 297 Notes Place of Publication ISSN/ISBN 0003-9896 Accession Number Language SubFile DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID Abstract A computer model was developed to estimate exposure to tetrachloroethylene leaching from drinking-water pipes in Massachusetts between 1968 and 1979. The model was to be used for an epidemiologic study of cancer in five communities in Massachusetts. This model assigned a relative cumulative exposure score to each individual participant in the study, based on the geometry, size, age, and water flow through the water pipe that supplied a particular household and on the individual's duration of residence in that household. The results of modeling showed a wide range of exposure levels among the study participants. The epidemiologic study is described in the accompanying paper by Aschengrau et al. Descriptors drinking water, tetrachloroethylene, article, cancer risk, computer model, geometry, household, leaching, pipeline, priority journal, residential care, United States, water analysis, water contamination, water content, water flow Links Book Title Database Embase; MEDLINE Publisher Data Source Embase Authors Webler,T., Brown,H. S. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors
Sapling leaf trait responses to light, tree height and soil nutrients for three conifer species of contrasting shade tolerance	2014	Bulkley Valley Centre for Natural Resources Research and Management, Box 4274, Smithers, BC V0J 2N0, Canada erica.lilles@bvcentre.ca.; Bulkley Valley Centre for Natural Resources Research and Management, Box 4274, Smithers, BC V0J 2N0, Canada Norwegian Fo	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Journal Article Periodical, Full Tree physiology Periodical, Abbrev. Tree Physiol. Pub Date Free Form Dec Volume 34 Issue 12 Start Page 1334 Other Pages 1347 Notes LR: 20151119; CI: (c) The Author 2014; JID: 100955338; 0 (Soil); N762921K75 (Nitrogen); OTO: NOTNLM; 2014/11/23 [aheadofprint]; ppublish Place of Publication Canada ISSN/ISBN 1758-4469; 0829-318X Accession Number PMID: 25422385 Language eng SubFile Comparative Study; Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; IM DOI 10.1093/treephys/tpu092 [doi] Output Language Unknown(0) PMID 25422385 Abstract We developed models to describe the responses of four commonly examined leaf traits (mass per area, weight, area and nitrogen (N) concentration) to gradients of light, soil nutrients and tree height in three conifer species of contrasting shade tolerance. Our observational dataset from the sub-boreal spruce forests of British Columbia included subalpine fir (Abies lasioscarpa [Hook.] Nutt; high shade tolerance), interior spruce (Picea glauca x Picea engelmannii [Moench] Voss; intermediate shade tolerance) and lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud. var. latifolia; low shade tolerance) saplings from 0.18 to 4.87 m tall, in 8-98% of total incident light, from field sites with 46.8 kg ha(-1) total dissolved N. Leaf weights and areas showed strong positive responses to light and height, but little or no response to soil nutrients. Parameter estimates indicated that the shape of leaf weight and area responses to light corresponded with shade tolerance ranking for the three species; pine had the most linear response whereas spruce and fir had asymptotic responses. Leaf N concentration responded positively to soil nutrients, negatively to light and idiosyncratically to height. The negative effect of light was only apparent on sites of high soil nutrient availability, and parameter estimates for the shape of the negative response also corresponded to shade tolerance ranking (apine = -0.79, aspruce = -0.15, afir = -0.07). Of the traits we measured, leaf mass per area showed the least response to light, soil nutrient and height gradients. Although it is a common practice in comparisons across many species, characterizing these conifers by mean values of their leaf traits would miss important intraspecific variation across environmental and size gradients. In these forests, parameter estimates representing the intraspecific variability of leaf trait responses can be used to understand relative shade tolerances. Descriptors Links Book Title Database Publisher . Published by Oxford University Press Data Source Authors Lilles,E.B., Astrup,R., Lefrancois,M.L., David Coates,K. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic 20141123 PMCID Editors
Detection of aquatic colloids in drinking water during its distribution via a water pipeline network	2004	Bundschuh, T., Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe GmbH, Inst. Tech. Chem. Water Technol./Geo, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany	Read more...
Source Type Print(0) Ref Type Generic Periodical, Full Water Science and Technology Periodical, Abbrev. Water Sci. Technol. Pub Date Free Form 2004/ Volume 50 Issue 12 Start Page 27 Other Pages 37 Notes Place of Publication ISSN/ISBN 0273-1223 Accession Number Language SubFile DOI Output Language Unknown(0) PMID Abstract Laser-induced Breakdown Detection (LIBD) is a highly sensitive method for the direct detection of nano-particles (colloids). During the detection process plasmas are generated on single particles by a focused laser beam, the resulting plasma light emissions are detected optically. The method is based on the difference in breakdown thresholds of liquid and solid matter, it is lower for solid material. The laser pulse energy is adjusted precisely so that in the pure liquid no breakdown events occur, and only in the presence of colloids is the breakdown threshold in the focal volume exceeded. The spatial distribution of several thousand recorded plasma flashes within the focal volume reveals the mean particle diameter. The evaluation of the number of breakdown events per number of laser pulses results in a breakdown probability, together with the particle size the concentration is calculated using specially-designed computer software. Compared to conventional laser light scattering methods the LIBD is approximately 6 orders of magnitude more sensitive for particles smaller than ca. 0.05 Î¼m. Together with laser light obscuration the LIBD technique has been used successfully for the quantification of aquatic nano-particles during drinking water processing and its distribution via a pipeline network of nearly 1,700 km total length. In addition, the particulate content of several brands of mineral water has been investigated. Â© IWA Publishing 2004. Descriptors drinking water, mineral water, nanoparticle, accuracy, article, calculation, colloid, computer program, concentration response, controlled study, intermethod comparison, light irradiance, light scattering, liquid, mathematical computing, optical instrumentation, particle size, probability, quantitative analysis, sensitivity analysis, solid state, water analysis, water supply, water treatment, YAG laser Links Book Title Database Embase; MEDLINE Publisher Data Source Embase Authors Wagner,T., Bundschuh,T., Schick,R., KÃ¶ster,R. Original/Translated Title URL Date of Electronic PMCID Editors

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